Does learning matter?: Birdsong-learning program determines coping strategies for adapting to urban noisy environments Behavioral ecology and sociobiology Hector F. Rivera-Gutierrez1 Vannesa Jaramillo-Calle1 Andrea Lopera-Salazar1 Dariel Martinez-Alvarado1 1. Grupo Ecologia y Evolucion de Vertebrados Instituto de Biologia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Calle 70 No. 52-21 Medellin Colombia. e-mail corresponding author: fabio.rivera@udea.edu.co List of variables trait Response variable, adaptation to urban environments in binary form pred2 stratum pred3 duration Pred4 Peak frequency Pred5 Minimum frequency pred6 Maximum frequency pred7 Bandwidth pred8 Entropy pred11 Learning Log of steps in phylogenetic logistic regression Starting model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 Direction: both AIC(k=2): 182.09418877974 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 183.023397626625 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.394393664768 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.058695149047 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.553329405047 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 180.212093790136 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 180.153211336899 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.525459596889 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 AIC(k=2): 180.614584746742 ---------- Step 1 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.058695149047 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 180.204764091121 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.314114499446 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 182.231089635764 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.859547788712 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.907083222541 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.77246232523 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.813337759767 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 AIC(k=2): 177.24119161747 ---------- Step 2 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.314114499446 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.964203092206 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.058695149047 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 179.304896564579 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.563473074899 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.077906412672 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.135496115829 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.179793900909 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 AIC(k=2): 174.485876121871 ---------- Step 3 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.077906412672 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 178.138104553525 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.85079396479 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.953940649318 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.726558717351 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 176.310795599039 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 173.558559372203 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.250561082086 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 AIC(k=2): 172.47520687544 ---------- Step 4 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.250561082086 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.970567036534 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.888946162737 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.670871085207 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 170.35392346736 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred6 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.076937055564 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 173.456288869968 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 174.217474283262 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 170.45736654936 ---------- Step 5 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 170.35392346736 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 173.104166747218 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 173.094142741041 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.105076241322 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.238002242696 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred6 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.171921487114 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 171.495531682015 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred8 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 172.724751717857 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 168.525287381912 ---------- Step 6 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 168.525287381912 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 171.308078294941 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred3 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 171.218211293262 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred4 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 170.43108039149 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred5 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 170.392058089312 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred6 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 170.309647301172 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 AIC(k=2): 172.124660854644 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred8 AIC(k=2): 171.130856277674 Proposed: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 + pred11 AIC(k=2): 170.35392346736 ---------- Step 7 Current model: trait ~ 1 + pred2 + pred7 AIC(k=2): 168.525287381912 ---END