Online Resource 1 – Socioeconomic and disturbance time series (Fig. S1)
Description

This resource contains Fig. S1, a compilation of long-term socioeconomic and disturbance indicators (1940–2025) for the Côa River Basin.

The variables represented include:

human population size
number of births
wheat and rye cultivation area
cattle and sheep numbers
hunting licences
annual burned area

Burned-area values for 2008–2025 were derived from satellite-based mapping of fire scars ≥30 ha using the EFFIS Rapid Damage Assessment system.

This figure provides long-term contextual information on demographic trends, agricultural decline, and disturbance regimes relevant to landscape and biodiversity dynamics in the study area.

Caption

Fig. S1. Time series of socioeconomic and disturbance indicators (1940–2025), including population size, births, wheat and rye cultivated area, cattle and sheep numbers, hunting licences, and annual burned area in the Côa River Basin.

Data sources

EFFIS/Wildfire Database (2008–2025)
https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu

INE (2021) Recenseamento Agrícola
INE (2023) Resident population

ICNF (2021) Hunting licences statistics

EFFIS methodology reference

San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. (2012) Comprehensive monitoring of wildfires in Europe

Abbreviations

INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística
ICNF – Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas
EFFIS – European Forest Fire Information System
RDA – Rapid Damage Assessment

Acknowledgement

Data were provided by the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) of the European Commission Joint Research Centre.

License

© European Union 1995–2025. Reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged (Decision 2011/833/EU).

Version

1.0 (2025-11-30)