Supplemental Table 1: Summary of the included papers
ID Author Year DOI Forest Type (s) Measure of Fire Severity Paper Type Years of Recovery Assesment Metric Measured Distinct Trends Modeling Approach
28 Andrus 2022 10.1186/s42408-022-00153-4 Mixed Conifer, Ponderosa Pine, Douglas fir, Grand fir MTBS, Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 16 Stem Density, Seedling / Sapling Precense No Generalized Linear Models, correlation
4037 Aspinall 2025 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122750 Lodgepole Does not directly measure Spectral 5 Stem Density, Biomass No Rank Test
11 Boag 2020 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118312 Mixed Conifer, Non-Serotinous Conifer, Ponderosa Pine, Douglas Fir MTBS, Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 15-21 Seedling / Sapling Precense Yes Generalized Linear Models
1962 Bonnet 2005 10.1139/x04-157 Ponderosa Pine Other - Field assessed tree canopy, Other - Field assessed ground scorch Structural 2 Relative Seedling Germination Success No Partial Least Squares
32 Braziunas 2023 10.1002/ecy.4042 Subalpine RdNBR Structural 3-27 Stem Density No Mixed Linear Models
3 Bright 2019 10.1186/s42408-018-0021-9 Ponderosa Pine, Mixed conifer dNBR, RdNBR Spectral 9 NA Yes Random Forest
2020 Brullsauer 1996 10.1139/b96-214 Mixed Conifer NA - Dendrochronological study Structural 0-300 Stem Density, Composition Yes NA
522 Buma 2012 10.1007/s10661-011-2228-y Subalpine forest dNBR Spectral 8 Stem Density Yes Generalized Linear Models
1128 Busby 2022 10.3389/ffgc.2022.976868 Subalpine, Subalpine (non-serotinous), Pinus Contorta (lodgepole pine), Mountain hemlock MTBS Structural 8-23 Stem Density No Boosted Regression Trees
439 Celebrezze 2024 10.1186/s42408-024-00288-6 Mixed Conifer MTBS Spectral, Structural 16-21 Stem Density, Composition, Stem Density, Composition in some cases Modeling of driver's done separately, Generalized Linear Models
129 Chen 2011 10.1080/01431161.2010.524678 Predominantly Ponderosa Pine CBI Spectral NA NA Yes NA
85 Clark-Wolf 2022 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120487 Mixed-conifer forest, Pseudotsuga menziezii, Pinus Contorta (lodgepole pine), Larch, Douglas Fir, Lodgepole Pine RdNBR, Other - Field assessed tree canopy, Other - Field assessed ground scorch Structural 3 or 2-3 Stem Density, Seedling / Sapling Precense No Generalized Linear Models
324 Clason 2022 10.3389/ffgc.2022.868024 Mixed Conifer dNBR, Other - Field assessed tree canopy, Other - Field assessed ground scorch Structural 5-60 Live Carbon No Generalized Linear Models
121 Coop 2019 10.1002/ecs2.2809 Mixed Conifer MTBS Structural 12-17 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
73 Coop 2010 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01154.x Mixed Conifer, Subalpine fir, Engelmann Spruce, Lodgepole Pine Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 30 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
120 Crockett 2024 10.1186/s42408-024-00264-0 Ponderosa Pine, Mixed conifer, Sub-Alpine MTBS Spectral 5 NA Yes Random Forests
46 Davis 2019 10.1073/pnas.1815107116 Ponderosa Pine, Pseudotsuga menziezii (Doug Fir), MTBS Structural 1-23 Seedling / Sapling Precense No Boosted Regression Trees
3888 Dodson 2013 10.1016/J.FORECO.2013.03.050 Mixed Conifer Aerial imagery Structural 10 Seedling / Sapling Precense No NA
2 Downing 2019 10.1007/s10980-019-00802 Mixed Conifer, Ponderosa Pine, Douglas fir dNBR, MTBS Structural 12-17 or 12-18 Stem Density No Mixed Linear Models
916 Epstein 2017 10.1186/s42408-024-00285-9 Mixed Conifer dNBR, MTBS, Lidar Imputed Canopy Cover Loss Spectral 5-15 Composition Yes NA
93 Franks 2013 10.5721/EuJRS20134632 Mixed Conifer MTBS, Other - Field assessed tree canopy Spectral 11-17 Lodgepole Leaf Area Index Yes NA
61 Guz 2022 10.3390/rs14061363 Mixed Conifer MTBS Spectral 5 NA Yes Random Forests
150 Haire 2010 10.1007/s10980-010-9480-3 Ponderosa Pine Aerial Imagery Structural 28-45 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
8 Hammond 2021 10.3390/fire4040080 Ponderosa Pine dNBR, MTBS Structural 9-15 Stem Density No Non-Parametric Multiplicative Regression
16 Harvey 2016 10.1111/geb.12443 NA RdNBR Structural 11-20 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
547 Hermosilla 2024 10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122313 Cordilleran dNBR Spectral NA Composition Yes NA
406 Hoecker 2022 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119814 Engelmann Spruce, Subalpine Fir, Lodgepole Pine, Larch, Douglas-Fir MTBS Structural 2 Stem Density Yes Generalized Linear Models
1050 Ireland 2015 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.016 Mixed Conifer, Ponderosa Pine dNBR Spectral NA Field Visits Yes NA
117 Kiel 2022 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120536 Mixed Conifer RdNBR, MTBS Spectral 24 Stem Density Yes Generalized Linear Models
4058 Kiel 2025 doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1644 Mixed Conifer RdNBR Structural 34 Stem Density, biomass Yes Generalized linear model
1715 Kulakowski 2013 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01437.x Mixed Conifer Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 1-8 Stem Density Yes NA
22 Littlefield 2019 10.1186/s42408-019-0047-7 Mixed Conifer, Western Larch, Lodgepole pine, Engelman Spruce, Ponderosa Pine, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir dNBR, MTBS Structural 10 Stem Density, Seedling / Sapling Precense No Generalized Linear Models, Logistic Regression
215 Malone 2018 10.3390/f9010045 Mixed Conifer MTBS Structural 11-12 Stem Density No spatial pattern density models
249 McKenzie 2012 10.1007/s11258-011-0017-x Mixed Conifer Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 1-19 Stem Density, Composition Yes Canonical Correspondence Analysis
1 Menick 2024 10.1016/j.rse.2024.114114 Mixed Conifer RdNBR Spectral variable Seedling / Sapling Precense Yes Random Forests
196 Mitchell 2010 10.2747/1548-1603.47.2.276 Ponderosa Pine dNBR, dNDVI Spectral 5 Composition Yes Generalized Linear Models
1041 Mumma 2024 10.1002/ecs2.4793 Lodgepole pine dNBR Spectral NA NA Yes NA
234 Peeler 2020 10.1007/s10980-020-01071-z Subalpine Fir, Lodgepole Pine Other - Field assessed tree canopy, mortality > 90% Structural No specific value given, but greater than 4 Seedling / Sapling Precense, Stem Density No Logistic Regression
53 Peven 2024 10.1002/ecs2.70009 Pinus contorta, Douglas Fir, Lodgepole pine dNBR, MTBS Structural 17-35 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
17 Povak 2020 10.1002/ecs2.3199 Mixed conifer, Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine, Lodgepole pine, Western Larch, Engelman Spruce RdNBR Structural 15-30 or 15-25 Stem Density No Generalized Additive Models
47 Rodman 2020 10.1111/geb.13174 Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine RdNBR Structural 7-28 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
283 Schapira 2021 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119516 Subalpine Fir, Engelman Spruce dNBR, MTBS Structural 17 Seedling Establishment No NMDS, Groups years with large to small establishment and compares to differences in climate
57 Shrestha 2024 10.5194/bg-21-2207-2024 Mixed Conifer, Lodgepole pine, Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine, Pinyon Juniper, Oak, Spruce/Fir/Hemlock MTBS Spectral NA NA Yes Random Forest, Random Forests
140 Smith-Tripp 2024 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.01.008 SBS, SBPS dNBR Spectral 14 Stem Density, Basal area, Composition Yes NA
88 Smith-Tripp (b) 2024 10.1002/rse2.420 SBS, SBPS dNBR Spectral 5-16 Stem Density, Basal area, Composition Yes NA
3955 Stevens-Rumann 2018 10.1111/ele.12889 Mixed Conifer RdNBR, MTBS, Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural Variable Seedling / Sapling Precense No Generalized Linear Models
3004 Talucci 2019 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117500 Mixed Conifer Other - Field assessed tree canopy, Other - Field assessed ground scorch Structural 2-4 Stem Density No Generalized Linear Models
1916 Turner 2004 10.1007/s10021-004-0011-4 Lodgepole Pine Aerial Imagery Structural 11-12 Stem Density Yes Correlation
1395 Turner 2019 10.1073/pnas.1902841116 Mixed Conifer MTBS Structural 1 Stem Density No ANOVA
243 Turner 1997 10.1890/0012-9615(1997) Mixed Conifer Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 2-5 Stem Density, Composition No ANOVA
49 Urza 2017 10.1111/jvs.12465 Mixed Conifer, Lodgepole pine, Larch, Englemann spruce/Subalpine fir, Douglas Fir dNBR Structural 7-22 Stem Density, Composition, Stem Density in some cases Mixed Linear Models
154 Vanderhoof 2018 10.1071/WF17177 Mixed Conifer Aerial imagery, SAVI Spectral NA Seedling / Sapling Precense Yes NA
138 Vanderhoof 2021 10.1002/eap.2237 Coniferous (snow-cover model), Coniferous Forest (Growing Season) dNBR Spectral 10 or 5 Stem Density, Composition Yes Random Forests, Random Forest
999 Vanderhoof 2018 10.1071/WF18075 Mixed Conifer MTBS Spectral 20 Composition Yes NA
104 Walker 2019 10.3390/rs11232782 Ponderosa Pine dNBR, MTBS Spectral NA NA Yes NA
1024 White 2017 10.1016/j.rse.2017.03.035 Conifer dNBR Spectral NA NA Yes NA
6669 White 2022 10.1016/j.rse.2022.112904 Conifer dNBR Spectral Variable Cover, Height Yes NA
144 Wilson 2021 10.1029/2021JG006465 Douglas Fir, Sub Alpine Fir / Engelman Spruce, Grand fir, Mountain hemlock, Douglas fir, Englemann spruce/Subalpine fir RdNBR Spectral NA NA Yes Boosted Regression Trees
12 Wooten 2022 10.1186/s42408-022-00133-8 Mixed Conifer Other - Field assessed tree canopy Structural 1-2 Stem Density, Seedling / Sapling Precense No Correlation
3917 Ziegler 2017 10.3390/F8100391 Ponderosa Pine / Mixed Conifer, Lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, Ponderosa Pine Does not mention source Structural 15-16 Regeneration Intensity (Spatial Clumping of Stems), Height No Cox Process Models, Inhomogeneous Cox Process, Generalized Linear Models