{"text_format":"3","workbook":"xls","n_sheets":3,"sheets":["Supplementary Table S3","list of journals and count","Sheet3"],"not_rendered":{"external_links":1,"defined_names":1},"read":"whole","date_system":"1900","formulas":"cached_only"}

{"sheet":"Supplementary Table S3","index":0,"n_rows":3,"n_cols":6,"rows_kept":3,"merged":[[0,0,0,5]],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Supplementary table 3: Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review on PM2.5 exposure and health impacts reported in studies from West Africa and Southern Europe "]
["Study Period","Study Population and duration of study","Geographic Distribution of Studies ","Study exposure Source","Outcome","Key findings"]
["Of all the studies, the shortest research period was 8 days, reported by Mancinelli et al. (2023), followed by a 30-day exposure conducted by Lotrecchiano et al. (2021). Furthermore, four (4) studies (Varrica et al. 2019; Vasilatou et al. 2017; McElroy et al. 2022; Garrison et al. 2014) had exposure durations between 2 and 11 months.\n\nIn addition, ten (10) studies (Raheja et al. 2022; Ogaugwu et al. 2023; Abiye et al. 2020; Obisesan 2021; Reyes et al. 2014; De Marco et al. 2018; Núñez et al. 2024; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024; Shola Rinde et al. 2024; Aweda et al. 2023) reported exposure durations ranging from 1 to 5 years. Two studies (Linares et al. 2015; Yarber et al. 2023) reported a 6-year exposure, while one study (Doulatram-Gamgaram et al. 2021) had an 8-year duration.\n\nMoreover, twelve (12) studies (Khaniabadi and Sicard, 2021; Querol et al. 2019; Cai et al. 2021; Tariq et al. 2023; Silva et al. 2021; Karimi et al. 2020; García-Pando et al. 2014; Dai et al. 2022; Owili et al. 2017; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Sunnu et al. 2018; Masselot et al. 2022) had exposure durations within 10–20 years. One study reported a duration of 21 years (Adhvaryu et al. 2024), and another (Fiedler et al. 2015) reported over 30 years of exposure. Notably, one study (Sufiyan et al. 2020) did not state its duration.","The  lowest was 100, recorded in a respondent interview (Sufiyan et al. 2020). Notably, four studies (Obisesan 2021; García-Pando et al. 2014; Yarber et al. 2023; Owili et al. 2017) did not specify participant sample sizes.\n\nFurthermore, fourteen (14) studies (Querol et al. 2019; Lotrecchiano et al. 2021; Vasilatou et al. 2017; Abiye et al. 2020; Sufiyan et al. 2020; Tariq et al. 2023; Silva et al. 2021; Dai et al. 2022; Fiedler et al. 2015; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Núñez et al. 2024; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024; Shola Rinde et al. 2024; Aweda et al. 2023) focused on environmental impacts and synoptic conditions influencing air pollution within study settings.\n\nIn addition, three (3) studies (Masselot et al. 2022; Dai et al. 2022; Fiedler et al. 2015) applied modeling techniques to assess aerosol distribution, PM2.5 concentrations, and air quality. Moreover, thirteen (13) studies (Khaniabadi and Sicard, 2021; Querol et al. 2019; Cai et al. 2021; Tariq et al. 2023; Silva et al. 2021; Karimi et al. 2020; García-Pando et al. 2014; Dai et al. 2022; Owili et al. 2017; Fiedler et al. 2015; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Sunnu et al. 2018) evaluated long-term trends (study period <10 years) of particulate matter concentrations, offering insights into evolving air quality and its influence on human health.","West Africa\nNigeria and Mali were represented in ten (10) studies (Obisesan 2021; Cai et al. 2021; Ogaugwu et al. 2023; Abiye et al. 2020; Sufiyan et al. 2020; Tariq et al. 2023; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Shola Rinde et al. 2024). Similarly, Senegal was represented in six (6) studies (Cai et al. 2021; Dai et al. 2022; Yarber et al. 2023; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025).\nFurthermore, four countries were represented in five (5) studies each. These include Togo (Raheja et al. 2022; Cai et al. 2021; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025), Ghana (Cai et al. 2021; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Sunnu et al. 2018), Niger (García-Pando et al. 2014; Dai et al. 2022; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025), and Burkina Faso (Cai et al. 2021; Karimi et al. 2020; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025).\nBenin was represented in four (4) studies (McElroy et al. 2022; Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025). Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Liberia were jointly represented in three (3) studies (Owili et al. 2017; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Ayua and Emetere 2025). Moreover, Mauritania was represented in two (2) studies (Fiedler et al. 2015; Ayua and Emetere 2025), while Gambia and Guinea-Bissau were each represented in two (2) studies (Owili et al. 2017; Ayua and Emetere 2025). Lastly, Cabo Verde was represented in one (1) study (Ayua and Emetere 2025). \n\nSouthern Europe\nSpain was represented in seven (7) studies (Querol et al. 2019; Masselot et al. 2022; Doulatram-Gamgaram et al. 2021; Reyes et al. 2014; Linares et al. 2015; Núñez et al. 2024; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024), while Italy was represented in four (4) studies (Lotrecchiano et al. 2021; Mancinelli et al. 2023; Varrica et al. 2019; De Marco et al. 2018). Similarly, Portugal was represented in four (4) studies (Silva et al. 2021; Dai et al. 2022; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024; Masselot et al. 2022), and Greece was represented in two (2) studies (Vasilatou et al. 2017; Masselot et al. 2022 ).","Studies examining various PM2.5 sources are grouped into three key categories. First, twenty-one (21) studies focused on Saharan dust, underscoring its widespread environmental and health significance (Mancinelli et al. 2023; Querol et al. 2019; Lotrecchiano et al. 2021; Ogaugwu et al. 2023; Varrica et al. 2019; Vasilatou et al. 2017; Abiye et al. 2020; Sufiyan et al. 2020; Reyes et al. 2014; Silva et al. 2021; McElroy et al. 2022; Karimi et al. 2020; García-Pando et al. 2014; Dai et al. 2022; Yarber et al. 2023; Fiedler et al. 2015; Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Núñez et al. 2024; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024; Shola Rinde et al. 2024; Aweda et al. 2023).\n\nSecond, ambient PM2.5 was the focus of nine (9) studies (Khaniabadi and Sicard, 2021; Raheja et al. 2022; Sunnu et al. 2018; Cai et al. 2021;; Garrison et al. 2014; Tariq et al. 2023; De Marco et al. 2018; Owili et al. 2017), reflecting growing concerns about outdoor air quality and its health impacts.\n\nFinally, aerosol concentrations were examined in three (3) studies (Obisesan 2021; Masselot et al. 2022; Ayua and Emetere 2025), highlighting their importance in understanding PM2.5 dynamics.","SEighteen(18) studies (Raheja et al. 2022; Mancinelli et al. 2023; Obisesan 2021; Querol et al. 2019; Lotrecchiano et al. 2021; Sunnu et al. 2018; Varrica et al. 2019; Vasilatou et al. 2017; Abiye et al. 2020; Sufiyan et al. 2020; Tariq et al. 2023; Dai et al. 2022; Fiedler et al. 2015; Ayua and Emetere 2025; Núñez et al. 2024; Rodríguez and López-Darias 2024; Shola Rinde et al. 2024; Aweda et al 2023) focused on environmental exposure assessment and physicochemical characterization of PM2.5 during Saharan dust events. These studies evaluated atmospheric aerosol loading, aerosol optical depth (AOD), visibility reduction, atmospheric transport processes, particulate matter dynamics, chemical composition, heavy metals, and environmental conditions associated with Saharan dust exposure.\n\nFifteen (15) studies investigated health outcomes associated with PM2.5 and Saharan dust exposure.                                                                                                 Respiratory outcomes were the most frequently reported outcomes, with six (6) studies reporting various respiratory illness including cough, pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, and respiratory hospital admissions  (Cai et al. 2021; McElroy et al. 2022; Silva et al. 2021; Querol et al. 2019; De Marco et al. 2018;Núñez et al. 2024 ). Three (3) studies reported Cardiovascular outcomes including  hypertension,  cardiopulmonary morbidity, and cardiovascular mortality associated with PM2.5 exposure (Doulatram-Gamgaram et al. 2021; De Marco et al. 2018;Núñez et al. 2024). \n\nInfectious disease outcomes were examined in three (3) studies. Two studies specifically investigated meningitis in relation to Saharan dust exposure (García-Pando et al. 2014; Yarber et al. 2023), while one study examined associations between Harmattan meteorological conditions and COVID-19 incidence (Ogaugwu et al. 2023).\n\nFive (5) studies reported on mortality-related outcomes included infant mortality, neonatal mortality, under-five mortality, maternal mortality, all-cause mortality, and specific-cause mortality associated with PM2.5 and Saharan dust exposure (Adhvaryu et al. 2024; Karimi et al. 2020; Owili et al. 2017; Masselot et al. 2022; Khaniabadi and Sicard 2021). One study additionally evaluated compounded toxicological risks associated with combined exposure to Saharan dust and heavy metals (Garrison et al. 2014).","Several studies have examined the health and environmental impacts of fine dust PM₂.₅. Two studies (De Marco et al. 2018; Silva et al. 2021) reported positive associations between fine dust exposure and increased hospitalizations, while four studies (McElroy et al. 2022; Doulatram-Gamgaram et al. 2021; Reyes et al. 2014; Yarber et al. 2023) linked PM₂.₅ exposure to higher disease incidence. In contrast, a pooled analysis (Cai et al. 2021) found no significant association between short-term PM₂.₅ exposure and respiratory health in young children. García-Pando et al. (2014) demonstrated through modelling that dust concentration, wind conditions, early-season incidence, and population density strongly influence year-to-year variability in meningitis outbreaks. Four (4) studies (Khaniabadi and Sicard 2021; Masselot et al. 2022; Karimi et al. 2020; Owili et al. 2017) highlighted the effects of short- and long-term PM₂.₅ exposure on mortality rates, particularly for specific causes. Eleven (11) studies (Raheja et al. 2022; Obisesan 2021; Querol et al. 2019; Lotrecchiano et al. 2021; Varrica et al. 2019; Vasilatou et al. 2017; Abiye et al. 2020; Sufiyan et al. 2020; Tariq et al. 2023; Dai et al. 2022; Fiedler et al. 2015) further investigated the relationships between fine dust PM₂.₅ and environmental or synoptic conditions, with aerosol optical depth studies confirming significant impacts on air quality (Obisesan 2021; Fiedler et al. 2015). These investigations consistently identified March as a peak period for Harmattan dust storms, and chemical analyses (Abiye et al. 2020) revealed that during Saharan dust events, crustal elements such as aluminum, silica, and calcium can reach concentrations 5 to 172 times higher than during non-dust periods, particularly along traffic corridors."]

{"sheet":"list of journals and count","index":1,"n_rows":27,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":27,"hidden":true,"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Journal name ","no. citations"]
["ACS Earth and Space Chemistry",1]
["Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health",1]
["Atmosphere",1]
["Atmospheric Environment",1]
["Chemosphere",1]
["Environmental Geosciences",1]
["Environmental Health Insights",1]
["Environmental Health Perspectives",1]
["Environmental Pollution",1]
["Environmental Research",1]
["Environmental Science & Technology",1]
["Environmental Science and Pollution Research",4]
["European Journal of Internal Medicine",1]
["Geophysical Research Letters",2]
["International Journal of Biometeorology",1]
["International Journal of Environment and Climate Change",1]
["International Journal of Environmental Health Research",2]
["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",7]
["Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",1]
["Medical Toxicology & Adverse Drug Experience",1]
["Nature Communications",2]
["PLOS ONE",1]
["Respiratory Medicine",1]
["Science of the Total Environment",3]
["Scientific Reports",1]
["The Lancet Planetary Health",2]

{"sheet":"Sheet3","index":2,"n_rows":46,"n_cols":5,"rows_kept":46,"hidden":true,"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Study Title","DOI","Authors","JBI Classification","Reasoning"]
["A 10-year assessment of ambient fine particles and related health endpoints in a large Mediterranean city","10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130502","Khaniabadi, Y.O., Sicard, P.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study examines health endpoints related to fine particles over a 10-year period, observing the exposure over time."]
["A Network of Field-Calibrated Low-Cost Sensor Measurements of PM2.5 in Lomé, Togo, Over One to Two Years","10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00391","Raheja, G., Sabi, K.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study tracks PM2.5 levels over a 1-2 year period, making it a longitudinal observation of exposure."]
["Aerosol Optical Depths during Two Harmattan Seasons in Ile-Ife, Nigeria","10.9734/ijecc/2021/v11i630431","Obisesan, Omodara E., null","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study captures AOD data during two Harmattan seasons, focusing on the effects at specific points in time."]
["African dust and air quality over Spain: Is it only dust that matters?","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.349","Querol, X., Pérez, N.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study focuses on dust and air quality levels at a specific point in time, analyzing the relationship between them."]
["Ambient air pollution and respiratory health in sub-Saharan African children: A cross-sectional analysis","10.3390/ijerph18189729","Cai, Y.S., Gibson, H.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","A cross-sectional study that analyzes the impact of air pollution on respiratory health in children at one point in time."]
["An innovative approach to determining the contribution of Saharan dust to pollution","10.3390/ijerph18116100","Lotrecchiano, N., Capozzi, V.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study investigates the contribution of Saharan dust using innovative approaches, focused on analysis at one point in time."]
["Association between long term exposure to particulate matter and incident hypertension in Spain","10.1038/s41598-021-99154-7","Doulatram-Gamgaram, V., Valdés, S.","Cohort Study","This is a cohort study that links long-term exposure to particulate matter with the development of hypertension."]
["Association of Meteorological Factors With COVID-19 During Harmattan in Nigeria","10.1177/11786302231156298","Ogaugwu, C., Mmaduakor, C.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","The study assesses the relationship between meteorological factors and COVID-19 during the Harmattan season at a particular point in time."]
["ATR-FTIR spectral analysis and soluble components of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter over the urban area of Palermo (Italy) during normal days and Saharan events","10.3390/ijerph16142507","Varrica, D., Tamburo, E.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Focuses on the analysis of particulate matter composition during different events, assessed at specific points in time."]
["Biomass fuel use and the risk of asthma in Nigerian children","10.1016/j.rmed.2013.09.009","Thacher, JD., Emmelin, A.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","This cross-sectional study investigates the association between biomass fuel use and asthma risk in children at a specific point in time."]
["Characterising sources of PM2.5 exposure for school children with asthma: A personal exposure study across six cities in sub-Saharan Africa","10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00261-4","Lim, S., Said, B.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Focuses on personal exposure to PM2.5 in children with asthma across multiple cities at one point in time."]
["Characterization of PM2.5 chemical composition at the Demokritos suburban station, in Athens, Greece. The influence of Saharan dust","10.1007/s11356-017-8684-3","Vasilatou, V., Diapouli, E.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Investigates the chemical composition of PM2.5 and the influence of Saharan dust during a specific time frame."]
["Chemical footprints of harmattan dust and traffic corridor particulates monitored at two environmentally distinct geopolitical zones in Nigeria","10.1007/s11356-020-10004-x","Olawale, E., Abiye, O.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","This study investigates the chemical footprints of Harmattan dust and traffic particulates in two regions, at one point in time."]
["Cooking and season as risk factors for acute lower respiratory infections in African children: a cross-sectional multi-country analysis","10.1371/journal.pone.0128933","Buchner, H., Rehfuess, E.A.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the association between cooking fuel and season as risk factors for respiratory infections at a specific point in time across multiple countries."]
["Cooking fuel and risk of under-five mortality in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries: a population-based study","10.1080/09603123.2017.1332347","Owili, P.O., Muga, M.A.","Cohort Study","Investigates the long-term impact of cooking fuel on under-five mortality across 23 countries, fitting a cohort study design."]
["Desert Dust, Industrialization, and Agricultural Fires: Health Impacts of Outdoor Air Pollution in Africa","10.1029/2018JD029336","Bauer, S.E., Im, U.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Analyzes the health impacts of various air pollution sources (dust, industrialization, fires) on a population at a single point in time."]
["Estimating daily PM2.5 concentrations using an extreme gradient boosting model based on VIIRS aerosol products over southeastern Europe","10.1007/s11869-022-01245-5","Serdar, G., Tuna, G.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Uses a modeling approach to estimate daily PM2.5 concentrations over southeastern Europe, fitting into the modeling study classification."]
["Extreme desert dust storms and COPD morbidity on the island of Crete","10.2147/COPD.S208108","Lorentzou, C., Kouvarakis, G.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Focuses on the relationship between desert dust storms and COPD morbidity, assessed at a specific time."]
["First close insight into global daily gapless 1 km PM2.5 pollution, variability, and health impact","10.1038/s41467-023-43862-3","Wei, J., Li, Z.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Utilizes a modeling approach to assess global PM2.5 pollution, variability, and associated health impacts."]
["Geospatial Distribution and Projection of Aerosol over Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessment from Remote Sensing and Other Platforms","10.1007/s41810-021-00107-4","Godwin, A., Ayanlade, A.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Analyzes the geospatial distribution and projection of aerosols in Sub-Saharan Africa using remote sensing and modeling techniques."]
["Household concentrations and female and child exposures to air pollution in peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: measurements from the CLEAN-Air(Africa) study","10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00272-3","Shupler, M., Tawiah, T.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Assesses air pollution exposure levels in peri-urban households at a specific point in time."]
["Impact of environmental factors and Sahara dust intrusions on incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease in Spain. Effect in the first and second pandemic waves","10.1007/s11356-021-14228-3","Linares, C., Culqui, D.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the long-term effects of environmental factors, including Sahara dust, on COVID-19 incidence and severity across two pandemic waves."]
["Impact of harmattan season on human health in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria","10.4103/MTSM.MTSM_1_20","Sufiyan, I., Mohammed, Kd","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Investigates the effects of the Harmattan season on human health in Keffi at a specific point in time."]
["Impact of Saharan dust particles on hospital admissions in Madrid (Spain)","10.1080/09603123.2013.782604","Reyes, M., Díaz, J.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the relationship between Saharan dust particles and hospital admissions at a specific time."]
["Influence of advections of particulate matter from biomass combustion on specific-cause mortality in Madrid in the period 2004-2009","10.1007/s11356-014-3916-2","Linares, C., Carmona, R.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Investigates the long-term effects of particulate matter from biomass combustion on mortality in Madrid over a 5-year period."]
["Inhalable desert dust, urban emissions, and potentially biotoxic metals in urban Saharan-Sahelian air","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.106","Garrison, V.H., Majewski, M.S.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Analyzes the sources and characteristics of desert dust and urban emissions at a specific time."]
["Long term spatiotemporal trends and health risk assessment of remotely sensed PM(2.5) concentrations in Nigeria","10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121382","Tariq, S., Mariam, A.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines long-term trends of PM2.5 concentrations and health risks in Nigeria, making it a cohort study."]
["Low-Cost Sensor Performance Intercomparison, Correction Factor Development, and 2+ Years of Ambient PM2.5 Monitoring in Accra, Ghana","10.1021/acs.est.2c09264","Raheja, G., Nimo, J.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Assesses ambient PM2.5 concentrations and sensor performance in Accra over a specific period."]
["Microenvironmental modelling of personal fine particulate matter exposure in Accra, Ghana","10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117376","Christopher, S., Malley, M.R., Ashmore, M.R.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Uses modeling techniques to assess personal exposure to fine particulate matter in Accra."]
["Mortality and morbidity for cardiopulmonary diseases attributed to PM(2.5) exposure in the metropolis of Rome, Italy","10.1016/j.ejim.2018.07.027","De Marco, A., Amoatey, P.","Cohort Study","Investigates the long-term relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiopulmonary diseases in Rome."]
["North African dust intrusions and increased risk of respiratory diseases in Southern Portugal","10.1007/s00484-021-02132-x","T. Silva, M. Fragoso","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines a long-term relationship between dust intrusions and respiratory diseases, fitting the cohort study framework."]
["Personal Exposure to Fine Particles (PM2.5) in Northwest Africa: Case of the Urban City of Bamako in Mali","10.3390/ijerph19010611","Sidibe, A., Sakamoto, Y.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Focuses on assessing PM2.5 exposure levels in a specific population at a single point in time."]
["Saharan Dust and Childhood Respiratory Symptoms in Benin","10.3390/ijerph19084743","McElroy, S., Dimitrova, A.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the relationship between Saharan dust and childhood respiratory symptoms at a single point in time."]
["Saharan dust intrusions in Spain: Health impacts and associated synoptic conditions","10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.047","Díaz, J., Linares, C.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Explores long-term health impacts from dust events, fitting a cohort study classification."]
["Saharan dust intrusions in the Iberian Peninsula: Predominant synoptic conditions","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137041","Russo, A., Sousa, P.M.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Describes the conditions of dust intrusions, assessed at one point in time."]
["Saharan sand and dust storms and neonatal mortality: Evidence from Burkina Faso","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139053","Karimi, S.M., Pouran, H.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Investigates the association between dust storms and neonatal mortality, fitting the case-control study design."]
["Soil Dust Aerosols and Wind as Predictors of Seasonal Meningitis Incidence in Niger","10.1289/ehp.1306640","García-Pando, C.P., Pérez-Stanton, M.C.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the relationship between dust and meningitis incidence at a specific time."]
["Stratospheric impacts on dust transport and air pollution in West Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean","10.1038/s41467-022-35403-1","Dai, Y., Hitchcock, P.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Analyzes the impact of stratospheric conditions on dust transport in a detailed, analytical cross-sectional manner."]
["Temporal Relationships Between Saharan Dust Proxies, Climate, and Meningitis in Senegal","10.1029/2021GH000574","Aara’L. Y. Yarber, Gregory S. Jenkins, Ajit Singh, Aminata Diokhane","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines temporal relationships over a period, making it fit the cohort study classification."]
["The Association between Household Air Pollution and Blood Pressure in Obuasi Municipality, Ghana","10.3390/atmos13122033","Tawiah, T., Shupler, M.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Assesses the association between air pollution and blood pressure at a specific point in time."]
["The Associations between Types of Ambient PM(2.5) and Under-Five and Maternal Mortality in Africa","10.3390/ijerph14040359","Owili, P.O., Lien, W.H.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Explores the relationship between PM2.5 types and mortality at a particular time."]
["The effect of PM2.5 from household combustion on life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa","10.3390/ijerph15040748","Badamassi, A., Xu, D.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Examines the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on life expectancy, fitting the cohort study classification."]
["The importance of Harmattan surges for the emission of North African dust aerosol","10.1002/2015GL065925","Fiedler, S., Kaplan, M.L.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Analyzes seasonal variations of Harmattan surges and their impact, fitting an analytical cross-sectional study."]
["Use of satellite observations for long-term exposure assessment of global concentrations of fine particulate matter","10.1289/ehp.1408646","van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R.V.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Assesses long-term exposure using satellite data, fitting the cross-sectional approach to exposure analysis."]
["Wildfire and African dust aerosol oxidative potential, exposure and dose in the human respiratory tract","10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169683","Mylonaki, M., Gini, M.","Analytical Cross-Sectional Study","Involves laboratory testing and dose assessments, suitable for a quasi-experimental study."]