Supplementary Data 1. Longitude and latitude coordinates of all prefecture-level cities in mainland
China.

City	ID	longitude	latitude
Beijing	10	116.407413	39.904214
Guangzhou	20	113.264435	23.129163
Shanghai	21	121.473704	31.230393
Tianjin	22	117.200983	39.084158
Chongqing	23	106.551557	29.56301
Shenyang	24	123.43147	41.80572
Nanjing	25	118.796877	32.060255
Wuhan	27	114.305357	30.593087
Chengdu	28	104.064856	30.658601
Xi-an	29	108.944269	34.264987
Handan	310	114.539085	36.625604
Shijiazhuang	311	114.51486	38.042307
Baoding	312	115.464806	38.873891
Zhangjiakou	313	114.887543	40.824418
Chengde	314	117.962411	40.954071
Tangshan	315	118.180407	39.630476
Langfang	316	116.683752	39.538047
Cangzhou	317	116.838835	38.304477
Hengshui	318	115.69868	37.735302
Xingtai	319	114.504844	37.070589
Qinhuangdao	335	119.600492	39.935377
Shuozhou	349	112.432825	39.331595
Xinzhou	350	112.734174	38.416663
Taiyuan	351	112.550619	37.870662
Datong	352	113.300126	40.076816
Yangquan	353	113.580415	37.856658
Jinzhong	354	112.752695	37.687024
Changzhi	355	113.116255	36.195386
Jincheng	356	112.851768	35.49087
Linfen	357	111.51888	36.088067
Luliang	358	111.144319	37.518314
Yuncheng	359	111.007324	35.026372
Shangqiu	370	115.65637	34.414172
Zhengzhou	371	113.625368	34.7466
Anyang	372	114.392756	36.097593
Xinxiang	373	113.9268	35.303004
Xuchang	374	113.85264	34.035506
Pingdingshan	375	113.192814	33.76619
Xinyang	376	114.091289	32.147015
Nanyang	377	112.528345	32.990614
Kaifeng	378	114.307582	34.797239
Luoyang	379	112.45429	34.618452
Jiaozuo	391	113.241823	35.215893
Hebi	392	114.297273	35.747225
Puyang	393	115.02933	35.762141
Zhoukou	394	114.657616	33.618686
Luohe	395	114.016539	33.581413
Zhumadian	396	114.022298	33.011529
Sanmenxia	398	111.20023	34.772424
Tieling	410	123.726163	42.22297
Dalian	411	121.614682	38.914003
Anshan	412	122.994646	41.108546
Fushun	413	123.957208	41.880872
Benxi	414	123.766485	41.294176
Dandong	415	124.384913	40.127344
Jinzhou	416	121.127004	41.09512
Yingkou	417	122.235418	40.667012
Fuxin	418	121.670325	42.021619
Liaoyang	419	123.172838	41.269493
Chaoyang	421	120.450372	41.573734
Panjin	427	122.070714	41.119997
Huludao	429	120.836932	40.711052
Changchun	431	125.323542	43.817084
Jilin	432	126.549572	43.837883
Siping	434	124.350398	43.16642
Tonghua	435	125.939697	41.728401
Baicheng	436	122.839024	45.619641
Liaoyuan	437	125.143532	42.887918
Songyuan	438	124.825118	45.141789
Baishan	439	126.423587	41.939994
Harbin	451	126.534967	45.803775
Qiqihar	452	123.918186	47.354348
Mudanjiang	453	129.633169	44.551653
Jiamusi	454	130.318917	46.799923
Suihua	455	126.980006	46.636631
Heihe	456	127.52846	50.245297
Daxinganling	457	124.711081	52.335206
Yichun	458	128.840661	47.727542
Daqing	459	125.104637	46.59019
Qitaihe	464	131.004915	45.771975
Jixi	467	130.969333	45.295075
Hegang	468	130.298101	47.349935
Shuangyashan	469	131.159553	46.646923
Hulunbeier	470	119.765739	49.211572
Hohhot	471	111.748847	40.84231
Baotou	472	109.840386	40.657447
Wuhai	473	106.794205	39.655024
Wulanchabu	474	113.132585	40.994786
Tongliao	475	122.265737	43.61944
Chifeng	476	118.886856	42.257817
Ordos	477	109.781327	39.608266
Bayannaoer	478	107.387657	40.743213
Xilin-Gol	479	116.048222	43.933454
Xinganmeng	482	122.067042	46.077561
Alashan	483	105.728969	38.851892
Wuxi	510	120.303027	31.566145
Zhenjiang	511	119.45722	32.199147
Suzhou	512	120.585316	31.298886
Nantong	513	120.894332	31.980184
Yangzhou	514	119.412966	32.39421
Yancheng	515	120.163561	33.347378
Xuzhou	516	117.284067	34.20475
Huai-an	517	119.015288	33.61036
Lianyungang	518	119.221282	34.596544
Changzhou	519	119.974454	31.810077
Taizhou	523	119.923116	32.455778
Suqian	527	118.275497	33.961994
Heze	530	115.480656	35.23375
Jinan	531	116.994917	36.665282
Qingdao	532	120.382504	36.06722
Zibo	533	118.055007	36.813497
Dezhou	534	116.357465	37.434093
Yantai	535	121.447926	37.463819
Weifang	536	119.16193	36.706691
Jining	537	116.587099	35.414921
Tai-an	538	117.087614	36.200252
Linyi	539	118.356448	35.104672
Binzhou	543	117.970703	37.38199
Dongying	546	118.674767	37.434751
Chuzhou	550	118.317107	32.301556
Hefei	551	117.227271	31.821448
Bengbu	552	117.389719	32.916287
Wuhu	553	118.432941	31.352859
Huainan	554	116.999933	32.625478
Maanshan	555	118.50676	31.670452
Anqing	556	117.056857	30.524895
Suzhou	557	116.985301	33.639394
Bozhou	558	115.778676	33.844582
Huangshan	559	118.337476	29.714683
Huaibei	561	116.798265	33.955845
Tongling	562	117.810841	30.94453
Xuancheng	563	118.758816	30.940718
Lu-an	564	116.505693	31.745011
Chaohu-Lake	565	117.864722	31.597853
Chizhou	566	117.491568	30.6648
Quzhou	570	118.874375	28.93581
Hangzhou	571	120.155069	30.274089
Huzhou	572	120.086823	30.894348
Jiaxing	573	120.758543	30.753924
Ningbo	574	121.54399	29.868336
Shaoxing	575	120.586109	29.995762
Taizhou	576	121.420757	28.656386
Wenzhou	577	120.699367	27.994267
Lishui	578	119.922796	28.46763
Jinhua	579	119.647445	29.079059
Zhoushan	580	122.206604	29.985451
Fuzhou	591	119.296494	26.074508
Xiamen	592	118.08942	24.479836
Ningde	593	119.547933	26.665617
Putian	594	119.007777	25.454085
Quanzhou	595	118.586812	24.907574
Zhangzhou	596	117.647481	24.512949
Longyan	597	117.017705	25.075129
Sanming	598	117.638678	26.263407
Nanping	599	118.177708	26.641769
Weihai	631	122.12042	37.513068
Zaozhuang	632	117.323725	34.810488
Rizhao	633	119.526888	35.416377
Laiwu	634	117.676731	36.213691
Liaocheng	635	115.985371	36.456704
Shanwei	660	115.375279	22.786211
Yangjiang	662	111.982232	21.857958
Jieyang	663	116.372831	23.549993
Maoming	668	110.925456	21.662999
Xishuangbanna	691	100.797353	22.008193
Dehong	692	98.584895	24.433353
Yingtan	701	117.069202	28.260189
Xiangyang	710	112.155115	32.012633
Ezhou	711	114.894843	30.39194
Xiaogan	712	113.916903	30.924568
Huang-Gang	713	114.872316	30.453906
Yellowstone	714	115.03852	30.199652
Xianning	715	114.322492	29.841443
Jingzhou	716	112.239741	30.335165
Yichang	717	111.286471	30.691967
Enshi	718	109.488172	30.272156
Shiyan	719	110.797991	32.629397
Suizhou	722	113.382458	31.690216
Jingmen	724	112.199265	31.035423
Yueyang	730	113.128958	29.357104
Changsha	731	112.938814	28.228209
Xiangtan	732	112.944049	27.829738
Zhuzhou	733	113.133775	27.827827
Hengyang	734	112.5719	26.89384
Chenzhou	735	113.014718	25.77051
Changde	736	111.698497	29.031673
Yiyang	737	112.35518	28.55386
Loudi	738	111.996001	27.701693
Shaoyang	739	111.467791	27.238893
Xiangxi	743	109.739172	28.311948
Zhangjiajie	744	110.479191	29.117096
Huaihua	745	109.998488	27.554978
Yongzhou	746	111.613445	26.420394
Jiangmen	750	113.081901	22.578738
Shaoguan	751	113.597522	24.810403
Huizhou	752	114.416196	23.111847
Meizhou	753	116.122469	24.288384
Shantou	754	116.681838	23.353299
Shenzhen	755	114.057868	22.543099
Zhuhai	756	113.576726	22.270715
Foshan	757	113.121416	23.021548
Zhaoqing	758	112.465091	23.047192
Zhanjiang	759	110.359387	21.270702
Zhongshan	760	113.392795	22.516686
Heyuan	762	114.700447	23.743538
Qingyuan	763	113.056031	23.681764
Yunfu	766	112.044491	22.915094
Chaozhou	768	116.622597	23.656972
Dongguan	769	113.751765	23.020536
Fangchenggang	770	108.355638	21.686114
Nanning	771	108.365631	22.817642
Liuzhou	772	109.415953	24.325502
Guilin	773	110.290195	25.273566
Wuzhou	774	111.27917	23.47691
Yulin	775	110.164756	22.636379
Baise	776	106.618275	23.902371
Qinzhou	777	108.654543	21.980968
Hechi	778	108.085261	24.692931
North-Sea	779	109.119899	21.481217
Xinyu	790	114.91741	27.817819
Nanchang	791	115.858089	28.68316
Jiujiang	792	116.001951	29.705103
Shangrao	793	117.943433	28.454863
Fuzhou	794	116.358176	27.9492
Yichun	795	114.416778	27.815619
Jian	796	114.992912	27.113039
Ganzhou	797	114.935025	25.831925
Jingdezhen	798	117.17842	29.268836
Pingxiang	799	113.854676	27.622865
Panzhihua	812	101.718637	26.582347
Zigong	813	104.778442	29.33903
Mianyang	816	104.679114	31.46745
Nanchong	817	106.110698	30.837793
Dazhou	818	107.468023	31.209572
Suining	825	105.592898	30.532847
Guang-an	826	106.633212	30.455962
Bazhong	827	106.744729	31.865236
Luzhou	830	105.442347	28.87182
Yibin	831	104.643382	28.751812
Ziyang	832	104.627636	30.128901
Leshan	833	103.765568	29.552106
Liangshan	834	102.267335	27.881611
Yaan	835	103.013261	29.980537
Ganzi	836	101.962311	30.04952
Abba	837	102.224653	31.899413
Deyang	838	104.398021	31.126856
Guangyuan	839	105.843357	32.435435
Guiyang	851	106.630143	26.647449
Zunyi	852	106.927389	27.725654
Anshun	853	105.947594	26.253072
Qiannan	854	107.52214	26.254092
Qindongnan	855	107.982828	26.58355
Tongren	856	109.189598	27.731515
Bijie	857	105.283992	27.302589
Liupanshui	858	104.830359	26.592666
Qinxinan	859	104.906397	25.087825
Zhaotong	870	103.717465	27.338257
Kunming	871	102.722202	25.037721
Dali	872	100.267638	25.606486
Honghe	873	103.374799	23.36313
Qujing	874	103.796167	25.49001
Baoshan	875	99.161471	25.112065
Wenshan	876	104.251045	23.368817
Yuxi	877	102.546543	24.352036
Chuxiong	878	101.528069	25.045532
Pu-er	879	100.970152	22.777765
Lincang	883	100.079583	23.877573
Nujiang	886	98.853097	25.852548
Diqing	887	99.702234	27.818882
Lijiang	888	100.230376	26.876774
Lhasa	891	91.140856	29.645554
Shigatse	892	88.880583	29.26687
Shannan	893	91.773134	29.237137
Nyingchi	894	94.36149	29.649128
Changdu	895	97.17202	31.140969
Nagqu	896	92.051241	31.476198
Ali	897	80.105652	32.501034
Haikou	898	110.328859	20.030793
Sanya	899	109.511909	18.252847
Tacheng	901	82.980317	46.745364
Hami	902	93.514917	42.818501
Hetian	903	79.922211	37.114157
Altay	906	88.141253	47.844924
Kizilsuu	908	76.167644	39.714556
Bortala	909	82.066159	44.905588
Xianyang	910	108.709003	34.329563
Yan-an	911	109.489635	36.585424
Yulin	912	109.734556	38.285342
Weinan	913	109.509786	34.499995
Shangluo	914	109.940477	33.870422
Ankang	915	109.029303	32.684781
Hanzhong	916	107.023323	33.06748
Baoji	917	107.237539	34.362053
Tongchuan	919	108.945142	34.896747
Linxia	930	103.210539	35.601182
Lanzhou	931	103.834377	36.061255
Dingxi	932	104.626278	35.580623
Pingliang	933	106.665106	35.542686
Qingyang	934	107.632469	35.738668
Jinchang	935	102.188043	38.520089
Zhangye	936	100.449822	38.925646
Jiuquan	937	98.494411	39.732488
Tianshui	938	105.724947	34.580862
Gannan	941	102.911262	34.983296
Baiyin	943	104.137619	36.544827
Yinchuan	951	106.230909	38.487194
Shizuishan	952	106.383047	38.984346
Wu-Zhong	953	106.198225	37.997476
Guyuan	954	106.24261	36.015855
Haibei	970	100.900931	36.954273
Xining	971	101.778228	36.617144
Haidong	972	102.104346	36.502216
Huangnan	973	102.015248	35.519549
Hainan	974	100.620373	36.286438
Guoluo	975	100.245027	34.471675
Yushu	976	97.006636	33.005822
Hercynian	979	97.369752	37.377139
Karamay	990	84.889207	45.579889
Urumqi	991	87.616823	43.825645
Shihezi	993	86.080497	44.306119
Changji	994	87.308225	44.011183
Turpan	995	89.189655	42.951384
Bayin-Guo-Leng	996	86.145267	41.764131
Aksu	997	80.260605	41.168779
Kashi	998	75.989755	39.4704
Yili	999	81.324096	43.916862
Yanbian	1433	129.508946	42.891254
Fuyang	1558	115.814205	32.890124
Guigang	1755	109.598927	23.111531
Chongzuo	1771	107.364962	22.377281
Laibin	1772	109.22146	23.750312
Hezhou	1774	111.566753	24.40357
Neijiang	1832	105.058433	29.580229
Meishan	1833	103.848538	30.07544
Hong-Kong	1852	114.154404	22.280685
Macao	1853	113.550056	22.200796
Wuwei	1935	102.638009	37.928336
Jiayuguan	1937	98.289152	39.77313
Zhongwei	1953	105.173837	37.516892
Longnan	2935	104.922071	33.400766