xread 285 133 Proganochelys_quenstedti 0100001000000011?000?000?????000100000?00000?00020010010000000000101??100000?0??000003?000?0?00?0000?000??010010000?01000000000000000000?0000000001000?0210?0001?0001000010???0???100?????000?0000???0002?0000010?????000100??0?0100000?000000???1?0?1000011000010?0000000???0??00?000???0?0? Platychelys_oberndorferi ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10?????00??1??0??????00?000001110211?00110100110000012000100011110000001??10000000100010111012000???????????????????????????????0?000?010 Notoemys_laticentralis ??????????????????????????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????00000?1???0?0????1010????01100000000?0000000000?0??????????????????10?????00??1?1?0?????00200000100021100011?101021000001000111001110000001??10000000100010?1?0??0?????????????0??????0001?2???????0??001011 Bonapartemys_bajobarrealis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?11200110?00021100????1110211???1?101110100100100001??1011000010010101?????01???????????????????????????????1??00?10? Prochelidella_cerrobarcinae ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????01200110?00122101?????????0100110101?10011110??0012??100100001001100110?1001???????????????????????????????1???????? Pseudemydura_umbrina 000000000010030??0000000?0???000102001010?00?0001120000000000??00000?01?0000?0??000000011000001???20202000?000020000010??000010010??00?0?00000??000?????????????????????011114?????0011000???????????001100000010?1110??1012??102111?110011111???1?001?????????????????0200?2?????111????2??? Elseya_dentata 000000000110030??100000000???000102001010001000111200010000100?00000?0110000?000120000010000001?0010201100010001000001000100010020000000?0001000000?100000010000000102?0001104?????0011100102011101111??101010001?1110100112??1021???0??010001??12?0010001010010100000101001211001001?0002100 Emydura_macquarii 000000000110030??100000000???000102001010000?00010200000000000?00001?0010000?000120000010000001?0010201000010001000?01000000000010000000?0001010000?1000?0010000000112?0?01104?????001110010211100101001101000000?111010011200102100?010010001??1200010001110011100000102011201001001?0002100 Myuchelys_latisternum 000100?01110030??100000000???000102001010001000011200010000000?00000?00?0000?0?0020000010000001??010201000?10?01?00001000100010012??0000?0001010000?1000?0010000000102?0?01104?????0011100102010001111??101010010?1110100102??102100?010010001???2?001?????????????????0????21????001?0?02100 Acanthochelys_radiolata 0?0001?00110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000?0110000?000020000011000001?00102110000?0??1100?0?000000012010?????????1????????1000000??01??0012???00?104?????011110110201020211001101011100?1110??0002??212100?01001100100111001????????????????????????????201?0002100 Platemys_platycephala 0?0000000010030??110000000???000100001010000?01010000100000000?00110?0110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010??1100000000000012010?????????1????????1000030??12??0010???002104?????111100110201020200001101001100?0111100002??202100?01001100100011001?????????????????02?0??0????001?0?02100 Phrynops_hilarii 0?0010?00110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000??110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010001100?00000000012010000010?00100??0?0?1000100??01??0010???00110231000011110110201020200001101011100001101?0001??102100?00001101100010001???????????????0?02211210101001?0002100 Phrynops_geoffroanus ?00?10000110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000?0110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010001100?00000000012010000010?0010000000010?????10??01?01?200?0110[2 3][3 4]1000011110?102??01?2??0?1101011100001101?00?1??102100?0100110110?0100010001110011100000102211211011001?0002100 Mesoclemmys_nasuta 0?0010?00110?30??123000000???000102001?1?000??001020010000000??00000??110000?000020000001000001?00212110000100?1100?00000000?12020??0010?00100000?0?1000100?001??0010???0????34?1300121101102???2?2??001101011100001101?0002??102100?010011001???1?001???????????????????????1????001?00?2100 Chelodina_colliei 200100000210030???32000100???000102001110010??0010200100000001?00101?0110000?000020000011000001?0010201000010?01100000000000012002??0010?0010000000?1110220?0010011102?01011125110000010011020102001100000101110100001000002??122111?110010001??1?0101???????????????0?01201200001201?0002100 Chelus_colombianus ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0110120001111[0 1]10[0 1]???021?2?10?????1??1100????0100001??1?2100?0?0011001001?011???????????????????????????????????????? Chelus_fimbriatus 201?00?00110030??123000000???000102001001010?00010000100000000?00100?0110000?000020000011000001?1020201000010001100?01000000012000000010?001000000201100210100000111220000110[0 1][0 1 2]00011111101201011221010001010111001111010000101102110?000001001001[0 1]00111101111?1110?000102211200001201?0002100 Hydromedusa_tectifera 200001000210030??132000000???000102001010010?0001020010000000??00000?0111000?000020000011000001?0020201000000001100?01000000012002000010?00100??000?1111221?0120011112?01010111001001111011020003010101010100011000000100002??102100?010011101001110010001111?11100000101101201001101?0002100 Hydromedusa_maximilliani 2?000????????30?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????0???????????????1??????????????????????????1????????1111221??12??1111???101001100100101101102000301??01010101001001110??0002??1[0 2]2100?0100111110011100????????????????????????0????201?0?02100 Yaminuechelys_maior 2??????0?????30??11????1?????00???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2000?0?0??1???????????????????00?0?00100?0?00?11102200?130?1110????10200110000011100??21102011100010101111000110??01?1??100000001001?111101??01?????????????????????????????2?1???0?100 Yaminuechelys_gasparinii 2?0100?00210?30??112?00100???000???????00?????????0?0????????0?0????????1??0???0??????????????????????200000???????????????????????????????1????????11?0??00?12??1110????1020011000001110010???02?1??000101011110001100????0???000??0??????101??1???01????????????????????????????2?1?000?100 Pelusios_castaneus 101?010000000111?23200010?1010001000000000010010??00001000010?001????0110000?000220000011000001??020200100010101??0?010000000000120010?0?00[0 1]1010?00020??0???0??1?001?20?00??01?1??00??1??010200??0?001??101000000[0 1]????1?0112???001???01?0?1011??010001????????????????????????????20?0?0?2000 Pelusios_sinuatus 101?01?000000111?23200010?101000100000000000?0000?000010000100001????0110000?0??220000011000001?1?202000000101?1000?01000000000012??1?10?000101??00?20???0010??1?00102?10011022113000211001?200?101001??10100000000110100112??1001001010011011?0010001010111001010?00110000120??0120?0?0?2000 Pelomedusa_subrufa 101?010000000111?232000100101000100000000000?0100?000010000000001????0110000?000220000011000001?1020200000010101000?01000000000012001010?00110100000200000010131?001020100210121[0 1]00011111010200?101001??10100011000110100112??101100001001101100010002010111001010?00110000120111020000002000 Araripemys_barretoi 2?1?010002000211?230000100???000100000000010?01020000000000000001????0010000?000200000011000001?1020200???01000[1 2]000?00000000000000??1000?0010011?00021????010021?111120??122000102000101001?200?101011??20110112010110000110??022000?020??11?1?1???001010101001110?001100011201[0 1]01?0100000??0 Laganemys_tenerensis 201?010002000210021000000????000100000000010??????000?000??0?0000??1?0010000?0?02000000110?0001??020201000010102000?00000000?00100??1000?0011000?00?210??1010????1111????102001002000100001?2?1?111??1??2011010000????000110??0210001020??11?1?????001????????????????????????????2010??00??0 Euraxemys_essweini 101?0100010002100210000100?0?000100000000000?00020000010000100000101?0010000?000100000011000001??0100010??011002010000100100000120??1000?0011010?00120?????10??1??11?2???011?00100000111101?2???1?1??1??1110???00?0110100110??1?11000010011101?0?1?001???????????????1?0?????0????0000?002000 Dirqadim_schaefferi 101?0100?10?02?0011000?00????000?00000000010?01?0?0000100?010000?????011000?????100000011??0001?102010????0110?2010??0100100000120???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??01?0001010?0?110001?20?101?0?0??????? Sokatra_antitra 101?010001000011??2?0001?0???000100000010?0???????000010??010000?????0110000?0002200000100??001??01021?00001?00201???0100100000011???0?0??0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????000??2?????00?1??????? Atolchelys_lepida ??1??10??????????????0?????????0?000????0??0?010?????11100000???0111??010000?0?????????11??0112???2001??????0????11?001??1???1?011????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????????????111?????11?????0????11001?0?0???????????????????????????????????????? Cearachelys_placidoi 001?010001000011?221000100???01010000000100??0?0??0000011?0000100??1?0110010?0000[0 2]0000000101112?101000010011010202100021010101002100100100000210?010???????1???0???1?????011000101000[1 2]11101?20??112??1??10100011011110100010??1011000010011001?001?001?????????????????0?00???????0000?0?2000 Galianemys_emringeri 001?[0 1]100?10?00?1?22?00?100???010?0000?001000?000??0000?1???00010?????1?1?010?0??011010000??1112?1010000100110002?21?002101010101?100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1001111000010?001001001101001?0?0??????? Galianemys_whitei 001?0100?10?00?1?21?00?10????010?0000?001?00?000??0000?1???000100?0??1?1?010?0??011010000??1112?1010000100110002?21?002101010101?100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111111000110?001000001101[0 2]01?0?0??????? Kurmademys_kallamedensis 001?0100?10?0111?23100?11????00010000000000100100?0000111?000010?????1110010?0??2110100101?1112?1000200100110001021?002001100100210??0?10?001210?010???????1?????????2???0110231?0?0121?101?201011?001??1?100?10000110??0??2???011111??0???00100??1?01?????????????????0???????????0?100??000 Sankuchemys_sethnai ??1?01?0?10????1?231?0?1??????0??0?????00?0??010??000??1???100000?1????1??10?0?????????1???11?????1000?????10????2???02??1?????0?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Kinkonychelys_rogersi 001?010001000?????1?00???0????0?10????0?0?????????000011??0000???????1??0?1??0?02110000001?1?1??101000????1?0101021?0020011001002100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0???????????0????????? Foxemys_mechinorum 001?110001001011?21100010????00010100000100110000?000111100000100101?1110010?0??0100001001?1112??010000100110102021?00211110010021??11?11?000211?11????????1??????11?2???0110121?0?0111?101?201111?0[0 1]1??10100011000110?11110??111111[0 1]0110110?110011001?????????????????0???????????00000??000 Foxemys_trabanti 001?110001001???????00??0????00010100?0?1??????????001111?0000?0?????1?1?010?0???10000100101112?1010000100110102?21100211110010021??11?11000021101??2??????1???????1???0?01??121?0?011??????2?1??1?0[0 1]1????10????????????1?????1?1??100?????0?1?0???????????????????????0????????????????????? Polysternon_provinciale 001?11?0?10??0?1?21??0?1?????000?0?00??01?0110??210001?110?00?10?????????010?0??0100001101?1112??010000100110112021?002??11001?0?1?????????0?????????????????????????????11??121?0?0111?1?1?2?1?11?0[0 1]1??1010??110??????10??2??101?1110?101?0?1?0?1100??????????????????0????????????000???000 Araiochelys_hirayamai 011?0110?10?1??1?21??0?1?????000?1100?0000110000210101?210?010??0?0??1???020?0??011001100??1102?1020111100110101?21??02111100101?1??11?11?10?001?11??????????????????????????2?2?0???1??????2?1?11??????111???110??????????0???21?101??0???0?1?0??0?01111000000110?001?10000???0??000?00????? Zolhafah_bella 001?11000200?????????????1????0?01??????000110?0??000111110010??01?1?1110020?0???110011001?1?0???010110???0?0?01022?0021?1100?002100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????1????????????????????? Rosasia_soutoi 001?1100?20?10?1????00??01???000?1????0?10010000210001?220?010110?0??1?1?020?0??01100?100??1112??01000??????0?????????211110???1?100?????????????????????????????????????11??121?0?0101?1???????1????1??1110??010??????11??0???01?0000?001?0?1???11002?????????????????1????????????0?0???000 Bothremys_maghrebiana 011?111002001011?21110?110???0000110[0 1]0000011000021121112200010110101?1110020?0??011001100??1002?10201101001101110211?021111001[0 1]12210110100100201011??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000000010?011?1000??0??????????????? Bothremys_cooki 011?111002001???????10??10???00?11????0?0011000021121112200010??0101?1110020?0?????????001?1?0??1?201?????1?0?0102?1002??11?011?22101?01001002??01???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?11000000?????1???00?0001?????????????? Bothremys_arabicus 0???1??0????????????1???10??????11????0?0??11?0021????1220001???0101??1?0020?0??01100??0???1?0???02011????1?0101022?0021?11001?122??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Bothremys_kellyi 011?11100200?0?1?21??0?1?????00?01100?00001110?0??0211?220?01??1?????1???020?0??011001100??1?02?1?10111100110101?22???21?1100111?2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111?000?0?????1??1?00??0????00????????? Chedighaii_hutchisoni 011?111002001??1?21?10?11????00010100?000?????????011??22??000100????1?1?020?0??01100?10???1002??020110100110101?21??02111100111?2????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????00?0??????? Chedighaii_barberi 0?1?11?0?20?????????10???????00??010?0??0??????0??011111??0000???????11???20?0??011?01100????0???02011????1?0??1?21??0211110?1112210?1?10?10?2010?1????????1??????11?????1111131?0?0120?101?201011?011??10100011001110?11110??12111000100110011001000???????????????????????????????0?00??000 Taphrosphys_sulcatus 001?01?00?0???????1??0????????????0110???10???????0??????????????????1??????????011100?1?1?1?0??11101111000101010201?0211110010021?1???????????????????????1??????11?2???0110121?0?0110?101?20[1 2]111?011??10100?01001110?01112??101110?11001110111?1000??????????????????1????????????0?00????? Taphrosphys_ippolitoi 001?01?0010??010?11??0?1?????101?0011?10010100?0210101?0???00101?????101??0??0??0111001101?1??2?1110110???0101010211?02??110010021?1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11000000111?00??12110011001?0?0??????? Taphrosphys_congolensis 0?1?0??00????0100110?001?????101?0011010?10????????10??????????1?????111?????0??011?0?11???1??????1011?1??01010102110021111001?02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????1000?????????????????????????????0?000?????? Acleistochelys_maliensis 001?01000000001???1?000100???00111?00010001100100?010110000111?10111?1110100?2000110001011?1010??01000????110011021?00211110010122??????????????????2????????0000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Azabbaremys_moragjonesi 001?0100000?0011?21?00?10????001?0100?100010?1100?0100?00??001010?1??111?10??1??011003100??1012??020110100010101?21??02111100101?200?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????1??????????00?0??????? Labrostochelys_galkini 111?01100?0??0100?1000?1?????10??0?11??0001110?0210201?00??001010?????11?00??0??0111011001?1?02?102021????0?0111?21??02111100101?1?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1010000000011?0010101000010?1?0?0??????? Phosphatochelys_tedfordi 011?0101010?0010011?01?11????001?0011?11010100100?0011?00??00000?????111?10??0??0111001001?1102?1120110100010101?21??02111100100?[1 2]?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000010111?111?121100111?120?0??????? Ummulisani_rutgersensis 011?0101010?0010011??1??0????001?0011?11010100?00?0011?0???00000?????1????0?????0111031101?1?0??1120211???010111?21??02111100?00?1?0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????1?1?1001?000?1???1?00002111000010111?111?1210?011[0 2]01000?0?????? Rhothonemys_brinkmani 011?01?00100?????110?101?????00????1?01?0?1???????001????????????????1??????????011100?????????????????????????10?????????1??10?????110000000000011??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Arenila_krebsi 0???01?00100?0????1?00???0???00?101???0???0???0?2101000000000???0101?1110?00?1?0011?031201?101????1000?1?0??0111021?002111?0?1?222?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Nigeremys_gigantea 001?01?0010?00?1?21??0?1?????00??00???0?000101012101000000000???0101??0?0100?1??0110031201?1012??0????0????10?11????0?2??110??0222???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Brasilemys_josai 0????????1??011???2?000100???000?0000000????????????00?0??000000?????01?001??0001000000110011120?0101000??11100201100?200110000021??1000?00010100?2?20?????00????0?1?????0110111000001????1?2?10?1?001??101000000??????????????0?????????????1?????????????????????????0200???????20?0??????? Hamadachelys_escuilliei 0?1?0100010001100220?0010010?000100000000?0???????010010100000000??1?0110010?0002200010110011120001010?1?0010002001011200110000021001000?0001010?021??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000011001001002001?011?1?0?0??????? Portezueloemys_patagonica 0???01???100??1?012????1??11??????00????????????????????????????0??1??1?00?0?0???2?????1??011130??101??1????0??2??1011?0?11?00???1??????????????????????????????????????????02210?000?????????1?112??1??1?1?0?020????????11???1011101?100????1??0???0???????????????????????????????????????? Bauruemys_elegans 001?0100010001100120000100000000100000000000?01021010010100000000101?0[0 1]10010?000220001010001113000101011000100010010112001100000210?1000?0001010?02?20?????0011????10200?01102[2 3]101000211001?2010112001??11100000000110100110??101111101001100110010001111101001000100??0210?00?101200000??000 Cambaremys_langertoni ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20?????0?????????200?02101210000021??0???010112??1??10100?0000?1???????0???01??11????????1000?0?0???????????????????????????????????????? Peiropemys_mezzalirai 001?01000100021011000001?000000010000000??01100021010000100000000101?0010010?0002200010100011130??10101101010001001111200110000021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????????10?0??????? Lapparentemys_vilavilensis 001?01000100021011000001?0000000100000000001100021010010100000000101?0010010?00012000101000111300010101101010001001111200110000021??1000?00010100?20????????1????????10??011012100000211001?2010112001??10100000000110100110??10111100110110011001?001????????????1????02001??1???100000??000 Pricemys_caiera 0????????1????10?10???????2?1??0?00000?????????????100???00000????????????10?0?0120001010001?130?01010???10100010011112001100??021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Cerrejonemys_wayuunaiki 00??01?00100??101100?011??000000?0000??1??????????010?????0?00001?????0?0??0?0???2???1???0?1?13??0????11?10100??001??12001???00021??10111000?1??11??20?????11??????1?11??0110??1000002????????1?1????1??11100?110??????????????011??1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Podocnemis_vogli 001?01?0110001101100001100000000?00000010001100121010011010100000101?0010010?0002200010110011130001010110101000100111120011000002100100111001110?120?0??????1??????1??1??011011100000201101?2011112001??011000111????0??011000101111101001101110010001?????????????????01?????????0000?0?2100 Podocnemis_lewyana 0?1?01?01100??101?0?0?1102100000???0???10????00121???00??101????1????00100100000220001??10011?3000101011?1?1?001001111???11??0????001?0??1?0??????20?0??????1??????1??1??01101210000020??01?2011012001??0110001100011?100110??10111110100110011001000??????????????????????????????000?0?2100 Podocnemis_unifilis 001?0100110001101100001100100000100000010001100121010001010100001????0010010?00022000101100111300010101101010001001111200110000021001001110011101120200??00111300011011000100[1 2][2 3]100100201001?2011012001??0[0 1]1000110001101001121010111[0 1]1010011001100100021111111?10001001001001001101200000?2100 Podocnemis_erythrocephala 001?0100110001101100001100?000001000000100011001210100110101000001?1?0[0 1]10010?0002200010110011131001010110101000100111120011000002100100111001110?120200??000101010110110?020012100000111101?2011012001??1[0 1]10001200011010011211101111101001100110010002?????????????????????????????00000?2100 Podocnemis_expansa 001?0100110001101100001102100000100000010001100111010001010100001????0010010?10012000101100111310010101101010001001111200110000021001001110011101120200??0011130001101100011012100000201001?2011012001??0[0 1]10001200011010011211101111101001101110010001011111????001001001?????????000000?2100 Podocnemis_sextuberculata 001?0100110001101100001102100000100000010001101111010001010100001????0010010?00002000101100111310010101101010001001111200110000021??10011100111011202000000111101011011000110[1 2][2 3]1[0 1]0101201101?2011012001??0110001100011010011210101111[0 1]01001101110010001?????????????????01?????????00000002100 Podocnemis_bassleri 0?1?01001100?1101100?0110?100000100000010001?011??00100101010?00???????10010?000?20001011001113??010101101010001?0111?2??110???021??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Caninemys_tridentata 001?010001000?101?00000?00101000?00000000001000021011011010100000101?0??0110?000020002001001113??01010?1?10?00010011112??110000021??????????????????????????1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2?????????????????0????????????????????? Stupendemys_geographicus ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1011???101?0?1110121000002????1???1????001????101?1000???0?????????011??1??0????01100?0?0??????????????????????????????????00?000 Dacquemys_paleomorpha 001?0100000001101000?000??010000?00000?00000?1000?01001101010?001????02?0?10?0?0220001010001113??0101021010100010011112??110000021????0111?001???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????????????0?????????? UCMP_42008 011?01?00000?0101000?000???1?001????00?00?0???????01001??1010?00?????0???????????2?0??1??00?113???????21???0?????????????????????????001100001?0?1???????????????????????1????????0??????????????????????????0???????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Carbonemys_cofrinii 001?01000000??101100?0010????000?0000?000000?0100?01?01101000000??????2?0010?0???????1?0???1113??0???001010100????11??2001???00021???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????? Peltocephalus_dumerilianus 001?01000000001011001001?0201001?0000000100101100?010011010100001????0110010?00012000101000111320010100100010001001101200110000021001001100011101121200??0011010001101000011012100000211001?2011112001??0110001200011010111001101110[0 1]01001100110010000??????????????????1??????????0000002?00 Kenyemys_williamsi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11112210010011110????????2??1??01100011001110100112??1011111000101001???2?00???????????????????????????????????????? Turkanemys_pattersoni 001?01?0000001101100?001??00?000?0000000100??010??01001101010?001????0010010?0??220001010001113??010100101?10001??110?2??1???00021??1001110011?01?2?2???????2????????????01002310000011100???111012001??10100011000110100112??1011111000101001?0010000???????????????????????????????????2??? Erymnochelys_madagascariensis 001?01000000001011001001?0101000?00000000001001021010011010100001????0010010?0002200010100011132001010010001000100110120011000002100100110001110112120???0002130101101000011023100000211001?2011012001??11100011000110100112??10111110001010011?020000??????????????????1?????????2000?????00 Neochelys_fajumensis 001?010000000110?100?00101000000100000000001001021010011010000001????0110010?0001200010100011132?0101001?10100010011?12?01100?0021??1?011000?1????2????????????????????1?01?0[1 2][2 3]10000??1101??????112??1??10100?1100011010?112??101111[0 1]00010100110?2?001?????????????????0???????????0?0??????? Neochelys_arenarum 001?0100000000101100?0010?30000010000000100100102101001101000?001????0010010?0002200010100011132?0101001??010001?0110?2??110???021??1??11000??10?12??????????????????????01??2310000021?????????11???1???1?00?1???????????????1011111[0 1]10001??1???1?0?1??????????????????????????????????????? Neochelys_franzeni 0?1?01000000?0101100?0010?300000?0000000000???1???0100??????0?00?????0?1?0?0?0??22000??1?0011132?01010????010001?0110?2??110???0?1??1?0????0???0?1202???????2?????11?????0110[1 2][2 3]10000021100102???112001??1110001100011010011[0 2]??1011110[0 1]00001001???1?001??????????????????????????????0?00??000 Papoulemys_laurenti 001?0100000001101100?001??30?000100000001?010?10??0?00110?000?001????0110010?000220001010001113??0101001010100010011012??110000021??????????????????20?????0?????0?1?????0110121000?011110??2011112001??11100011000110??0110??10111110001010011002000???????????????????????????????????????? Mogharemys_blackenhorni 0????1?0?000????????10??11?0100?10????00????????????0111?10?00???????02?0110?01002000101?00111?2?01010?1??0?0011011100?001100??02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Brontochelys_gaffneyi 0?1?0100?0000???????10??11???00?10????0???????????0101022?0000??1????1??01210010???????????11132?01010????0?0?110?11012?01?00??1210??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Lemurchelys_diasphax 001?0100?0000???????10??11???00?10????0010111110200101022?0000??1????12?01211010?2???2?0110111?2?01010?1??0?0001001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Shweboemys_pilgrimi 001?01000000????????10???1?0?00?0?????001?111110200101022?000???1?????2?01211211???????????1????101?????????0?11?02101??0??????121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????21111101?0100?00?0?????0111?1??????????? Stereogenys_cromeri 001?010000000?10??0010??1120?00?0000000010011?10??0101022?0000??1????12?0121121102???200110111321010100???0?0011002101200110010122001?00?00003??2?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????[1 2]1111101?0000?00??020?0011?????????????? Cordichelys_antiqua 0?1?0100100000101100100111201000000000001??11110??0?00022?0000001????1??01211?1002000101?1011132?0101001?1010011001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????11202310000012?001?2011012001??02110110000110101110??10111110100010011001?001?????????????????0?????1??????00?00?000 Latentemys_plowdeni 001?010000000???????10??11???00?100000000?????????0100022?000???1????1??01210010?200010101111132101010????0?0?11001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2?????0???????00??02000011101??????????? Bairdemys_thalassica 0??????0?00?011?110010011120100010110000????????????0002??100000?????10?0121?1100200020011111132?0101011110?0011001101200110110122?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????1???????0??????? Bairdemys_healeyorum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2000???111?????????????????????????????????????????1000?00013?1???????????????????????0?012123100001211001?2111112001??021?00001011101?1110??1211111010011001???0?00??????????????????????????????????????0? Bairdemys_venezuelensis 001?0100000101101100?001?12010001011000000011010??0100022?1000001????10?012101100200020011111132??10100111010011001101200110110122??1000?0000311211????????????????????1?011?4?????00201001?2111112001???????0?????????01110??1?1111101001?0011001?001?????????????????0????????????00????0?? Bairdemys_hartsteini 001?010000010?1011001001?120100?101100?010011010??0100022?10000?1?????0?012100?00200020111111132??1010?1?101001100110120?110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11111101?01????01?02000??1?????????????? Bairdemys_sanchezi 001?0100000101101210100111?0?00010110000000???10??0100022?0000001????1??012100?0020002011111113???101001?1010001001101200110110112??1000?00003?1211??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0?????????????1??????? Bairdemys_winklerae 001?01000001?1101110?001???????010110??0100??110??0100022?100?001???????012100???2000?011111113???????0111?10?1?0011012??1?0110121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Piramys_auffenbergi 001?01?01000011??????00??????000????00?0101???????010?????????00?????????????????200020??1??1?????????????0??0??0??????10????10??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????? Amabilis_uchoensis 0?????????????1?????00??00???00?1?????0??????????????????????????????001?????0?0220001?1??011130101010????0?00020010002001000??02100??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????111101??1000?0?10?1001001?01??????????? Yuraramirim_montealtensis 0???01?001?002101100000?00???0001?????00?????????????????????????????011?0?0?000220000?1??0111300010101???0?0???00110?2001100??01100??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111111?100010010????1001?01?0????????? Tartaruscola_teodorii 011??1?0010011???1110001???1??0??0???0????10??1?1??1001221?100??0001??11??10?00?00??001101?1?12???1000110?11?112?21?00211?1001?02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????? Chupacabrachelys_complexus 111?01?00100?011?101?0?1???????????110????1???1???0010??1???0?10?????????????????11????001???1?????????10?01???????00???????????????1?001?0000??01112??1???10??0???1?2?0?101?2310000110100??2???11?011???????0????????101010??2?11??0????????1110?0?0???????????????????????????????0?0?02?00 Eocenochelus_eremberti ?01?01?00100?011??0??00???310000???????0??1???????0110???????000??????11?????0?????????100??1132??????????0???????????20???????02???100???????????21?????????????????????????1?1??00?????????????????????0???????????????1?2??1?1???1????0????1????00???????????????????????????????????????0 Paiutemys_tibert ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111121000?1[1 2]1??0????2?112??1??00100?010011?0010110??101?00?0?0?0???1??????0???????????????????????????????????????0 Algorachelus_peregrinus 0????????1??1011??11?001?????000?1?????0?????????????0122??01011??????????2??????11?0??00101012???1000?10?1101??0?1???21111??100?1?????????????????????????????????????0?1111[1 2 3][2 3]1000?1211??????1??12011??1[0 2]?00?110011101?0010??10[0 1]?100??0???0?1000???0???????????????????????????????0???????0 Palemys_bowerbankii ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0110121000?021110???????????1??10000?11001110111012??101?1110?0?000????????????????????????????????????????0???????0 Puentemys_mushaisaensis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????110????11??0?111???1???2???????????????????????????????????????0210[1 2][2 3]100001111?0102?1?[0 1]12011??10101?10000110?11112??111?[0 1][0 1][0 1]0?1?010??0001100??????????????????0????????????0???????0 Elochelys_convenarum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????010023100??1111?0??2?1?11?011??10100?11000??0011010??101?1111?0?000?1?0?1?00???????????????????????????????0??0??000 Elochelys_perfecta ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?012100??111??0???????????1??10100?0100111??11012??101?1111?0?000?1?????00???????????????????????????????1??0??000 Andrewsemys_libyca ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????110115113??022100??????1?2??1??10000001011110101012??121?1111010000?11002100???????????????????????????????0?000?000 Hydromedusa_casamayorensis ??????????????????32??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2020100?0?00011?010?00????00?0?0??????????????????11????????????111????0[1 2]10011000?111001????1?[1 2]110?0101000011?0?????01000???1?2?00?010?010?1?????00???????????????????????????????1???0?10? Platycheloides_nyasae ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10202[0 1 2 3]1130?021110102?2?011001??20110011000110100110??10110000100000?1?0?0?00???????????????????????????????0??00?000 Teneremys_lapparenti 2???0??001?0?????232?0????????????0????00??????????000?0????0???0??1?????????0???00????110?0001???10?0????01????????0?00?????0?00??????????1?0??????2??????1???????1?????12??1?1?2??02????1???2?1??0?1????10???10??????101????1?1?000??00????1??????????????????????????????????????0??0????? Mendozachelys_wichmanni ????????????????????????????????10????????????????????0???????????????????0??????2??????00???????????????????0????0???0??????0?020??0001??00101?????110?????0??0?0?1?2?001210231000?010101??2?111??1100110101?1010?110??1011??100?00?0100?00?1?010001??????????????????0??1?????????1??002100 Rionegrochelys_caldieroi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????111001100??1211001???1011101000?0101110001110100?11??100?1000?00010?1?01?0?1???????????????????????????????1??00?100 Lomalatachelys_neuquina ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?101?1000?1110?1???????12010?1??101?101?1110?10010??100?000??00????1??1?0?1???????????????????????????????1?0?0?100 Dortoka_vasconica ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????0?????1?????02010000000101101102?2?1110000010100?10010110100001??202?00?0100000?1?0?0100???????????????????????????????0?111100? Dortoka_botanica ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01??0000000102111102?1????0000?1?10??10111110000011??102?10?0000000?110?2100???????????????????????????????0?011?00? Birlimarr_gaffneyi 00??00?00110030??1000000?????000102??1?1??????????2?000000?10??0???????1?000?0??12??00010000001???20201000?100?100010?0??0???00020????0???00?0??????100??????????????2?0?01104??????111100????111????001100000110?1110100002??102110?0000100?1???2?00???????????????????1?????????001??00?10? Notoemys_zapatocaensis ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????012000001??021100011???1?21000000000?00010110100000??100000?1000000?1?012000???????????????????????????????0?000?011 Elusor_macrurus 000000000110030??100000000???000102??1?00000??0?11200000000?0??000000?110000?00?120?00010000101???2020100??100???0010?0??0???1?020??0000??0000??????1???????????????????001104?????0011100????11111??001100000110?0110100110??102100?0000101?1???2?00?????????????????????????????001??002100 Linderochelys_rinconensis ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????001????1????23?????????????2?1110??????????????????????0010??1?01000??0???0?1??????1???????????????????????????????1?0?????0 Palaeophrynops_patagonicus ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????????2?0??10????2????????1?112??00???1?0?10???????000????2???????1?01???????0?0????????????????????????????????????0???? Salamanchelys_palaeocenica ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?1??1010011????????1?1??0?001120001000??????00100??22110000100110110000000???????????????????????????????1?0?0?1?? Podocnemis_pritchardi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01102310000120110???????????1??00101?11101110110110??10011110000100011001001???????????????????????????????0?000?100 Podocnemis_negrii ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????121?01???0110??201??1200?????1????1101110??01????1??111?010010??1???1?0???????????????????????????????????0??1?0 Podocnemis_medemi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01?0??100??01???????????????1??00101?101????????112??10111110010100011001000???????????????????????????????0?000???? Ilatardia_cetiotesta 001?11?00000???????1?01??????10??0?000?00?1???1???1100100?0?0???0111??1?0?10?0??01??02100??101????2011????????11?21?002111??01?022?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????110??????????????????? Pleurochayah_appalachius ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 0 ? 1 ? 0 0 ? ? ? ? 2 ? 0 1 0 ? 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 ? 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? 0 ? 0 1 ? 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? ? 1 1 ? 0 ? ? 0 0 ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? ? 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 ? 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ; cnames {0 Skull_flattened high_skull_(as_in_Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) flat_skull_(as_in_Pelusios_castanoides) extremely_flattened_skull_(as_in_Hydromedusa_maximiliani); {1 Dorsal_margin_of_apertura_narium_externa straight,_broadly_convex_margin_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) narrow_midline_process,_at_least_partially_dividing_external_nares_(Bothremys_cooki); {2 NA,_nasals present_(Emydura_macquarii) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {3 NA,_meet_on_midline_in_dorsal_view nasals_meet_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) nasals_do_not_meet,_completely_separated_by_frontal_process_(Chelodina_colliei); {4 PF,_preorbital_skull_broad_ narrow,_equal_or_less_than_90º,_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa very_broad,_more_than_90º,_as_in_Bothremys_cooki; {5 PF,_meet_on_midline_in_dorsal_view no_(Proganochelys_quenstendti) yes_(Pelusios_castanoides); {6 PF,_pf-pal_contact no_contact_(Galianemys_emringeri) contact_present_in_anterior_wall_of_fossa_orbitalis_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {7 PF,_pf-pa_contact no_contact_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {8 FR,_interorbital_groove_ no_groove,_smooth_surface_as_in_Peltocephalus_dumerilianus surface_with_a_groove_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa; {9 FR,_orbital_position facing_laterally,_anterolaterally_(as_in_Bairdemys_venezuelensis) facing_dorsolaterally_(as_in_Elseya_dentata) facing_dorsally_(as_in_Chelodina_colliei); {10 FR,_cranial_process_of_frontal no_process,_smooth_cranial_edge_(Podocnemis_expansa) projecting_cranial_process_(Elseya_dentata); {11 FR,_prefrontal/frontal flat_or_slight_convex_(Podocnemis_expansa) strongly_convex_dorsally_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {12 FR,_foramen_interorbitale high_(Galianemys_emringeri) low_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {13 Anteroventral_emargination,_extension_in_lateral_view absent_or_slight_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) reaches_ventral_margin_level_of_orbit_(Hamadachelys_escuilliei) reaches_dorsal_margin_level_of_cavum_tympani_(Lapparentemys_villavilensis) reaches_above_level_of_orbit_or_parietal_(Elseya_dentata); {14 QJ,_quadratojugal absent_(Elseya_dentata) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {15 QJ-PA_contact contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa) no_contact_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {16 QJ-PA_contact_extension short_contact_(as_in_Bauruemys_elegans) long_contact_(as_in_Podocnemis_expansa); {17 Posterodorsal_emargination,_extension_in_dorsal_view no_emargination,_edge_of_the_emargination_caudal_or_on_the_same_plane_of_condylus_occipitalis_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha) edge_of_the_emargination_rostral_to_the_condylus_occipitalis_plane_(Podocnemis_expansa) edge_rostral_to_condylus_occipitalis_plane_and_rostral_wall_of_the_otic_chamber_visible_in_dorsal_view_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {18 PA,_dorsal_portion_in_relation_to_adductor_fossa broadly_covers_adductor_fossa_(Podocnemis_expansa) covers_central_area_of_adductor_fossa_(Elseya_dentata) covers_little_of_adductor_fossa_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) parietal_does_not_cover_adductor_fossa_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {19 PA,_Lateral_edges_of_parietals parallel_or_subparallel_(Podocnemis_expansa) pentagon-shaped_parietal,_lateral_edges_diverging_(Bothremys_magrebiana) tapering_posteriorly_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) reduced_in_their_medial_portion_('wasp-waisted')_(Acantochelys_radiolata); {20 PA,_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus high_(Galianemys_emringeri) low_due_to_thicker_pa,_po_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {21 PA,_enters_orbital_margin no_(Galianemys_emringeri) yes_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {22 PA,_PA-JU_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {23 PA,_PA-SQ_contact present_(Proganochelys_quenstendti) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {24 PA,_parietal_contacts_pterygoid_at_base_of_processus_trochlearis_pterygoidei no_contact_(Pelusios_castanoides) present,_ventral_parietal_process_on_lateral_side_of_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {25 PA,_PA-PT_contact_in_septum_orbitotemporale absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_and_wider_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis) present_and_narrower_(Podocnemis_expansa); {26 PA,_interparietal_scale equilateral_triangle_(Bauruemys_elegans) elongate_triangle_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis) parallel_sided_(Bairdemys_thalassica) slightly_elongated_heart-like_shaped_(Neochelys_franzeni; {27 PA,_Interparietal_scale,_anterior_margin anterior_to_the_frontal_parietal_suture_(Podocnemis_expansa) posterior_to_the_frontal_parietal_suture_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha); {28 PA,_parietal_scales_meeting_medially yes_(Podocnemis_expansa) no_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {29 JU,_narrow_dorsoventrally broader_(Bothremys_cooki) narrower_(Taphrosphys_ippolitoi); {30 JU,_jugal_retracted_from_orbital_margin enters_orbit_(Pelusios_castanoides) retracted_from_orbit_(Cearachelys_placidoi); {31 JU-QU_contact no_contact_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) contact_present_(Azzabbaremys_moragjonesi); {32 JU-PT_contact no_contact_(Cordichelys_antiqua) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {33 JU,_exposure_in_triturating_surface no_exposure_(Pelusios_castanoides) exposed_on_triturating_surface_(Bothremys_cooki); {34 SQ,_caudal_projection lacks_projection_(Pelusios_castanoides) forms_distinct_process,_projecting_posteriorly_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) forms_distinct_process,_projecting_posterodorsally_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {35 SQ,_caudoventral_vertical_flange absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {36 SQ,_lateral_tubercle absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {37 SQ,_lateral_surface,_origin_site_of_the_depressor_mandibulae_muscles_ convex_to_slightly_flat_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa strongly_concave_as_in_Elseya_dentata; {38 PO,_septum_orbitotemporale postorbital_wall_closed_(Galianemys_emringeri) postorbital_wall_at_least_partially_open_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {39 PO,_size larger_or_equal_to_orbit_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) smaller_than_orbit_(Podocnemis_expansa); {40 PM,_pinched_snout no_pinched_snout,_convex_or_straight_rostral_outline_(Podocneims_expansa) pinched_snout,_concave_outline_near_premaxilla-maxilla_contact_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {41 PM,_dorsal_sulcus smooth_surface_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) sulcus_on_dorsal_surface,_parallel_to_anterior_margin_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {42 PM,_protrudes_cranially_in_lateral_view_beyond_apertura_narium_externa_dorsal_ridge does_not_protrude_or_protrudes_slightly_(Galianemys_emringeri) protrudes_in_lateral_view_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {43 PM,_midline_depression_in_ventral_view no_depression,_shallow_or_indistinct_(Euraxemys_essweini) depression_present_(Bothremys_cooki); {44 PM,_shape_of_the_midline_depression_in_ventral_view narrow_depression_(Rosasia_soutoi) wide_depression_(Bothremys_cooki); {45 PM,_cranial_pit_on_ventral_surface no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {46 PM,_premaxillae_reach_apertura_narium_interna no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {47 PM,_One_or_two_accessory_ridges_on_the_ventral_surface_of_the_premaxilla no_accessory_ridges_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) accessory_ridges_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {48 PM,_foramen_prepalatinum absent_(Pseudemydura_umbrina) present_in_premaxilla-maxilar_suture_(Elseya_dentata) present_in_premaxilla_only,_or_in_premaxilla-vomer_contact_(Araripemys_barretoi); {49 PM,_foramen_prepalatinum_relative_to_triturating_ridge on_flat_surface_(Emydura_macquarii) under_triturating_surface_(Elseya_dentata); {50 MX,_dorsal_process_onto_skull_roof not_developed,_mx_not_constricting_PF_nor_forming_part_of_the_rostrodorsal_margin_of_orbit_(Galianemys_emringeri) developed_rostrodorsally_constricting_PF_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) developed_rostrodorsally,_forming_part_of_the_dorsal_margin_of_orbit_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {51 MX,_orbital-narial_bar_width very_narrow,_less_than_half_the_diameter_of_orbit_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) roughly_equal_or_slightly_less_than_diameter_of_orbit_(Cearachelys_placidoi) larger_than_diameter_of_orbit_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {52 MX,_below_orbit small,_equal_or_less_than_orbital_diameter_(Galianemys_emringeri) well_developed,_greater_than_orbital_diameter_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {53 MX,_labial_ridge_in_ventral_view high_(Elseya_dentata) low_(Phrynops_geoffroanus); {54 MX,_posterior_lingual_ridge_near_the_maxilla-palatine_contact_ undistinguishable_or_very_shallow_ridge_(Euraxemys_essweini) well_defined_ridge_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {55 MX,_triturating_surfaces narrow_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini wide_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi very_wide_as_in_Bothremys_cooki; {56 MX,_triturating_surfaces_shape lingual_and_labial_ridges_parallel_sided_(Podocnemis_expansa) triangular,_wide_caudally_(Lapparentemys_vilavilensis) triangular,_very_wide_caudally_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {57 MX,_medial_expansion_of_triturating_surface absent_(Bauruemys_elegans) present,_forming_median_maxillary_ridge_(Podocnemis_expansa); {58 MX,_triturating_surface_convexity absent_or_shallow_(Podocnemis_expansa) deep_(Bairdemys_hartsteini); {59 MX,_accessory_ridge absent_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) present_(Elseya_dentata); {60 MX,_pits absent_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) present_(Bothremys_cooki); {61 MX,_exposure_in_orbital_floor broadly_exposed_(Galianemys_emringeri) narrowly_or_not_exposed_(Azzabbaremys_moragjonesi); {62 MX,_MX-QJ_contact no_contact_(Euraxemys_essweini) contact_present_(Galianemys_emringeri); {63 MX,_MX-QU_contact no_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa) contact_present_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {64 VO,_vomer present_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) absent_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {65 VO,_VO-PM_contact absent_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) present_(Bauruemys_elegans); {66 VO,_VO-MX_contact present_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) absent_(Azabbaremys_moragjonesi); {67 VO,_VO-PT_contact vomer_contacts_pterygoid_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) vomer_does_not_contact_pterygoid_(Elseya_dentata); {68 VO,_central_bar sutured_at_both_ends_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa sutured_only_rostrally_as_in_Azzabaremys_moragjonesi; {69 PAL,_fossa_orbitalis_posterior_pocket absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present_in_septum_orbitotemporale_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {70 PAL,_foramen_palatinum_posterius present,_only_in_palatine_(Podocnemis_expansa) present,_both_in_palatine_and_pterygoid_(Galianemys_emringeri) extremely_reduced_to_absent_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha); {71 PAL,_foramen_palatinum_posterius in_floor_of_orbit_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) behind_orbit,_in_floor_of_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus_(Pelusios_castanoides); {72 PAL,_apertura_narium_interna_ small_to_moderate,_caudal_edge_formed_only_by_palatines_(Podocnemis_expansa) large_due_to_reduction_of_palatines,_caudal_edge_formed_by_palatines_and_pterygoids_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {73 PAL,_dorsally_arched_palate absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {74 PAL,_palatine_extent_in_triturating_surface narrow_or_absent_(Elseya_dentata) moderate,_but_much_less_than_extent_of_maxilla_(Podocnemis_expansa) large,_equal_to_or_slightly_less_than_extent_of_maxilla_(Bothremys_cooki); {75 PAL,_secondary_palate absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {76 PAL,_secondary_palate,_medial_edges_of_palatal_cleft curved_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis) parallel_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {77 PAL,_caudal_development poorly_developed_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa developed,_reducing_the_contact_between_pterygoids_as_in_Baidemys_venezuelensis well-developed,_reaching_the_basisphenoid_as_in_Stereogenys_cromeri; {78 PAL,_dorsal_process_reaches_frontal does_not_reach_frontal_(Podocnemis_expansa) reaches_frontal_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {79 PAL,_dorsal_process_contacts_parietal_in_septum_orbitotemporale does_not_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa) contacts_parietal_in_septum_orbitotemporale_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {80 QU,_fossa_precolumellaris very_small_to_absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_but_shallow_(Euraxemys_essweini) deep_and_well_defined_(Pelusios_castanoides); {81 QU,_incisura_columellae_auris no_posterior_bony_restriction_(Euraxemys_essweini) eustachian_tube_separated_from_stapes_by_bone_or_narrow_fissure_(Foxemys_mechinorum) eustachian_tube_and_stapes_enclosed_by_bone_in_the_same_opening_(Podocnemis_expansa); {82 QU,_stapes_contained_in_bony_canal no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {83 QU,_ventral_process_of_the_sulcus_eustachii no_ventral_process_(Bothremys_cooki) ventral_process_present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {84 QU,_trough_on_closed_incisura_columellae_auris_ridge absent_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) present_(Galianemys_emringeri); {85 QU,_entrance_of_the_antrum_postoticum large_to_moderate_(Pelusios_castanoides) small_(Podocnemis_expansa) very_small_and_slitlike_(Bairdemys_thalassica) antrum_postoticum_absent_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {86 QU,_shelf_below_cavum_tympani absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) lower_portion_of_cavum_tympani_unusually_deep_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {87 QU,_condylus_mandibularis_position caudal_to_or_on_BO-BS_suture_(Galianemys_emringeri) rostral_to_BO-BS_suture_(Pelusios_castanoides) caudal_to_condylus_occipitalis_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {88 QU,_condylus_mandibularis_shape much_wider_than_long,_with_anterior_and_posterior_edges_straight_to_concave_making_it_shorter_at_midline_(Bothremys_cooki) slightly_wider_than_long_in_a_'kidney_bean'_shape,_with_anterior_edge_straight_to_concave_and_posterior_edge_convex_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {89 QU,_ventral_outline_in_lateral_view smooth,_condylus_mandibularis_very_close_to_the_cavum_tympani_region_(Araripemys_barretoi) ventral_projection,_condylus_mandibularis_separated_from_the_cavum_tympani_region_(Bothremys_cooki); {90 QU,_eustachian_tube_separated_from_fenestra_postotica no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Bairdemys_hartsteini); {91 QU,_QU-BO_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {92 PT,_processus_trochlearis_pterygoidei oblique_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) right_angle_(Podocnemis_expansa); {93 PT,_fossa_pterygoidea/cavum_pterygoideum absent_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini well_defined_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi; {94 PT,_pterygoid_flange absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) very_short_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) moderate,_does_not_reach_the_quadrate_ramus_of_pterygoid_(Brasilemys_josai) well_developed,_passing_the_quadrate_ramus_of_the_pterygoid_and_covering_the_fossa_pterygoidea,_forming_the_cavum_pterygoideum_(Podocnemis_expansa); {95 PT,_anterior_opening_of_cavum_pterygoidei small_opening_(Bauruemys_elegans) moderate_opening_(Podocnemis_expansa) large_opening_with_foramen_cavernosum_in_roof_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {96 PT,_foramen_caroticum_palatinum present_(Emydura_macquarii) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {97 PT,_trigeminal_ridge_(PT_+_QU) absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) ridge_extending_posteroventrally_from_foramen_nervi_trigemini_to_condylus_mandibularis_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {98 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_BS restricted_to_BS_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) on_BS_edge_with_another_bone_(Cearachelys_placidoi) outside_BS_(Pelusios_castanoides); {99 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_fenestra_postotica_cranial_edge rostral_to_fenestra_postotica_rostral_edge_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_ on_fenestra_postotica_rostral_edge_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {100 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_PT_ignoring_the_BS_relation restricted_to_PT_(Cearachelys_placidoi)_ on_PT_edge_with_another_bone_(QU_or_PR)_(Bothremys_cooki) outside_PT_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {101 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_on_quadrate outside_quadrate_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_ on_quadrate_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {102 SO,_roof_exposure SO_not_exposed_on_roof_(Pelusios_castanoides) little_exposure_of_SO_on_roof_(Elseya_dentata) large_exposure_of_SO_on_roof_(Pseudemydura_umbrina); {103 SO,_crista_supraoccipitalis not_elongated_caudal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Pelusios_castanoides) elongated_caudal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Podocnemis_expansa); {104 SO,_bulbous_ending_of_crista_occipitalis flat_ending_(Podocnemis_expansa) bulbous_ending_(Bairdemys_thalassica); {105 SO,_horizontal_plate_along_ventral_edge_of_crista_supraoccipitalis flat_or_very_slim_horizontal_plate_on_ventral_edge_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) horizontal_plate_along_ventral_edge_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_; {106 SO,_supraoccipital_lateral_margin_on_otic_chamber contacts_PR_and_OP_but_not_QU_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ contacts_QU_(Bothremys_cooki); {107 SO,_supraoccipital_lateral_margin_on_roof contacts_SQ_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) does_not_contact_SQ_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {108 EX,_ventral_process absent_to_very_short_(Pelusios_castanoides) present,_EX-BS_contact_avoiding_BS-QU_contact_in_ventral_view_of_the_skull_(Euraxemys_essweini); {109 EX,_condylus_occipitalis basioccipital_plus_both_exoccipitals_(Euraxemys_essweini) exoccipitals_only_(Pelusios_castanoides); {110 EX,_foramina_nervi_hypoglossi separated_(Podocnemis_expansa) combined_and_recessed_(Bairdemys_thalassica); {111 EX,_foramen_jugulare_posterius not_formed_in_bone_(Notoemys_laticentralis) closed_completely_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) partially_openned_(Galianemys_emringeri); {112 EX,_dorsal_processes_of_exoccipitals_ do_not_meet_medially_(Elseya_dentata) meeting_dorsal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Acantochelys_radiolata); {113 EX-QU_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) narrow_contact_(Euraxemys_essweini) extensive_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa); {114 BO,_length long,_length/width_=>_0.60_(Pelusios_castanoides) short,_0.60_>_length/width_=<_0.25_(Bothremys_cooki) very_short,_length/width_<_0.25_(Shweboemys_pilgrimi); {115 BO,_basioccipital_tubera_width_in_occipital_view closer_to_median_(Bauruemys_elegans) farther_from_median_(Podocnemis_expansa); {116 BO,_horizontal_occipital_shelf absent_(Elseya_dentata) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {117 BO,_basioccipital_lateral_edges does_not_contact_opisthotic_(Galianemys_emringeri) contacts_opisthotic_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {118 PR,_ventral_exposure,_out_of_cavum_pterygoideum most_of_PR_exposed_ventrally_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) about_half_covered_by_QU_+_BS_(Euraxemys_essweini) nearly_all_covered_by_QU,_BS,_PT_(Podocnemis_expansa); {119 PR,_foramen_stapediotemporale opens_dorsally_(Pelusios_castanoides) opens_cranially_(Galianemys_emringeri); {120 PR,_foramen_stapediotemporale/foramen_nervi_trigemini separated_by_most_of_prootic_(Pelusios_castanoides) separated_by_narrow_bar_of_prootic_(Bothremys_cooki); {121 OP,_processus_interfenestralis_covered_ventrally visible_ventrally_(Emydura_macquarii) coverd_by_bone_(Podocnemis_expansa); {122 OP,_fenestra_postotica_closed_medially open_(Euraxemys_essweini) closed_by_OP-QU_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa); {123 OP,_fenestra_postotica_shape more_open_(Euraxemys_essweini) small,_horizontal_slit_(Galianemys_emringeri); {124 OP,_opisthotic_and_exoccipital_project_ventrally_forming_a_flange_over_the_foramen_jugulare_posterius_ no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Bairdemys_sanchezi); {125 OP,_processus_paraoccipitalis_in_ventral_view projects_caudally_beyond_SQ_(Euraxemys_essweini) smaller,_rostral_to_SQ_(Galianemys_emringeri); {126 OP,_caudal_surface smooth_edge_(Galianemys_emringeri) thin_lateral_and_horizontal_flange_present_on_posterior_edge_(Chedighaii_hutchisoni) thin_horizontal_flange_extending_medially_from_the_fenestra_to_the_lateral_contact_with_sq_(Chelodina_coillei); {127 BS,_ventral_outline pentagonal_(Cearachelys_placidoi) triangular_(Euraxemys_essweini) v-shaped_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {128 BS,_rostral_margin_of_basisphenoid very_long_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_at_least_partially_dividing_the_pterygoids_(Chelodina_coillei) short_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_(Sokatra_antitra) no_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {129 BS,_BS-QU_contact absent_(Euraxemys_essweini) present,_wider_(Galianemys_emringeri) present,_very_narrow_(Bothremys_cooki); {130 BS,_processus_clinoideus present,_with_abducens_canal_(Pelusios_castanoides) absent,_nervi_abducens_canal_is_a_groove_(Bothremys_cooki); {131 BS,_sella_turcica/dorsum_sella deep,_well-defined_margins_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus) very_shallow,_low_margins_(Bothremys_cooki); {132 SP,_splenial present_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {133 DEN,_widely_exposed_on_lateral_surface yes,_in_posterior_part_of_jaw_(Euraxemys_essweini) no,_covered_by_surangular_(Bothremys_cooki); {134 DEN,_internal_angle_between_rami acute,_between_40°_and_90°_(Podocnemis_unifilis) obtuse,_over_90°_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {135 DEN,_high_lingual_ridge no_(Pelusios_castanoides) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {136 DEN,_U-shaped_lingual_ridges form_U-shape,_also_wedge_(Bothremys_cooki) form_V-shape_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {137 DEN,_accessory_ridges absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {138 DEN,_pits no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {139 DEN,_sutured_symphysis symphysis_fused_(Bothremys_cooki) symphysis_sutured_(Euraxemys_essweini); {140 DEN,_symphyseal_hook no_hook_on_rostral_edge_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) hooked_rostral_edge_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {141 DEN,_triturating_surfaces narrow_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini wider_as_in_Podocnemis_unifilis_ wide_posteriorly_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi__ wide_anteriorly_as_in_Bairdemys_venezuelensis__; {142 SUR,_foramen_nervi_auriculotemporalis absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) present_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {143 COR,_wide_lateral_exposure no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {144 COR,_participates_on_triturating_surface no_or_slightly_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) yes,_lingual-caudal_portion_formed_by_coronoid_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes,_caudal_portion_formed_by_coronoid_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {145 PRA,_fossa_meckelii_open_cranially closed_by_long_ang-pra_contact_and/or_splenial_(Euraxemys_essweini) more_open,_short_pra-ang_contact_(Bothremys_cooki); {146 ART,_processus_retroarticularis short,_absent_(Pelusios_castanoides) long,_posterior_(Bothremys_cooki) long,_posteroventral_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {147 ART,_foramen_chorda_tympani_enclosed_in_processus_retroarticularis no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {148 VT,_cervical_articulations amphicoelous,_platycoelous_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) (2(_(3(_(4(_(5)_)6)_)7(_(8)_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) (2)_)3)_)4)_)5)_)6)_)7)_)8)_(Podocnemis_expansa); {149 VT,_Cervical_vertebrae_length smaller_than_trunk_vertebrae_(Podocnemis_expansa) longer_than_trunk_vertebrae_(Chelodina_coillei); {150 VT,_Elements_of_atlantal_neural_arch dorsally_suturally_attached_(Emydura_macquarii) dorsally_fused_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {151 VT,_Atlantal_intercentrum suturally_attached_to_atlantal_centrum_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) fused_to_atlantal_centrum_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {152 VT,_Outline_of_atlantal_neural_arch_in_dorsal_view convex_or_subparallel_lateral_edges_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_ lateral_edges_tapering_anteriorly_(Phrynops_hilarii) lateral_edges_'wasp-waisted'_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {153 VT,_Orientation_of_atlantal_postzygapophyses ventromedial_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ dorsolateral_(Laganemys_tenerensis)_ ventral_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {154 VT,_cranial_process_of_neural_arch_in_axis present_(Phyrnops_geoffroanus) absent_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {155 VT,_cervical_centrum wider_than_high_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) usually_higher_than_wide_or_rounder_(Podocnemis_expansa); {156 VT,_cervical_centra_saddle_shaped no_heterocoelic_vertebrae_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) completely_heterocoelic_(Podocnemis_unifilis) wide_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {157 VT,_Proportion_of_condyle_of_cervical_vertebra_8 higher_than_wide_(Chelodina_coillei)_ wider_than_high_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {158 VT,_Outline_of_condyle_of_cervical_vertebra_8 trapezoidal_or_sub-oval_with_shorter_ventral_side_(Chelus_fimbriatus) subrectangular_or_suboval_(Chelodina_coillei)_ trapezoidal_or_sub-oval_with_shorter_dorsal_side_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) kidney-like_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {159 VT,_Ventral_keel_in_cervical_vertebrae_8 ventrally_developed_(Elseya_dentata) slightly_or_not_developed_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {160 VT,_Shape_of_ventral_keel_on_cervical_8 smooth_straight_or_convex_ventral_edge_(Elseya_dentata) concave_ventral_edge_(Podocnemis_sextuberculata); {161 VT,_Orientation_of_dorsal_process_of_neural_arch_in_cervical_vertebrae_ more_than_30_degrees_with_respect_to_vertebral_body_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ less_than_30_degrees_with_respect_to_vertebral_body_(Araripemys_barretoi); {162 VT,_cervical_postzygapophyses separate_(Proganochelys_quenstedti)_ some_fused_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {163 VT,_cervical_postzygapophyses separated_from_each_other_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) postzygapophyses_elevated_on_neural_spine_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {164 VT,_Orientation_of_postzygapophyses_of_cervical_vertebra_8 ventrolateral_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) ventral,_horizontal_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) lateral,_vertical_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {165 Coracoid_shape entirely_wide_and_plate-like_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) narrow,_almost_straight_longitudinally_and_slightly_wider_distally_(Podocnemis_unifilis) slightly_curved_longitudinally_and_much_wider_distally_(Pelusios_castanoides); {166 Coracoid_dorsolongitudinal_ridge absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {167 Scapula,_angle_between_acromion_and_scapular_processess_ >_70°_(Podocnemis_expansa) =<_70°_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {168 Claws_in_forefoot five_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ four_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {169 CAR,_nuchal_embayment no_(Emydura_macquarii) yes_(Chedighaii_barberi); {170 CAR,_nuchal_bone_width greater_than_length,_2_times_or_more_(Notoemys_laticentralis)_ greater,_but_less_than_2_times,_or_equal_to_length_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) lesser_than_length_(Araripemys_barretoi); {171 CAR,_nuchal_proportions cranial_width/greatest_width_<_0.40_(Turkanemys_pattersoni) 0.70_<_cranial_width/greatest_width_>=_0.40_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) cranial_width/greatest_width_>_0.70_(Cordichelys_antiqua); {172 CAR,_first_pleural_scute_reaches_nuchal_ no_(Cearachelys_placidoi) yes_(Chedighaii_barberii); {173 CAR,_neural_number 8_or_more_(Araripemys_barretoi) 7_neurals_(Foxemys_mechinorum) 6_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) 5_or_less_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) no_neurals_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {174 CAR,_neural_series_completeness to_suprapygal_(Euraxemys_essweini) to_costals_8_(Podocnemis_unifilis) to_costals_7_(Foxemys_mechinorum) to_costals_6_(Chedighaii_barberi) to_costal_5_&_4_(Phyrnops_geoffroanus) neurals_discontinuous_(Platemys_platycephala); {175 CAR,_neural_series_pattern irregular_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) regular,_most_hexagonal,_coffin-shaped_(Podocnemis_unifilis) neurals_discontinuous_(Araiochelys_hirayamen); {176 CAR,_First_neural_sutured_with_nuchal yes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) no_(Chelodina_coillei)_; {177 CAR,_position_of_four_sided_neural neural_one_(Euraxemys_essweini) neural_two_(Cearachelys_placidoi) neural_three_(Araripemys_barretoi) four-sided_neural_absent_(Platemys_platycephala); {178 CAR,_keeled_neurals none_(Kenyemys_williamsi) at_least_some_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {179 CAR,_keels_or_knobs_on_costals no_keel_or_knob_on_costals_(Podocnemis_expansa) costals_with_keels_or_knobs_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {180 CAR,_costal_one_length costal_1_shorter_or_equal_to_2_times_length_of_costal_2_(Euraxemys_essweini) costal_1_two_times_longer_than_2nd_costal_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {181 CAR,_peripheral_1/costal_1_contact_length no_contact_(Hydromedusa_maximiliani) narrow_contact,_cranial_margin_2x_contact_(Foxemys_mechinorum) wide_contact,_anterior_margin_less_than_2x_contact_(Rosasia_soutoi); {182 CAR,_peripheral_6_lateral_edge medially_inclined_towards_cranial_edge_(Araripemys_barretoi)_ almost_parallel_to_cranio-caudal_axis_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ medially_inclined_towards_caudal_edge_(Cordichelys_antiqua)_; {183 CAR,_Suprapygal_sutured_with_peripheral_10 yes_(Chelodina_collei)_ no_(Pelusios_castanoides)_; {184 CAR,_suprapygal-peripheral_11_contact large_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) small_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {185 CAR,_Proportions_of_peripheral_bones peripheral_bones_cranial_to_bridge_shorter_or_equal_size_than_caudal_ones_ones_(Emydura_macquarii)_ peripheral_bones_cranial_to_bridge_longer_than_caudal_ones_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {186 CAR,_thoracic_rib_1_versus_2 thoracic_rib_1_large_and_separate_from_thoracic_rib_2_(Notoemys_laticentralis) thoracic_rib_1_reduced,_almost_same_size_of_the_medial_portion_of_thoracic_rib_2,_both_separated_by_an_oval_elongated_space_(Podocnemis_expansa) thoracic_rib_1_shorter_than_the_medial_exposed_portion_of_thoracic_rib_2,_very_small_oval_space_between_them_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {187 CAR,_articulation_facet_on_thoracic_rib_1 absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present,_facet_or_tubercle_on_cranial_margin_of_thoracic_rib_1_(Notoemys_laticentralis); {188 CAR,_costovertebral_tunnel large_anteriorly_and_posteriorly_only_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) large_entire_length_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) small_(Chedighaii_barberi); {189 CAR,_intumescence_from_axillary_buttress_to_the_rib_area_on_costal_1 no_(Podocnemis_unifilis)__ yes_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {190 CAR,_axillary_buttress_scar_on_costals contact_only_peripherals,_no_contact_with_costal_1_(Hydromedusa_maximiliani) contact_present_but_separated_from_costal_2_suture_(Chedighaii_barberi) contact_present_and_close_to_costal_2_(Chelus_colombianus); {191 CAR,_axillary_buttres_contact_with_costal_1 runs_parallel_to_rib-gomphosis_of_costal_1_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) runs_in_a_divergent_angle_between_15_and_50_degrees_to_rib-gomphosis_(Elseya_dentata); {192 CAR,_axillary_buttress_extent_on_ventral_surface_of_peripherals reaches_peripheral_2_(Emydura_macquarii)_ reaches_peripheral_3_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ reaches_peripheral_4_(Phrynops_hilarii)_ reaches_peripheral_5_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {193 CAR,_inguinal_buttress_on_costals short_or_absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) contacts_costal_5,_extending_medially_onto_it_(Chedighaii_barberi) restricted_to_costal_4_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {194 CAR,_Inguinal_buttress_on_peripheral 6_(Chelodina_coillei)_ 7_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ 8_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {195 CAR,_iliac_scar_reaches_costal_7 yes_(Pelusios_castanoides) no_(Elseya_dentata); {196 CAR,_iliac_scar_reaches_suprapygal no_(Pelusios_castanoides) yes_(Elseya_dentata); {197 CAR,_Cervical_scute present_(Emydura) absent_(Podocnemis); {198 CAR,_Cervical_scute_position between_marginal_scutes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ behind_marginal_scutes_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {199 CAR,_Cervical_Scute_Shape width_greater_than_or_equal_to_length_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ width_smaller_than_length_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {200 CAR,_first_marginal_scute_shape trapezoidal_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_ rectangular_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ triangular_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {201 CAR,_marginal_scale_1_proportion_overlapping_the_cranial_margin/portion_of_peripheral_bone between_30_to_60%_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ less_than_30%_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ more_than_60%_(Cordichelys_antiqua)_; {202 CAR,_vertebral_scale_width equal_to_or_wider_than_pleural_scales_((Pseudemydura_umbrina)__) narrower_than_pleural_scales_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {203 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_reaches_cranial_margin_of_carapace no,_first_marginals_and_or_cervical_scales_(Podocnemis_unifilis) yes_(Araripemys_barretoi); {204 CAR,_relative_width_of_vertebral_scute_1 first_three_vertebral_scute_equal_or_sub-equal_in_width_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ first_vertebral_scute_wider_than_second_and_third_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {205 Generalised_shell_shape high_domed_(Elseya_dentata)_ dorso-ventrally_flattened_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {206 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_shape_of_the_craniolateral_margins lateral_margins_parallel_or_subparallel_to_midline_axis_of_carapace_(Elseya_dentata)_ lateral_margins_cranially_divergent_or_'houglass"_shaped_(Phrynops_geoffroanus); {207 CAR,_second_vertebral_scute_shape quadrangular_(Chelodina_collei) hexagonal_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) trapezoidal_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {208 CAR,_vertebral_scute_2_to_4_longer_than_wide no_(Chelus_fimbriatus) yes_(Chelodina_collei); {209 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_last_neural no_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ yes_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {210 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_peripheral_10 'no (Phrynops geoffroanus) ' yes_(Elseya_dentata)_; {211 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_peripheral_11 no_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ yes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {212 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_Pygal no_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ yes_(Elseya_dentata)_; {213 CAR,_pleural_scute_4_touches_suprapygal no_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) yes_(Platemys_platycephala)_; {214 Position_of_the_posterior_edge_of_the_plastron_related_to_carapace_in_ventral_view above_C8_or_more_cranial,_peripherals_entirely_visible_(Araripemys_barretoi) above_peripherals_11_(Podocnemis_uniflis); {215 PLA,_cranial_lobe_reaches_carapace_edge yes_(Cearachelys_placidoi) no_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {216 PLA,_cranial_lobe_length long_to_medium,_width_over_length_<_=_2.0_(Podocnemis_unifilis) short,_width_over_length_>_2.1_(Chedighaii_barberi); {217 PLA,_cranial_lobe wide,_squared_cranially,_lateral_margins_parallel_or_sub-parallel_(Platychelys_platycephala) narrow,_tapered_cranially,_lateral_margins_converging_cranially_(Emydura_macquarii); {218 PLA,_Plastral_lobes cranial_lobe_as_long_as_or_longer_than_caudal_one_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) cranial_lobe_shorter_than_caudal_one_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {219 PLA,_posterior_lobe_lateral_outline almost_straight_lined_(Euraxemys_essweini) concave_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ convex_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {220 Foramina_on_suture_of_hypoplastron_and peripheral_7_(Chelus_fimbriatus)_ peripheral_8_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {221 Foramina_on_suture_of_hyoplastron_and peripheral_3_(Podocnemis_unifilis) peripheral_4_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {222 PLA,_entoplastron_shape arrow-shaped_with_caudolateral_processes_(Araripemys_barretoi) more_trapezoidal_(Podocnemis_unifilis) longer_than_wider_(Platemys_platycephala); {223 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_overlap_onto_cranial_peripherals_and_nuchal overlapping_nuchal_and_peripherals_1_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis) overlapping_nuchal,_peripherals_1_and_2_(Acantochelys_radiolata)_ overlaping_only_nuchals_(Bairdemys_healeyorum)_; {224 PLA,_mesoplastra present,_wider_than_long_(Notoemys_laticentralis) present,_rounder_and_lateral_(Podocnemis_expansa) absent_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {225 PLA,_fontanella_between_hyo_and_hypoplastra yes_(Notoemys_laticentralis) no_(Podocnemis_expansa); {226 PLA,_pectorals_on_entoplastron no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {227 PLA,_pectoral_on_epiplastron no,_far_behind_epiplastron_(Cearachelys_placidoi) on_epiplastron,_on_epi-hyoplastron_suture_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {228 PLA,_pectoral_on_mesoplastron yes_(Cearachelys_placidoi) anterior_to_mesoplastron_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis); {229 PLA,_gular_scute small_,_humerals_contact_in_midline_(Cearachelys_placidoi) large,_separating_extragulars_and_humerals_(Taphrosphrys_sulcatus); {230 PLA,_extragulars_size large,_almost_the_same_size_as_gular_(Chelus_fimbriatus) smaller_than_gular_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) extragulars_absent_(Araripemys_barretoi); {231 PLA,_entoplastron_caudal_end_reaching_the_axillary_notch_level_of_plastron not_reaching_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) caudal_end_reaches_axillary_notch_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {232 PLA,_extragulars_in_comparison_to_intergular separated_by_gular_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) larger_than_gular,_in_contact_in_midline_caudally_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {233 PLA,_gular_scales_reach_entoplastron yes_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ no_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_; {234 PLA,_humeral_scale longest_length_humeral_<_longest_length_pectoral_(Elseya_dentata)__ longest_length_humeral_=_>_longest_length_pectoral_(Pelusios_castanoides)_; {235 PLA,_abdominal_scale_length midline_length_abdominal_=_>_midline_length_anal_(Podocnemis_unifilis) midline_length_abdominal_<_midline_length_anal_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {236 PLA,_strong_constriction_on_femural-anal_scute_on_xiphiplastra no,_smooth_edge_(Elseya_dentata) yes_(Phrynops_hilarii); {237 PEL,_pelvis_sutured_to_shell no_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) yes_(Pelusios_castanoides); {238 PLA,_pubic_scar_shape wider_as_in_Phrynops_hilarii_(largest_width/length_>0.40) narrower_as_in_Podocnemis_unifilis_(largest_width/length_<0.40); {239 PLA,_ischial_scar_shape large_and_linear_or_V-shaped_(Podocnemis_unifilis) small_and_equidimensional_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {240 PLA,_ischial_scar_position_related_to_the_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron far_from_the_caudal_and_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) closer_to_the_caudal_and_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {241 PLA,_cranial_margin_width_of_gulars much_narrower_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus) almost_the_same_width_as_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Podocnemis_expansa) wider_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Neochelys_laurenti) much_wider_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {242 PLA,_ischial_scar_position_related_to_the_anal_notch_of_xiphiplastron the_most_caudal_tip_of_the_scar_reaches_the_level_of_the_anal_notch_(Podocnemis_expansa) the_most_caudal_tip_is_located_cranially_to_the_anal_notch_level_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {243 PLA,_gular_position gular_reaches_cranial_margin_of_plastron_(Podocnemis_expansa) gular_retracted_from_cranial_margin_of_plastron_(Chelodina_colliei); {244 PLA,_shape_of_caudal_process_of_xiphiplastron short_and_wide_(Podocnemis_expansa) long_and_narrow_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {245 PM,_median_notch_in_upper_jaw notch_absent,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anteroventrally,_forming_an_anterior_hook_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) notch_absent_or_very_shallow,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anteriorly_to_the_midline_(Lemurchelys_diasphax) notch_present,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anterodorsally_to_the_midline_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {246 Labyrinth,_ratio_between_labyrinth_length_/_crus_communis_height_to_the_horizontal_axis greater_than_2.5_(Elseya) lesser_than_2.5_(Podocnemis); {247 Labyrinth,_angle_ASC_/_PSC greater_than_90_(Elseya) lesser_than_90_(Podocnemis); {248 Labyrinth,_ASC_course straight_(Elseya) arched_(Podocnemis); {249 Labyrinth,_size_of_the_opening_between_the_lateral_semicircular_canal_and_the_vestibule small_(Proganochelys) large_(Podocnemis); {250 Labyrinth,_ASC_dorsoventrally_higher_than_PSC no_(Elseya) yes_(Podocnemis); {251 Labyrinth,_ASC_/_PSC_length_ratio lesser_than_1.1_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) greater_than_1.1_(Yuraramirim); {252 Endocast,_dorsal_projection_posterior_to_the_cerebral_hemispheres present_(Hamadachelys) absent_(Yuraramirim); {253 Endocast,_cartilaginous_rider_fading_to_a_ridge_anteriorly no_(Hamadachelys) yes_(Phosphatochelys); {254 Endocast,_medulla_position_relative_to_the_cerebral_hemispheres dorsal_margin_of_medulla_ventral_to_dorsal_margin_of_cerebral_hemispheres_(Phosphatochelys) dorsal_margins_of_medulla_and_cerebral_hemispheres_roughly_at_the_same_plane_(Araripemys); {255 Endocast,_,_cerebral_hemispheres_lateral_expansions slightly_expanded_(Podocnemis) very_expanded_laterally_(Phosphatochelys); {256 Carotid,_cerebral_carotid_canal short_(as_in_Podocnemis),_entering_braincase_anteriorly_to_the_foramen_stapedio-temporale_ long_(as_in_Galianemys),_entering_braincase_posteriorly_to_FST; {257 Carotid,_inclination_of_the_internal_carotid_course_between_the_posterior_(fpcci)_and_anterior_(facci)_foramina lesser_than_140º_(Phrynops) greater_than_140º_(Ummulisani); {258 Carotid,_foramen_anterius_canalis_caroticum_palatinum_size small_(Hydromedusa) large_(Podocnemis); {259 Carotid,_carotid_canal_dorsally_open_at_some_point no_(Podocnemis) yes_(Ummulisani); {260 Nerves,_cranial_nerve_I_canal slender_(Podocnemis) broad_(Phosphatochelys); {261 Nerves,_canalis_nervi_vidiani absent_(Hydromedusa) present_(Pelomedusa); {262 Nerves,_canal_for_the_cranial_facial_(VII)_nerve approximately_straight,_directed_laterally_(Pelusios) directed_laterally_in_medial_section,_then_bends_posteriorly_(Hydromedusa); {263 QU,_sulcus_posterior_to_condlys_mandibularis absent,_smooth_surface present; {264 EVERS_116,_foramen_nervi_hypoglossi_ventral_covering exposed_in_ventral_view covered_by_an_extension_of_the_BO covered_by_an_extension_of_BO_and_EX; {265 EVERS_117,_foramen_nervi_hypoglossi exit_posterior_to_fenestra_postotica at_least_one_opens_anterior_to_the_margin_of_fenestra_postotica both_open_anterior_to_the_margin_of_fenestra_postotica; {266 EVERS_120,_Basioccipital,_basal_tubera formed_by_BO formed_by_EX_+_BO; {267 EVERS_122,_Prootic,_lateral_semicircular_canal_enclosure only_formed_by_opisthotic,_prootic_not_ossified formed_by_opithotic_and_prootic; {268 EVERS_123,_Prootic,_ventral_process; {269 EVERS_125,_Prootic/pterygoid,_posteroventral_elongation_of_trigeminal_foramen trigeminal_foramen_rounded elongated; {270 EVERS_128,_Prootic/opisthotic,_enclosure_of_fenestra_ovalis fenestra_ovalis_ventrally_enclosed_by_PR_and_OP PR_and_OP_do_not_have_a_contact_ventrally_to_the_fenestra; {271 EVERS_138,_rostrum_basisphenoidale; {272 EVERS_141,_basisphenoid,_retractor_bulbi_pits bulbi_pit_absent present; {273 EVERS_143,_basisphenoid,_prootic_foramen prootic_foramen_present absent; {274 MANIEL_2017,_Supraoccipital_shape rhomboidal subtriangular oblong_(anteroposterior_axis_much_longer_than_lateromedial_axis); {275 GEORGES_2009,_QU-PA_contact absent present; {276 PLA,_length_bridge_/_length_anterior_lobe bridge_longer_than_anterior_lobe,_ratio_=>_1 bridge_shorter_than_anterior_lobe,_ratio_<_1; {277 QJ-SQ_contact present absent; {278 PG_29,_Location_of_pubic_scars exclusively_on_xiphiplastra overlapping_posterior_region_of_hypoplastra; {279 CAR,_Pleural_2_overlapping_on_costal_1 absent present; {280 CAR,_Costal_1_width/length width/length_>=_1.25 less_than_1.25; {281 Caudal_vertebrae platycoelous,_amphicoelous formed_centra_varies,_opisthocoelous_and_procoelous all_centra_procoelous; {282 Carapace,_bridge_marginals restricted_to_peripheral_plates_(Bauruemys) coincide_with_peripheral/costal_suture,_or_even_overlap_costals_(Chelodina); {283 LC2017,_Carapace_F The_width_of_the_posterior_half_of_carapace_is_the_same_or_is_slightly_wider_than_the_anterior_half_(Platychelys) pentagonal_in_shape,_with_the_anterior_border_more_or_less_straight_and_the_posterior_half_tapering_posteriorly_(Phrynops); {284 LC2017,_Suprapygal_A one_element_(Podocnemis) two_elements_(Notoemys); ; ccode + 13 17 18 70 94 95 98 100 118 128 173 174 * ] 25; ; proc /; comments 7 {26 261 Gaffney 2006; {108 173 Perez-Garcia (2017; Algorachelus); {116 4 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 7 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 9 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 17 Gaffney et al. 2006; Joyce et al. 2016; {116 53 Broin 1980; ;