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\title{\LARGE{Gender diversity of research consortia contributes to funding decisions in a multi-stage grant peer-review process}}
\author[]{}
\date{}

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% * <john.hammersley@gmail.com> 2015-02-09T12:07:31.197Z:
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\section*{Supplementary Information}

This Section includes supplementary information (SI) that provides details about our data, variable construction, and other relevant materials that ensure a full understanding of our work. The codes for the statistical analysis are available on \href{https://github.com/merlino-sb/GIGA-Gender-Bias-in-Grant-Allocation-}{GitHub} and/or upon request.


\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[h]\footnotesize
 \centering  
 \renewcommand\thetable{S1} 
  \caption{Variables used in this study}
  \vspace*{1em}
    \scalebox{0.75}{
\begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{4em}}ll} 
\toprule  \\ 
[-1.8ex] \multicolumn{1}{l}{Label} & \multicolumn{1}{l}{Description} \\ 
\midrule \\[-1.8ex] 

\textit{\underline{Dependent variables}} \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Passed 1st Stage & Dummy equal to 1 if the project passed the first stage of the selection process -- i.e., from outline to final proposal  \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Score & Average reviewer's score to questions related to project quality and qualifications of PIs (z-scores) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Sentiment Score & Sentiment score obtained through sentiment analysis on the corpus of the reviewer's report \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Evaluative Terms & Dummy equal to 1 if the review contains at least one of the appreciators obtained through Word2Vec on the corpus of the reviewer's report \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Passed 3rd Stage & Dummy equal to 1 if the project passed the third stage of the selection process -- i.e., recommended for grant to national funding agencies)  \\

\\
\textit{\underline{Consortium characteristics}} \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio &	Share of female members within a consortium \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Gender Balanced &	Dummy equal to 1 if the share of female members within the consortium is between 0.40 and 0.60 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity & Average number of publications of consortium members (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Star Scientist & Dummy equal to 1 if the consortium members include at least one of the most cited applicants based on the discipline-year citation distribution (top 1\%) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Cognitive Proximity & Share of overlapping WoS subject categories between consortium members and panel members / external reviewers (254 WoS subject categories clustered into 21) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Network Proximity & Dummy equal to 1 if the consortium and panel members have at least one common co-author \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Research Diversity & Average Blau index of consortium members ($1 - \sum{}{}s_{i}^{2}$ where $s_i$ is the share of publications in clustered WoS subject category $i$) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Size &	Number of researchers within a consortium: Project Leader + Principal Investigators + Associated Partners (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Age & Average age of consortium members (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking & Dummy equal to 1 if the consortium includes at least one member {affiliated with} a university in the Shanghai Ranking top 100 (base year 2005) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Private Partnership & Dummy equal to 1 if the consortium includes at least one member with a private sector affiliation \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Budget Requested	 & Total budget requested for the project normalized by consortium size (Euro, in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Past EUROCORES Grant & Dummy equal to 1 if the consortium includes at least one member having a EUROCORES-granted project in previous years \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Number of Countries &	Number of participating countries within a consortium (in logs) \\
\\	
\textit{\underline{Expert Panel characteristics}} \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio Panel & Share of female members within a panel \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity Panel & Average number of publications of panel members (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Panel Size & 	Number of members within a panel (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Age Panel & Average age of panel members (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Panel Workload & Number of assessed projects normalized by panel size (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking Panel & Dummy equal to 1 if the panel includes at least one member affiliated to a university in the Shanghai Ranking top 100 (base year 2005) \\
\\	
\textit{\underline{External Reviewer characteristics}} \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Reviewer & Dummy equal to 1 if the external reviewer is female \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity Reviewer & Number of publications of the external reviewer (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Age Reviewer	 & Age of the external reviewer (in logs) \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking Reviewer & Dummy equal to 1 if the external reviewer is {affiliated with} a university in the Shanghai Ranking top 100 (base year 2005) \\
\bottomrule \\[-1.8ex] 
\end{tabular} }
\end{table}
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\begin{table}[!htbp] \centering 
\vspace*{-3em}
 \renewcommand\thetable{S2} 
  \caption{Descriptive statistics} 
  \label{} 
  \scalebox{0.55}{
  	\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{3.5em}}lcccc} 
\\[-1.8ex]\toprule 
\\[-1.8ex] 
 & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Mean} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{St. Dev.} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Min} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Max} \\ 
\hline \\[-1.8ex] 

\textit{\underline{Consortium characteristics [1st stage]}} \\
\# Outline Proposals Submitted: 1,347 \\
\# Individuals: 9,158 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Passed 1st Stage (OP to FP) & 0.380 & 0.486 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio & 0.198 & 0.208 & 0 & 1 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Female Presence Team & 0.641 & 0.480 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Gender Balanced & 0.109 & 0.312 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity & 11.085 & 19.780 & 0 & 186 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Star Scientist & 0.065 & 0.246 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Cognitive Proximity & 0.376 & 0.347 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Network Proximity & 0.025 & 0.157 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Research Diversity & 0.437 & 0.318 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Size & 6.799 & 4.604 & 3 & 51 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Age & 46.783 & 4.601 & 34 & 66 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking & 0.574 & 0.495 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Private Partnership & 0.039 & 0.193 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Past EUROCORES Grant & 0.131 & 0.337 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Budget Requested & 271,306 & 213,201 & 10,417 & 4,448,720 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Number of Countries & 4.379 & 1.906 & 3 & 16 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Physics \& Engineering & 0.266 & 0.442 & 0 & 1 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Life Sciences \& Biomedicine & 0.489 & 0.500 & 0 & 1 \\  
%\hspace*{0.2em} Social Sciences \& Humanities & 0.245 & 0.430 & 0 & 1 \\

\\
\textit{\underline{Consortium characteristics [2nd stage]}} \\
\# Final Proposals Reviewed: 511 \\
\# Individuals: 3,579 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio & 0.175 & 0.194 & 0 & 1 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Female Presence & 0.601 & 0.490 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Gender Balanced & 0.102 & 0.303 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity & 13.418 & 20.447 & 0 & 145 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Star Scientist & 0.082 & 0.275 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Cognitive Proximity & 0.369 & 0.444 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Research Diversity & 0.484 & 0.307 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Size & 7.004 & 4.285 & 3 & 51 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Age & 47.036 & 4.642 & 34 & 66 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking & 0.681 & 0.467 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Private Partnership & 0.025 & 0.158 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Past EUROCORES Grant & 0.202 & 0.402 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Budget Requested & 276,866 & 179,251 & 10,417 & 2,557,539 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Number of Countries & 4.671 & 1.894 & 3 & 15 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Physics \& Engineering & 0.333 & 0.472 & 0 & 1 \\  
%\hspace*{0.2em} Life Sciences \& Biomedicine & 0.391 & 0.489 & 0 & 1 \\
%\hspace*{0.2em} Social Sciences \& Humanities & 0.276 & 0.447 & 0 & 1 \\ 

\\
\textit{\underline{Consortium characteristics [3rd stage]}} \\
\# Accepted: 306 \\
\# Individuals: 2,200 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio & 0.167 & 0.196 & 0 & 1 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Female Presence & 0.585 & 0.494 & 0 & 1 \\  
\hspace*{0.2em} Gender Balanced & 0.098 & 0.298 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity & 13.909 & 21.089 & 0 & 145 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Star Scientist & 0.082 & 0.274 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Cognitive Proximity & 0.482 & 0.353 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Network Proximity & 0.046 & 0.209 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Research Diversity & 0.501 & 0.303 & 0 & 0.948 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Size & 7.190 & 4.621 & 3 & 51 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Age & 47.072 & 4.430 & 34 & 59 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking & 0.703 & 0.458 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Private Partnership & 0.020 & 0.139 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Past EUROCORES Grant & 0.232 & 0.423 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Budget Requested & 286,199 & 206,252 & 13,825 & 2,557,539 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Number of Countries & 4.804 & 2.038 & 3 & 15 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Physics \& Engineering & 0.324 & 0.469 & 0 & 1 \\ 
%\hspace*{0.2em} Life Sciences \& Biomedicine & 0.415 & 0.494 & 0 & 1 \\
%\hspace*{0.2em} Social Sciences \& Humanities & 0.261 & 0.440 & 0 & 1 \\

\\
\textit{\underline{Panel Member characteristics}} \\
\# Expert Panels: 40 \\
\# Individuals: 467 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Ratio Panel & 0.203 & 0.142 & 0 & 0.5 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity Panel & 13.088 & 18.630 & 0 & 166 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Panel Size & 12.120 & 5.904 & 4 & 49 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Age Panel & 53.093 & 3.245 & 43 & 60 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Panel Workload & 6.165 & 4.723 & 0.111 & 14.285 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking Panel & 0.913 & 0.283 & 0 & 1 \\
\\	
\textit{\underline{External Reviewer characteristics}} \\
\# Reviews: 1,862 \\
\# Individuals: 1,862 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Score & $-$0.013 & 0.890 & $-$3.569 & 0.963 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Sentiment Score [SentimentR] & 0.252 & 0.188 & 0 & 2 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Sentiment Score [Syuzhet] & 11.383 & 7.636 & $-$1 & 43 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Sentiment Score [VADER] & 0.786 & 0.375 & $-$1 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Reviewer Evaluative Terms & 0.381 & 0.486 & 0 & 1 \\
\hspace*{0.2em} Female Reviewer & 0.170 & 0.375 & 0 & 1 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Productivity Reviewer & 6.539 & 15.696 & 0 & 177 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Age Reviewer & 48.630 & 10.197 & 30 & 85 \\ 
\hspace*{0.2em} Shanghai Ranking Reviewer & 0.267 & 0.442 & 0 & 1 \\
 
\bottomrule 
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
 \footnotesize
 \item {\it Notes:} Statistics are calculated on the \# Outline Proposals submitted; \# Final Proposals Reviewed; \# Expert Panels; \# Reviews. Individuals may appear multiple times in more than one project and/or over time. Variables are not in logarithm format. Reviewer Sentiment Scores are obtained through different algorithms, the names of which appear in the variable labels.
\end{tablenotes}
 \end{threeparttable}}
\end{table} 






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