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["STUDY IDENTIFIERS AND CONTEXT",{"$nulls":9},"STUDY DESIGN AND LIMITATIONS",{"$nulls":6},"INTERVENTION",{"$nulls":5},"OUTCOME EFFECTS",{"$nulls":7},"SUMMARY"]
[{"$nulls":11},"If follow up study (RCT cRCT or Cohort)","QUASI EXPERIMENTAL (MODERATE) OBSERVATIONAL (LOW)",{"$nulls":3},"Before/After Design"]
["Study","Author","Year of Publication","Journal Reference","Years of study ","Country","Location within Country","Urban, rural, mixed ","Baseline Mortality Rate (IMR)","Setting","Study design randomised?","Minimal loss to follow up? (more than 20% is serious limitation)","Study Design","Quasi Experimental Design?","Adjustment for confounding?","Reverse causality?","Before/After Design?","Coverage of  intervention","Intervention delivered through routine health system?","Other intervention at same time as study?","Age Group","Study Description","Comparison Groups \n(Comparison Group 1 vs. Comparison Group 2)","Outcome definition","Comparison Group 1 Numerator","Comparison Group 1 Denominator","Comparison Group 2 (Reference Group) Numerator","Comparison Group 2 (Reference Group) Denominator","Effect Measure","95% CI","P-value","Efficacy or Effectiveness?","Overall Study Limitations","Comments"]
["PNEUMONIA INCIDENCE"]
["Morbidity Related to Feeding Pattern in Privileged Urban and Underprivileged Rural Infants ","Kumar",1981,"Indian Pediatrics; 1981 (18): 743-9","Not stated","India","Chandigarh","Urban and Rural","-","Community","No",{"v":0,"d":"0.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","None","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-4 mos","Monthly visits to assess BF exposure by 24-hr recall method; Pneumonia incidence assessed by mother's recall and confirmed by doctor's record","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia not defined but only considered pneumonia if hospitalized for illness","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.79","1.29-2.48","-","NA",null,"Urban data, only\n\nRR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   ","0-5 mos"]
["Morbidity Related to Feeding Pattern in Privileged Urban and Underprivileged Rural Infants ","Kumar",1981,"Indian Pediatrics; 1981 (18): 743-9","Not stated","India","Chandigarh","Urban and Rural","-","Community","No",{"v":0,"d":"0.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","None","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-4 mos","Monthly visits to assess BF exposure by 24-hr recall method; Pneumonia incidence assessed by mother's recall and confirmed by doctor's record","Not BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia not defined but only considered pneumonia if hospitalized for illness","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.26","0.81-1.95","-","NA",null,"Urban data, only\n\nRR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   "]
["Morbidity Related to Feeding Pattern in Privileged Urban and Underprivileged Rural Infants ","Kumar",1981,"Indian Pediatrics; 1981 (18): 743-9","Not stated","India","Chandigarh","Urban and Rural","-","Community","No",{"v":0,"d":"0.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","None","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-4 mos","Monthly visits to assess BF exposure by 24-hr recall method; Pneumonia incidence assessed by mother's recall and confirmed by doctor's record","Not BF vs. Partially BF","Pneumonia not defined but only considered pneumonia if hospitalized for illness","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 2.07","0.19-22.64","-","NA",null,"Urban data, only\n\nRR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   "]
["Morbidity Related to Feeding Pattern in Privileged Urban and Underprivileged Rural Infants ","Kumar",1981,"Indian Pediatrics; 1981 (18): 743-9","Not stated","India","Chandigarh","Urban and Rural","-","Community","No",{"v":0,"d":"0.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","None","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","5-12 mos","Monthly visits to assess BF exposure by 24-hr recall method; Pneumonia incidence assessed by mother's recall and confirmed by doctor's record","Not BF vs. Any BF","Pneumonia not defined but only considered pneumonia if hospitalized for illness","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.17","0.37-3.65","-","NA",null,"Urban data, only\n\nRR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   ","6-11 mos "]
["PNEUMONIA PREVALENCE"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","Predominantly BF vs. EBF","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","10 days ill with LRTI reported for predominantly BF group","5639 days of observation contributed by predominantly BF group","2 days ill with LRTI reported by EBF group","1276 days of observation contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.13","0.25-5.16","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","Partially BF vs. EBF","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","140 days ill with LRTI reported for partially BF group","16399 days of observation contributed by partially BF group","2 days ill with LRTI reported by EBF group","1276 days of observation contributed by EBF group","RR: 5.45","1.35-21.97","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","NOT BF vs. EBF","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","10 days ill with LRTI reported by NOT BF group","1138 days of observation contributed by NOT BF group","2 days ill with LRTI reported by EBF group","1276 days of observation contributed by EBF group","RR: 5.61","1.23-25.53","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","140 days ill with LRTI reported for partially BF group","16399 days of observation contributed by partially BF group","10 days ill with LRTI reported for predominantly BF group","5639 days of observation contributed by predominantly BF group","RR: 4.81","2.54-9.14","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","NOT BF vs Predominantly  BF ","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","10 days ill with LRTI reported by NOT BF group","1138 days of observation contributed by NOT BF group","10 days ill with LRTI reported for predominantly BF group","5639 days of observation contributed by predominantly BF group","RR: 4.96","2.07-11.88","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","0-5 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","10 days ill with LRTI reported by NOT BF group","1138 days of observation contributed by NOT BF group","140 days ill with LRTI reported for partially BF group","16399 days of observation contributed by partially BF group","RR: 1.03","0.54-1.95","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-5 mos"]
["Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima) Peru","Brown",1989,"Pediatrics 1989; 83(1): 31-40","Not stated","Peru","Pueblo Joven Huascar","Urban","-","Community","No",{"v":0.02,"d":"2.0%"},"Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age, socioeconomic status variables","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","6-11 mos","Monthly questionnaires to assess BF status;  pneumonia incidence assessed at thrice-weekly community-based surveillance","NOT BF vs Partially BF ","LRTI prevalence - # child months of LRTI per total # child months observed; \n(Lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis\n(respiratory illness with cough, fever, and rhonchi\nby auscultation), bronchiolitis (respiratory illness\nwith evidence of bronchospasm-wheezing and/or prolonged expiration-by auscultation, with or without fever), and pneumonia (respiratory illness with fever and either dyspnea and crepitant rales\nby auscultation or radiographic evidence of pulmonary\ninfiltrate).","43 days ill with LRTI reported by NOT BF group","2424 days of observation contributed by NOT BF group","180 days ill with LRTI reported by Partially BF group","19604 days of observation contributed by partially BF group","RR: 1.93","1.39-2.69","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","6-11 mos"]
["PNEUMONIA MORTALITY"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Predominant BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.29","0.42-4.01","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-5 mos"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partially BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 2.18","0.86-5.52","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-5 mos"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","NOT BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR:3.59","0.43-29.85","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-5 mos"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","6-11 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","NOT BF vs. Any BF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.52","0.09-27.06","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   ","6-11 mos; \n6-23 mos"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Predominantly BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","3 pneumonia deaths in predominant BF group","1094 children in predominant BF group","1 pneumonia deaths in EBF group                                                                      ","104 children in EBF group","RR: 0.29","0.03-2.72","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partially BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","2 pneumonia deaths in partially BF group","390 children in partially BF group","1 pneumonia deaths in EBF group                                                                      ","104 children in EBF group","RR: 0.53","0.05-5.82","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","0 pneumonia death in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","1 pneumonia deaths in EBF group                                                                      ","104 children in EBF group","RR:  Can't be determined bc of zero cells","-","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","2 pneumonia deaths in partially BF group","390 children in partially BF group","3 pneumonia deaths in predominant BF group","1094 children in predominant BF group","RR: 1.87","0.31-11.15","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","0 pneumonia death in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","3 pneumonia deaths in predominant BF group","1094 children in predominant BF group","RR:  Can't be determined bc of zero cells","-","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangladesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. Partially BF","Pneumonia mortality - 1) cough in the last 2 weeks before death, starting at least 3 days before death and lasting until the day before death, or difficulty breathing in the 2 weeks before death, starting at least one day before death and lasting until the day of death; and 2) at least 3 of the following symptoms were present before death: cough, difficulty breathing, noise during breathing, nasal flaring, blue lips/skin, chest in-drawing, rapid breathing, not feeding well or not able to drink, abnormally sleepy, or difficult to wake.","0 pneumonia death in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","2 pneumonia deaths in partially BF group","390 children in partially BF group","RR:  Can't be determined bc of zero cells","-","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated with csi command in STATA  using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life","0-28 days  (these episodes are also included in the 0-5 mos)"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","Predominant BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 6.48","0.37-112.04","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data \n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","Partially BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 8.97","0.51-156.73","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data \n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","NOT BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 86.43","4.71-1586.87","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data \n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","7 pneumonia deaths in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partial BF group","8 pneumonia deaths in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 1.37","0.50-3.78","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","NOT BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","4 pneumonia deaths in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","8 pneumonia deaths in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 13.00","4.03-42.02","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & ALRI mortality","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","Pneumonia mortality - deaths due to ALRIs","4 pneumonia deaths in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","7 pneumonia deaths in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partial BF group","RR: 9.47","2.85-31.47","-","N.A.","Grouped analysis for all countries","RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life","0-5 mos"]
["Evidence for protection from breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil","Victora",1987,"Lancet 1987; 2(8554):319-22","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Partial BF vs. Predominant\n\n(where partial is breast+other milk)","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 460, 480-7, 519.8)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","Adj RR: 1.7","0.6-4.2","-","N.A.",null,"Fixed Effects MA used to combine RRs for overall partial vs. predominant comparison\n\nRR:  0.92 (0.42 - 2.02)\n\nThis RR was used in the overall random effects MA in lieu of RRs for individual age groups \n\nExcluded deaths ocurring in first week of life","0-11 mos"]
["Evidence for protection from breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil","Victora",1987,"Lancet 1987; 2(8554):319-22","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Partial BF vs. Predominant\n\n(where partial is breast+non-milk supplement)","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 460, 480-7, 519.8)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","Adj RR: 0.2","0-1.0","-","N.A.",null,null,"0-11 mos"]
["Evidence for protection from breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil","Victora",1987,"Lancet 1987; 2(8554):319-22","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Partial BF vs. Predominant\n\n(where partial is breast+other milk +non-milk)","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 460, 480-7, 519.8)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","Adj RR: 0.3","0.1-1.4","-","N.A.",null,null,"0-11 mos"]
["Evidence for protection from breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil","Victora",1987,"Lancet 1987; 2(8554):319-22","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","NOT BF vs. Predominant\n\n(where NOT BF is milk other than breast only)","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 460, 480-7, 519.8)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 2.9","1.3-6.5","-","N.A.",null,"\nFixed Effects MA used to combine RRs for overall NOT BF vs. predominant comparison\n\nRR: 1.96 (1.08 - 3.56)\n\nThis RR was used in the overall random effects MA in lieu of RRs for individual age groups \n\nExcluded deaths ocurring in first week of life","0-11 mos"]
["Evidence for protection from breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil","Victora",1987,"Lancet 1987; 2(8554):319-22","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","NOT BF vs. Predominant\n\n(where NOT BF is milk other than breast +non-milk supplement)","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 460, 480-7, 519.8)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.2","0.5-3.0","-","N.A.",null,null,"0-11 mos"]
["Risk Factors for Deaths due to\nRespiratory Infections among\nBrazilian Infants","Victora",1989,"IJE 1989; 18(4): 918-25","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 466, 480-487)","23 respiratory deaths in partially BF group","72 infants in partially BF group","21 respiratory deaths in predominantly BF group","110 infants in predominantly BF group","RR: 1.67","1.00-2.79","-",null,null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command","0-11 mos"]
["Risk Factors for Deaths due to\nRespiratory Infections among\nBrazilian Infants","Victora",1989,"IJE 1989; 18(4): 918-25","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Not BF vs. Predominantly BF ","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 466, 480-487)","83 respiratory deaths in NOT BF group","199 infants in NOT BF group","21 respiratory deaths in predominantly BF group","110 infants in predominantly BF group","RR: 2.18","1.44-3.32","-",null,null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Risk Factors for Deaths due to\nRespiratory Infections among\nBrazilian Infants","Victora",1989,"IJE 1989; 18(4): 918-25","1984-1985","Brazil","Porto Alegre and Pelotas","Urban","40/1000 live births","Hospital/Health Center","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Age, social status, birth weight, maternal education, family income, non-milk supplements given","Not Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","7d - 11 mos (364 days)","Cause of death for cases obtained from hospital records, death certficate and/or parent report; feeding mode immediately prior to terminal illness obtained from parent interview. Two controls chosen from neighborhood for every case; feeding status obtained for controls by mother interview for last symptom-free day","Not BF vs. Partially BF ","Cause of death documented as respiratory infection (ICD codes: 382, 466, 480-487)","83 respiratory deaths in NOT BF group","199 infants in NOT BF group","23 respiratory deaths in partially BF group","72 infants in partially BF group","RR: 1.31","0.90-1.90","-",null,null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Effect of not breastfeeding on the risk of diarrheal and respiratory mortality in children under 2 years of age in Metro Cebu, The Philippines ","Yoon",1996,"American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 1142-48","1988-1991","Philippines","Metro Cebu","Rural and urban","-","Community","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Child age and nutritional status, maternal eduaction, type of toilet and length of previous birth interval","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","6-11 mos","Household census, baseline survey & followup surveys at 6 mos intervals to assess BF status; ALRI-specific mortality assessed by health worker mortality surveillance and post-mortem interviews with mother and/or caretaker","NOT BF vs. Any BF","ALRI-specific mortality\n(ALRI defined as cough and fever AND difficulty breathing for 2 or more days)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","Adj RR: 2.6                         ","0.84-7.8","-","N.A.",null,"\nFixed Effects MA used to combine RRs for overall 6-23 mos category\nFixed Effects RR: 1.97 (0.77-5.03)","6-11 mos; \n6-23 mos"]
["Effect of not breastfeeding on the risk of diarrheal and respiratory mortality in children under 2 years of age in Metro Cebu, The Philippines ","Yoon",1996,"American Journal of Epidemiology 1996; 143: 1142-48","1988-1991","Philippines","Metro Cebu","Rural and urban","-","Community","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Child age and nutritional status, maternal eduaction, type of toilet and length of previous birth interval","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","12-23 mos","Household census, baseline survey & followup surveys at 6 mos intervals to assess BF status; ALRI-specific mortality assessed by health worker mortality surveillance and post-mortem interviews with mother and/or caretaker","NOT BF vs. Any BF","ALRI-specific mortality\n(ALRI defined as cough and fever AND difficulty breathing for 2 or more days)","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","Adj RR: 1.0","0.18-5.8","-","N.A.",null,null,"12-23 mos; \n6-23 mos"]
["ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Predominant BF vs. EBF","All cause mortality","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 1.88","1.12-3.17","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partial vs. EBF","All cause mortality","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 2.40","1.52-3.80","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-5 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","NOT BF vs. EBF","All cause mortality","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 21.56","12.26-37.94","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","6-11 mos","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. Any BF","All cause mortality","not provided","not provided","not provided","not provided","RR: 5.66","1.86-17.20","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   "]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Predominantly BF vs. EBF","All cause mortality","19 all-cause deaths in Predominantly BF group","1094 children in Predominantly BF group","2 all-cause deaths in EBF group","104 children in EBF group","RR: 0.90","0.21-3.82","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partially BF vs. EBF","All cause mortality","9 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","390 children in Partially BF group","2 all-cause deaths in EBF group","104 children in EBF group","RR: 1.20","0.26-5.47","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. EBF","All cause mortality","3 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","2 all-cause deaths in EBF group","104 children in EBF group","RR: 1.75","0.30-10.26","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","All cause mortality","9 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","390 children in Partially BF group","19 all-cause deaths in Predominantly BF group","1094 children in Predominantly BF group","RR: 1.33","0.61-2.91","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. Predominantly BF","All cause mortality","3 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","19 all-cause deaths in Predominantly BF group","1094 children in Predominantly BF group","RR: 1.94","0.59-6.43","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infections and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums","Arifeen",2001,"Pediatrics 2001; 108(4):e67","1993-1995","Bangaldesh ","Dhaka ","Urban","114 per 1000 live births","Community ","No",{"v":0.14,"d":"14%"},"Prospective Cohort ","Not quasi experimental","Birth weight, time-varying BF status variable,  income, education, parity","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","3d-28d","BF status and all-cause mortality assessed by followup visits at baseline and 1,3,6.9,12 mos of age","Not BF vs. Partially BF","All cause mortality","3 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","89 children in NOT BF group","9 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","390 children in Partially BF group","RR: 1.46","0.40-5.29","-","N.A.",null,"RR's calculated using numbers extracted from unpublished data   \n\nAnalysis excludes deaths in 2 days of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","Predominant BF vs. EBF","All-cause mortality","38 all-cause deaths in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","13 all-cause deaths in EBF group                                                           ","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.11","0.60-2.07","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","Partially BF vs. EBF","All-cause mortality","41 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","13 all-cause deaths in EBF group                                                           ","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.88","1.02-3.49","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","NOT BF vs. EBF","All-cause mortality","12 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","13 all-cause deaths in EBF group                                                           ","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 8.99","4.29-18.84","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","Partially BF vs. Predominantly","All-cause mortality","41 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","38 all-cause deaths in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 1.69","1.10-2.61","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","NOT BF vs. Predominantly","All-cause mortality","12 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","38 all-cause deaths in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 8.08","4.45-14.69","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","All-cause mortality","12 all-cause deaths in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","41 all-cause deaths in Partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","RR: 4.77","2.65-8.61","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nAnalysis excluded first 5 weeks of life"]
["Breastfeeding, nutritional state, and child survival in rural Bangladesh","Briend",1988,"British Medical Journal 1988; 296: 879-82","Not stated","Bangladesh","Matlab","Rural","-","Community","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not Quasi-experimental","Age","Highly Likely","NA","NA","No","No","12-23  mos","Monthly visits to assess BF status & all-cause mortality","Not BF vs. Any BF","All-cause mortality","3 deaths in NOT BF group","929 child months observed in NOT BF group","17 deaths in BF group","11730 child months observed in BF group","RR: 2.23","0.65-7.59","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nExcluded infants 0-11 mos"]
["Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality","Edmond",2006,"Pediatrics 2006; 117: e380-6","2003-2004","Ghana","Kintampo, Wenchi, Techiman, Nkoranza","Rural","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Gender, birth size, gestational age, presence of congenital anomaly, health on day of birth, health at time of interview, mother's health at time of delivery, age of mother, parity, maternal education, mother having cash income, household water supply, place of defecation, number of antenatal visits, place o f birth, birth attendant, timing of initiation of BF","Highly Likely","NA","NA","No","Vitamin A","2-28 days","Birth questionnaire to assess BF status; All-cause mortality assessed at 4-week follow-up visit","Predominant BF vs. EBF","All-cause mortality","48 deaths in predominantly BF group","3034 infants in predominantly BF group","84 deaths in EBF group","7680 infants in EBF group","RR: 1.45","1.02-2.06","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nExcluded deaths occuring at 0-1 days of age; excluding deaths occurring at 0-7 days of age did not have any statistically significant difference on effect size"]
["Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality","Edmond",2006,"Pediatrics 2006; 117: e380-6","2003-2004","Ghana","Kintampo, Wenchi, Techiman, Nkoranza","Rural","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Gender, birth size, gestational age, presence of congenital anomaly, health on day of birth, health at time of interview, mother's health at time of delivery, age of mother, parity, maternal education, mother having cash income, household water supply, place of defecation, number of antenatal visits, place o f birth, birth attendant, timing of initiation of BF","Highly Likely","NA","NA","No","Vitamin A","2-28 days","Birth questionnaire to assess BF status; All-cause mortality assessed at 4-week follow-up visit","Partial BF vs. EBF","All-cause mortality","13 deaths in partially BF group","233 infants in partially BF group","84 deaths in EBF group","7680 infants in EBF group","RR: 5.10","1.02-2.06","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command\n\nExcluded deaths occuring at 0-1 days of age; excluding deaths occurring at 0-7 days of age did not have any statistically significant difference on effect size"]
["PNEUMONIA HOSPITALIZATION",{"$nulls":7},"-"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","Predominant BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","47 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","12 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.49","0.80-2.79","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","Partially BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","31 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","12 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.54","0.80-2.98","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. EBF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","5 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","12 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 4.06","1.48-11.14","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","31 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","47 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 1.04","0.66-1.62","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. Predominantly BF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","5 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","47 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 2.72","1.12-6.61","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & pneumonia hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","Pneumonia-specific hospitalization","5 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","31 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","RR: 2.63","1.06-6.53","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia\nduring postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case­control\nstudy","Cesar",1999,"BMJ 1999;318:1316–20",1993,"Brazil","Pelotas","Urban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Infant's sex, social class, family income, and maternal schooling, age, parity, and weight gained during\npregnancy.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","28d - 11 mos","Cases of pneumonia born in 1993 and 28-364 d of age were identified through daily visits to city's hospitals.  Two independent referees (paediatricians) reviewed  hospital records to assess pneumonia; a third senior referee reviewed disputes. Controls \nrecruited from a systematic sample of newborn infants selected for home visiting at 1, 3, 6 months of age. For cases aged 28­89 days, controls were infants at  first home visit (30 d of age); for cases aged 90­179 days, controls were infants at the second home visit, and for cases aged 180­364 days, controls were infants at the third visit. For each interview all available controls were used. The study was therefore ratified for age but not matched at the individual level. Cases could have been controls at earlier ages.","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","Hospital admission for pneumonia\n(Pneumonia defined as presence of all clinical signs (difficult or rapid breathing, chest indrawing), presence of rales, and—whenever\navailable—results of laboratory and radiological tests)","23 pneumonia hospitalizations in partially BF group","586 infants in partially breastfed group","9 pneumonia hospitalizations in predominantly BF group","788 infants in predominantly breastfed group","RR: 3.44","1.60-7.37","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia\nduring postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case­control\nstudy","Cesar",1999,"BMJ 1999;318:1316–20",1993,"Brazil","Pelotas","Urban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Infant's sex, social class, family income, and maternal schooling, age, parity, and weight gained during\npregnancy.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","28d - 11 mos","Cases of pneumonia born in 1993 and 28-364 d of age were identified through daily visits to city's hospitals.  Two independent referees (paediatricians) reviewed  hospital records to assess pneumonia; a third senior referee reviewed disputes. Controls \nrecruited from a systematic sample of newborn infants selected for home visiting at 1, 3, 6 months of age. For cases aged 28­89 days, controls were infants at  first home visit (30 d of age); for cases aged 90­179 days, controls were infants at the second home visit, and for cases aged 180­364 days, controls were infants at the third visit. For each interview all available controls were used. The study was therefore ratified for age but not matched at the individual level. Cases could have been controls at earlier ages.","NOT BF vs. Predominantly BF","Hospital admission for pneumonia\n(Pneumonia defined as presence of all clinical signs (difficult or rapid breathing, chest indrawing), presence of rales, and—whenever\navailable—results of laboratory and radiological tests)","120 pneumonia hospitalizations in NOT BF group","1169 infants in NOT breastfed group","9 pneumonia hospitalizations in predominantly BF group","788 infants in predominantly breastfed group","RR: 8.99","4.59-17.59","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia\nduring postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case­control\nstudy","Cesar",1999,"BMJ 1999;318:1316–20",1993,"Brazil","Pelotas","Urban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Infant's sex, social class, family income, and maternal schooling, age, parity, and weight gained during\npregnancy.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","28d - 11 mos","Cases of pneumonia born in 1993 and 28-364 d of age were identified through daily visits to city's hospitals.  Two independent referees (paediatricians) reviewed  hospital records to assess pneumonia; a third senior referee reviewed disputes. Controls \nrecruited from a systematic sample of newborn infants selected for home visiting at 1, 3, 6 months of age. For cases aged 28­89 days, controls were infants at  first home visit (30 d of age); for cases aged 90­179 days, controls were infants at the second home visit, and for cases aged 180­364 days, controls were infants at the third visit. For each interview all available controls were used. The study was therefore ratified for age but not matched at the individual level. Cases could have been controls at earlier ages.","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","Hospital admission for pneumonia\n(Pneumonia defined as presence of all clinical signs (difficult or rapid breathing, chest indrawing), presence of rales, and—whenever\navailable—results of laboratory and radiological tests)","120 pneumonia hospitalizations in NOT BF group","1169 infants in NOT breastfed group","23 pneumonia hospitalizations in partially BF group","586 infants in partially breastfed group","RR: 2.62","1.69-4.04","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia\nduring postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case­control\nstudy","Cesar",1999,"BMJ 1999;318:1316–20",1993,"Brazil","Pelotas","Urban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Case-control","Quasi-experimental","Infant's sex, social class, family income, and maternal schooling, age, parity, and weight gained during\npregnancy.","Likely","NA","NA","NA","No","28d - 11 mos","Cases of pneumonia born in 1993 and 28-364 d of age were identified through daily visits to city's hospitals.  Two independent referees (paediatricians) reviewed  hospital records to assess pneumonia; a third senior referee reviewed disputes. Controls \nrecruited from a systematic sample of newborn infants selected for home visiting at 1, 3, 6 months of age. For cases aged 28­89 days, controls were infants at  first home visit (30 d of age); for cases aged 90­179 days, controls were infants at the second home visit, and for cases aged 180­364 days, controls were infants at the third visit. For each interview all available controls were used. The study was therefore ratified for age but not matched at the individual level. Cases could have been controls at earlier ages.","NOT BF vs. Any BF","Hospital admission for pneumonia\n(Pneumonia defined as presence of all clinical signs (difficult or rapid breathing, chest indrawing), presence of rales, and—whenever\navailable—results of laboratory and radiological tests)","120 pneumonia hospitalizations in NOT BF group","1169 infants in NOT breastfed group","32 pneumonia hospitalizations in ANY BF group","1374 infants in ANY BF group","RR: 4.32","2.95-6.33","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["ALL-CAUSE HOSPITALIZATION",{"$nulls":7},"-"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","Predominant BF vs. EBF","All-cause hospitalization","109 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","21 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.98","1.25-3.12","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","Partially BF vs. EBF","All-cause hospitalization","66 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","21 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 1.88","1.16-3.04","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. EBF","All-cause hospitalization","13 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","21 hospitalizations in EBF group","603.7 infant-yrs contributed by EBF group","RR: 6.03","3.18-11.44","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","Partially BF vs. Predominantly BF","All-cause hospitalization","66 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","109 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 0.95","0.71-1.28","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. Predominantly BF","All-cause hospitalization","13 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","109 hospitalizations in predominant BF group","1587.2 infant-yrs contributed by predominant BF group","RR: 3.05","1.82-5.11","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]
["Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study","Bahl",2005,"Bulletin of the World Health Organization  2005; 83(6): 418-26","1995-1997","Ghana, India, Peru","Kintampo, New Delhi, Lima","Urban and suburban","-","Community ","No","not stated","Prospective cohort","Not quasi experimental","Infant's sex,\ntwin status, birth order and weight at enrolment (as a marker\nof birth weight), mother's educational level, place of defecation\nand household water supply.","Highly Likely","NA","NA","NA","Vitamin A","6-26 weeks","Monthly visits to assess BF status & diarrhea hospitalizations","NOT BF vs. Partially BF","All-cause hospitalization","13 hospitalizations in NOT BF group","61.5 infant-yrs contributed by NOT BF group","66 hospitalizations in partially BF group","1011.1 infant-yrs contributed by partially BF group","RR: 3.21","1.88-5.49","-","N.A.",null,"RR & 95% CI calculated in STATA using csi command"]

{"sheet":"Reverse Causality","index":1,"n_rows":14,"n_cols":8,"rows_kept":14,"merged":[[1,0,2,0],[1,1,2,1],[1,5,2,5],[1,6,2,6],[1,7,2,7],[3,0,4,0],[3,2,4,2],[6,0,7,0],[6,1,7,1],[6,5,7,5],[6,6,7,6],[6,7,7,7]],"flags":["formulas_cached_only"]}
["Study","Outcome(s)","Age Group(s)","Reverse causality?\nScoring System:\nNot likely = 0\nlikely = 0.5-2\nhighly likely = 2.5-4","Excluded outcome(s) ocurring in first 7 days of life? ","Excluded ill infants (for reasons other than pneumonia) or infants with poor growth? ","Are exposure and outcome assessed concurrently? ","Assessed whether infant was sick or growing poorly at time of weaning and/or whether weaning was a direct consequence of pneumonia?"]
["Arifeen","Pneumonia Mortality; All-Cause Mortality","0--5 mos","Likely\nScore: 2","Yes","No (+1)","No -used feeding status from visit immediately preceding death (i.e.last visit where child was alive)","No (+1)"]
[null,null,"6-11 mos","Likely\nScore: 2","N.A."]
["Bahl","Pneumonia Mortality; All-Cause Mortality","6-26 weeks","Likely\nScore: 2","Yes","No (+1)","Yes - but addressed reverse causality by excluding deaths occurring within 7 days of assessment of BF exposure & results remained the same (+0)","No (+1)"]
[null,"Pneumonia Hospitalizations; All-Cause Hospitalizations",null,"Highly Likely\nScore: 3","Yes","No (+1)","Yes (+1)","No (+1)"]
["Briend","All-Cause Mortality","12-23 mos","Highly Likely\nScore: 3","N.A.","No (+1)","Yes (+1)","No (+1)"]
["Brown","Prevalence","0-5 mos","Likely\nScore: 2","No (+1)","Yes","No - BF exposure assessed on date of child's birthday and pneumonia assessed at followup visits throughout the mos","No (+1)"]
[null,null,"6-11 mos","Likely\nScore: 1","N.A."]
["Cesar","Pneumonia Hospitalizations","28d-11 mos","Likely\nScore: 1.5","Yes","No (+1)","Yes - but assessed the influence of recall bias (+0.5)","Yes - infants that weaned as a direct consequence of illness were considered still BF in the analysis"]
["Edmond","All-Cause Mortality","2-28 days","Highly Likely\nScore: 2.5","No - but excluded deaths occurring in first 2 days of life (+0.5)","No (+1)","No - BF assessed at birth and mortality assessed at follow-up visits throughout neonatal period","No (+1)"]
["Kumar","Pneumonia Incidence","0-5 mos","Highly Likely\nScore: 3","No (+1)","Yes","Yes (+1)","No (+1)"]
["Victora '87","Pneumonia Mortality","0-11 mos","Not Likely\nScore: 0","Yes","Yes","No - obtained feeding mode immediately PRIOR to development of  terminal illness","Yes - infants that weaned as a direct consequence of illness were considered still BF in the analysis"]
["Victora '89","Pneumonia Mortality","0-11 mos","Not Likely\nScore: 0","Yes","Yes","No - obtained feeding mode immediately PRIOR to development of  terminal illness","Yes - infants that weaned as a direct consequence of illness were considered still BF in the analysis"]
["Yoon","Pneumonia Mortality","6-11 mos; \n12-23 mos","Likely\nScore: 2","N.A.","No  (+1)","No - obtained feeding mode immediately PRIOR to development of  terminal illness","No (+1)"]