gene MarkerSymbol function_id function function_def process_id process process_def component_id component component_def HBG000020 Akr1b8 GO:0016491 & GO:0004032 oxidoreductase activity & aldehyde reductase activity Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Catalysis of the reaction\: alditol + NADP+ = aldose + NADPH + H+. HBG000023 Slc3a2 GO:0005515 & GO:0004556 protein binding & alpha-amylase activity Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of 1\,4-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more 1\,4-alpha-linked D-glucose units. GO:0005975 & GO:0006952 carbohydrate metabolism & defense response The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carbohydrates\, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. & Reactions\, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury\, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0005886 & GO:0016021 plasma membrane & integral to membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG000089 Tubb5 GO:0005200 structural constituent of cytoskeleton The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure. GO:0007017 microtubule-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton (that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins). GO:0005874 microtubule Any of the long\, generally straight\, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin\, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface\, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation\, e.g. in the spindle. HBG000165 Nat2 GO:0016740 & GO:0008415 & GO:0016407 & GO:0004060 transferase activity & acyltransferase activity & acetyltransferase activity & arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the reactions of the type\: acyl-carrier + reactant = acyl-reactant + carrier. & Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule. & Catalysis of the reaction\: acetyl-CoA + an arylamine = CoA + an N-acetylarylamine. GO:0008152 metabolism The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms\, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance\, or class of substances\, in a living organism. HBG000254 Mgat5 GO:0016740 transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). HBG000286 Prdx2 GO:0016209 & GO:0016491 & GO:0008430 & GO:0008379 antioxidant activity & oxidoreductase activity & selenium binding & thioredoxin peroxidase activity Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals\, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage. & Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Interacting selectively with selenium (Se). & Catalysis of the reaction\: donor + H2O2 = oxidized donor + 2 H2O. & Catalysis of the reaction\: reduced thioredoxin + H2O2 = oxidized thioredoxin + H2O. GO:0006800 & GO:0006979 & GO:0006916 oxygen and reactive oxygen species metabolism & response to oxidative stress & anti-apoptosis The chemical reactions and physical changes involving dioxygen (O2)\, or any of the reactive oxygen species\, e.g. superoxide anions (O2-)\, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)\, and hydroxyl radicals (-OH). & A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress\, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species\, e.g. superoxide anions\, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)\, and hydroxyl radicals. & A process which directly inhibits any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. HBG000373 Tsn GO:0005515 & GO:0003677 & GO:0003723 protein binding & DNA binding & RNA binding Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). & Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. & Enables the directed movement of proteins into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0005737 & GO:0005634 cytoplasm & nucleus All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus\, but including other subcellular structures. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG000409 Cdkn1b GO:0005515 & GO:0004860 & GO:0004861 protein binding & protein kinase inhibitor activity & cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Stops\, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase\, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein. GO:0007049 & GO:0007050 & GO:0008285 & GO:0008284 & GO:0045736 cell cycle & cell cycle arrest & negative regulation of cell proliferation & positive regulation of cell proliferation & negative regulation of cyclin dependent protein kinase activity The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two; comprises\, at a minimum\, replication and segregation of DNA; during the course of a cell cycle the cell usually also doubles its mass and duplicates all cytoplasmic organelles. & Any process by which progression through the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1\, S\, G2\, M). & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. & Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of CDK activity. GO:0005634 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG000416 Pxmp3 GO:0007031 & GO:0007399 & GO:0001764 peroxisome organization and biogenesis & neurogenesis & neuronal migration The assembly and arrangement of a peroxisome. & The origin and formation of neurons. & The characteristic movement of immature neurons from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. GO:0016021 & GO:0005777 integral to membrane & peroxisome Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & A small\, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). HBG000432 Por GO:0016491 & GO:0005489 & GO:0003958 & GO:0005515 oxidoreductase activity & electron transporter activity & NADPH-hemoprotein reductase activity & protein binding Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Enables the directed movement of electrons into\, out of\, within or between cells. & Catalysis of the reaction\: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome. & Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GO:0006118 & GO:0009100 electron transport & glycoprotein metabolism The transport of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glycoproteins\, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues other than as a moiety of nucleic acid; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GO:0016020 & GO:0005625 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005792 & GO:0005783 & GO:0030176 membrane & soluble fraction & integral to membrane & microsome & endoplasmic reticulum & integral to endoplasmic reticulum membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & That fraction of cells\, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods\, that is soluble in water. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Any of the small\, heterogeneous\, artifactual\, vesicular particles\, 50-150 nm in diameter\, that are formed when some eukaryotic cells are homogenized and that sediment on centrifugation at 100000 g. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG000467 Pex3 GO:0007031 peroxisome organization and biogenesis The assembly and arrangement of a peroxisome. GO:0016021 & GO:0005777 & GO:0005779 & GO:0005887 integral to membrane & peroxisome & integral to peroxisomal membrane & integral to plasma membrane Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & A small\, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules; contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a peroxisomal membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG000499 Apex1 GO:0016829 & GO:0004518 & GO:0004519 & GO:0003906 lyase activity & nuclease activity & endonuclease activity & DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase activity Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C\, C-O\, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation\, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction\, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate\, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks. & Catalysis of the cleavage of the C-O-P bond 3' to the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA by a beta-elimination reaction\, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. GO:0006281 DNA repair Any process that modulates the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell. & The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations\, chemical mutagens\, fungal and bacterial toxins\, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal\, base excision repair\, nucleotide excision repair\, photoreactivation\, bypass\, double-strand break repair pathway\, and mismatch repair pathway. GO:0005737 & GO:0005634 cytoplasm & nucleus All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus\, but including other subcellular structures. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG000508 Dpm2 GO:0016740 transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GO:0016021 & GO:0005783 integral to membrane & endoplasmic reticulum Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). HBG000516 Gadd45a GO:0005515 protein binding Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. GO:0000074 & GO:0006974 & GO:0007050 & GO:0006469 regulation of cell cycle & response to DNA damage stimulus & cell cycle arrest & negative regulation of protein kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of the cell cycle. & A change in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. & Any process by which progression through the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1\, S\, G2\, M). & The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of protein kinase activity. GO:0005634 & GO:0005840 nucleus & ribosome A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & An intracellular organelle\, about 200 A in diameter\, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits\, one large and one small\, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients\, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol\: S). Hence\, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit\, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation\, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes\, eukaryotes\, mitochondria\, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. HBG000607 Slc19a1 GO:0005542 & GO:0005386 & GO:0008518 folic acid binding & carrier activity & reduced folate carrier activity Interacting selectively with folic acid\, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. & Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of the membrane to the other. GO:0006810 transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0016020 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005887 membrane & integral to membrane & integral to plasma membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG000773 Dhfr GO:0016491 & GO:0004146 oxidoreductase activity & dihydrofolate reductase activity Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Catalysis of the reaction\: 5\,6\,7\,8-tetrahydrofolate + NADP+ = 7\,8-dihydrofolate + NADPH + H+. GO:0006730 & GO:0009165 & GO:0006545 one-carbon compound metabolism & nucleotide biosynthesis & glycine biosynthesis The chemical reactions and physical changes involving compounds containing a single carbon atom. & The formation from simpler components of nucleotides\, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-\, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates). & The formation from simpler components of glycine\, aminoethanoic acid. HBG000856 G6pdx GO:0016491 & GO:0004345 oxidoreductase activity & glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase activity Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Catalysis of the reaction\: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1\,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+. GO:0006006 glucose metabolism The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glucose\, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. HBG000935 Rps4x GO:0003723 RNA binding The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. & Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. GO:0007275 & GO:0008283 & GO:0000074 & GO:0007046 development & cell proliferation & regulation of cell cycle & ribosome biogenesis Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote\, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). & The multiplication or reproduction of cells\, resulting in the rapid expansion of a cell population. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of the cell cycle. & The process of the formation of the constituents of ribosomal subunits and their export to the sites of protein synthesis. & The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. GO:0005622 & GO:0005840 & GO:0005830 & GO:0005843 intracellular & ribosome & cytosolic ribosome (sensu Eukarya) & cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Eukarya) The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & An intracellular organelle\, about 200 A in diameter\, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits\, one large and one small\, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients\, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol\: S). Hence\, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit\, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation\, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes\, eukaryotes\, mitochondria\, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. & A ribosome found in the cytosol; this term can also be used to refer to ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. & The small subunit of a eukaryotic cytosolic ribosome; has a sedimentation coefficient of 40S. HBG000947 Pcna GO:0005515 & GO:0003677 & GO:0030337 protein binding & DNA binding & DNA polymerase processivity factor activity Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). & An accessory subunit of DNA polymerase that acts to increase the processivity of polymerization. GO:0006260 & GO:0006275 DNA replication & regulation of DNA replication The process whereby new strands of DNA are synthesized. The template for replication can either be DNA (DNA-dependent DNA replication\, GO\:0006261) or RNA (RNA-dependent DNA replication\, GO\:0006278). & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of DNA replication. GO:0000307 & GO:0005634 & GO:0005657 & GO:0005660 cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex & nucleus & replication fork & delta-DNA polymerase cofactor complex Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are heterodimeric enzymes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule\, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. & A complex of proteins that interacts with delta-DNA polymerase\, promoting elongation. In humans it is a heteropentamer of subunits of 140/145\, 40\, 38\, 37 and 36.5 kDa\, which form a complex with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the presence of ATP. HBG001156 Rpl13 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. GO:0007046 ribosome biogenesis The process of the formation of the constituents of ribosomal subunits and their export to the sites of protein synthesis. & The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. GO:0005622 & GO:0005840 & GO:0005830 & GO:0015934 intracellular & ribosome & cytosolic ribosome (sensu Eukarya) & large ribosomal subunit The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & An intracellular organelle\, about 200 A in diameter\, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits\, one large and one small\, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients\, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol\: S). Hence\, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit\, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation\, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes\, eukaryotes\, mitochondria\, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. & A ribosome found in the cytosol; this term can also be used to refer to ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. & The larger of the two subunits of a ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation\, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). HBG001303 Rps14 GO:0003723 RNA binding The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. & Interacting selectively with an RNA molecule or a portion thereof. GO:0007046 ribosome biogenesis The process of the formation of the constituents of ribosomal subunits and their export to the sites of protein synthesis. & The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. GO:0005622 & GO:0005840 & GO:0005830 & GO:0005843 intracellular & ribosome & cytosolic ribosome (sensu Eukarya) & cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Eukarya) The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & An intracellular organelle\, about 200 A in diameter\, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits\, one large and one small\, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients\, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol\: S). Hence\, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit\, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation\, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes\, eukaryotes\, mitochondria\, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. & A ribosome found in the cytosol; this term can also be used to refer to ribosomes associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. & The small subunit of a eukaryotic cytosolic ribosome; has a sedimentation coefficient of 40S. HBG001643 Insig2 GO:0005515 protein binding Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GO:0006991 response to sterol depletion A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule. HBG001708 Rps17 The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome. The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. GO:0005843 cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (sensu Eukarya) The small subunit of a eukaryotic cytosolic ribosome; has a sedimentation coefficient of 40S. HBG001838 Eef2 GO:0005525 & GO:0016740 & GO:0005516 & GO:0004674 & GO:0005524 GTP binding & transferase activity & calmodulin binding & protein serine/threonine kinase activity & ATP binding Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. & Interacting selectively with GTP\, guanosine triphosphate. & Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Interacting selectively with calmodulin\, a calcium-binding protein with many roles\, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate. & Interacting selectively with ATP\, adenosine 5'-triphosphate\, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. GO:0006468 protein amino acid phosphorylation The formation from simpler components of a protein\, rather than of proteins in general. & The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. & The process of introducing a phosphoric group on to a protein. HBG001871 Pea15 GO:0005515 & GO:0005351 & GO:0005080 protein binding & sugar porter activity & protein kinase C binding Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Catalysis of the reaction\: sugar(out) + H+(out) = sugar(in) + H+(in). & Interacting selectively with protein kinase C. GO:0006810 & GO:0007242 & GO:0006915 & GO:0042981 transport & intracellular signaling cascade & apoptosis & regulation of apoptosis The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. & A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases\, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposition of phosphatidylserine. & Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. GO:0005624 & GO:0005829 membrane fraction & cytosol That fraction of cells\, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods\, that includes the plasma and other membranes. & That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. HBG001909 Cbr1 GO:0016491 & GO:0004090 oxidoreductase activity & carbonyl reductase (NADPH) activity Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction\, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized\, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced. & Catalysis of the reaction\: R-CHOH-R' + NADP+ = R-CO-R' + NADPH + H+. GO:0000004 & GO:0008152 biological_process unknown & metabolism Used for the annotation of gene products whose process is not known or cannot be inferred. & The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms\, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance\, or class of substances\, in a living organism. GO:0008372 cellular_component unknown Used for the annotation of gene products whose localization is not known or cannot be inferred. HBG001982 Hspd1 GO:0003773 & GO:0005524 heat shock protein activity & ATP binding Assists in the correct non-covalent assembly of polypeptide-containing structures in vivo\, but is not a component of these assembled structures when they are performing their normal biological function. & Any of a group of specific proteins that are synthesized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells after they have been exposed to a temperature that is higher than normal. Other stresses\, e.g. free radical damage\, have a similar effect. Many members of the hsp family are not induced but are present in all cells. They are characterized by their role as molecular chaperones. & Interacting selectively with ATP\, adenosine 5'-triphosphate\, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement\, secretion\, gene expression\, enzyme production\, etc.) in response to temperatures above the optimal temperature for that organism. GO:0005739 mitochondrion A semiautonomous\, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers\, shapes\, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. HBG002127 Folr1 GO:0005542 & GO:0004872 & GO:0008517 folic acid binding & receptor activity & folate transporter activity Interacting selectively with folic acid\, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. & Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. & Enables the directed movement of folate into\, out of\, within or between cells. Folate is the anion of folic acid\, which is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. GO:0006620 & GO:0046655 posttranslational membrane targeting & folic acid metabolism The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen\: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol\, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state\, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving folic acid\, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines. GO:0016020 & GO:0005615 & GO:0005624 membrane & extracellular space & membrane fraction Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & That fraction of cells\, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods\, that includes the plasma and other membranes. HBG002140 Stip1 GO:0006950 response to stress A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) that occurs in response to stress\, usually\, but not necessarily exogenous (e.g. temperature\, humidity\, ionizing radiation). GO:0005634 & GO:0005794 nucleus & Golgi apparatus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. HBG002372 Mgat1 GO:0016740 & GO:0003827 & GO:0008415 & GO:0016407 & GO:0003846 transferase activity & alpha-1,3-mannosylglycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity & acyltransferase activity & acetyltransferase activity & 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). & Catalysis of the reaction\: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + alpha-D-mannosyl-1\,3-(R1)-beta-D-mannosyl-R2 = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1\,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1\,3-(R1)-beta-D-mannosyl-R2. & Catalysis of the reactions of the type\: acyl-carrier + reactant = acyl-reactant + carrier. & Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule. & Catalysis of the reaction\: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol. GO:0006487 & GO:0006629 & GO:0006651 & GO:0019432 & GO:0046462 N-linked glycosylation & lipid metabolism & diacylglycerol biosynthesis & triacylglycerol biosynthesis & monoacylglycerol metabolism The posttranslational glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving lipids\, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not\, or sparingly\, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats\, other fatty-acid esters\, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids\, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes\, polyprenols\, sterols\, terpenes and other isoprenoids. & The formation from simpler components of diacylglycerol\, a glycerol molecule substituted on the 1 and 2 hydroxyl groups with long chain fatty acyl residues. & The formation from simpler components of triacylglycerol\, any triester of glycerol. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving monoacylglycerol\, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid\, the other being non-esterified. GO:0005615 & GO:0000139 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005794 & GO:0005783 extracellular space & Golgi membrane & integral to membrane & Golgi apparatus & endoplasmic reticulum That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). HBG002400 Ddit3 GO:0003677 DNA binding Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). GO:0006983 & GO:0007050 & GO:0006355 & GO:0042981 response to ER-overload & cell cycle arrest & regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent & regulation of apoptosis Any process by which progression through the cell cycle is halted during one of the normal phases (G1\, S\, G2\, M). & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. & Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis. GO:0005634 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG002419 Atp5k GO:0015078 & GO:0008553 & GO:0046933 & GO:0046961 hydrogen ion transporter activity & hydrogen-exporting ATPase activity, phosphorylative mechanism & hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism & hydrogen-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism Enables the directed movement of hydrogen ions into\, out of\, within or between cells. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out)\, by a phosphorylative mechanism. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ADP + phosphate = ATP + H2O\, coupled with transport of H+ down a concentration gradient\, by a rotational mechanism. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out)\, by a rotational mechanism. GO:0015992 & GO:0015986 proton transport & ATP synthesis coupled proton transport The formation from simpler components of ATP\, adenosine 5'-triphosphate\, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. & The directed movement of protons (hydrogen ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis. GO:0005739 & GO:0016469 mitochondrion & proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex A semiautonomous\, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers\, shapes\, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. & A multisubunit non-phosphorylated ATPase that is involved in the transport of ions. Large enzymes of mitochondria\, chloroplasts and bacteria with a membrane sector (F0\, V0\, A0) and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1\, V1\, A1). The F-type enzymes of the inner mitochondrial and thylakoid membranes act as ATP synthases. All of the enzymes included here operate in a rotational mode\, where the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex\, the g and e subunits\, as well as the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient. The V-type (in vacuoles and clathrin-coated vesicles) and A-type (archebacterial) enzymes have a similar structure but\, under physiological conditions\, they pump hydrogen ion rather than synthesize ATP. & The complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in mitochondria\, during oxidative phosphorylation; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate. As in\, but not restricted to\, the eukaryotes (Eukaryota\, ncbi_taxonomy_id\:2759). HBG002515 Taldo1 GO:0016228 & GO:0016740 & GO:0004801 aldolase activity & transferase activity & transaldolase activity Catalysis of an aldol condensation\, a base-catalyzed addition reaction of two aldehydes or an aldehyde and a ketone to form an aldol (an organic compound that is both an aldehyde and an alcohol) and its reversal. & Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the reaction\: sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D-erythrose 4-phosphate + D-fructose 6-phosphate. GO:0005975 & GO:0006098 carbohydrate metabolism & pentose-phosphate shunt The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carbohydrates\, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. & The process by which glucose is oxidized\, coupled to NADPH synthesis. Glucose 6-P is oxidized with the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2)\, ribulose 5-phosphate and reduced NADP; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions interconverting sugar phosphates. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of reducing equivalents for biosynthesis reactions and is also important for the conversion of hexoses to pentoses. GO:0005737 cytoplasm All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus\, but including other subcellular structures. HBG002754 Scarb1 GO:0004872 receptor activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0007155 cell adhesion The attachment of a cell\, either to another cell or to the extracellular matrix\, via cell adhesion molecules. GO:0016020 & GO:0016021 membrane & integral to membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG003103 Asns GO:0016874 & GO:0004066 ligase activity & asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity Catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage\, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine = AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate. GO:0008152 & GO:0006541 & GO:0006529 metabolism & glutamine metabolism & asparagine biosynthesis The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms\, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance\, or class of substances\, in a living organism. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving glutamine\, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid. & The formation from simpler components of asparagine\, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid. HBG003849 Soat1 GO:0016740 & GO:0008415 transferase activity & acyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the reactions of the type\: acyl-carrier + reactant = acyl-reactant + carrier. & Catalysis of the reaction\: acyl-CoA + cholesterol = CoA + cholesterol ester. GO:0008203 cholesterol metabolism The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cholesterol\, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol\, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids\, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. GO:0016021 & GO:0005783 integral to membrane & endoplasmic reticulum Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). HBG003997 Ugcg GO:0016740 & GO:0008120 & GO:0005554 transferase activity & ceramide glucosyltransferase activity & molecular_function unknown Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). & Catalysis of the reaction\: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine. & Used for the annotation of gene products whose function is not known or cannot be inferred. GO:0008544 & GO:0006679 & GO:0006688 & GO:0000004 epidermis development & glucosylceramide biosynthesis & glycosphingolipid biosynthesis & biological_process unknown Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of the epidermis over time\, from its initial formation to a mature structure. & The formation from simpler components of glucosylceramides\, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. & The formation from simpler components of glycosphingolipid\, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide. & Used for the annotation of gene products whose process is not known or cannot be inferred. GO:0005615 & GO:0005624 & GO:0005737 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005783 & GO:0008372 extracellular space & membrane fraction & cytoplasm & integral to membrane & endoplasmic reticulum & cellular_component unknown That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & That fraction of cells\, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods\, that includes the plasma and other membranes. & All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus\, but including other subcellular structures. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). & Used for the annotation of gene products whose localization is not known or cannot be inferred. HBG004329 B4galt6 GO:0016740 & GO:0000287 & GO:0030145 & GO:0008378 transferase activity & magnesium ion binding & manganese ion binding & galactosyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Interacting selectively with magnesium (Mg) ions. & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). & Interacting selectively with manganese (Mn) ions. & Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule\, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid. GO:0005975 & GO:0030148 carbohydrate metabolism & sphingolipid biosynthesis The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carbohydrates\, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. & The formation from simpler components of sphingolipids\, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid). GO:0016021 & GO:0005794 integral to membrane & Golgi apparatus Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. HBG004362 Gstp2 HBG004671 Isl1 GO:0008270 & GO:0003677 & GO:0003702 zinc ion binding & DNA binding & RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity Any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription; includes both gene regulatory proteins as well as the general transcription factors. & Interacting selectively with zinc (Zn) ions. & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). & Functions to initiate or regulate RNA polymerase II transcription. GO:0007275 & GO:0006091 & GO:0006355 development & energy pathways & regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent Biological processes specifically aimed at the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote\, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. GO:0005634 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG005201 Trp53 GO:0005515 & GO:0003677 & GO:0008134 & GO:0003684 & GO:0016740 & GO:0004672 & GO:0004674 & GO:0005524 protein binding & DNA binding & transcription factor binding & damaged DNA binding & transferase activity & protein kinase activity & protein serine/threonine kinase activity & ATP binding Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription; includes both gene regulatory proteins as well as the general transcription factors. & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). & Interacting selectively with a transcription factor\, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription. & Interacting selectively with damaged DNA. & Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group\, usually from ATP\, to a protein substrate. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate. & Interacting selectively with ATP\, adenosine 5'-triphosphate\, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. GO:0042127 & GO:0006974 & GO:0006350 & GO:0006915 & GO:0009411 & GO:0006355 & GO:0000060 & GO:0008156 & GO:0045786 & GO:0042771 & GO:0048147 & GO:0010165 & GO:0043066 & GO:0007049 & GO:0006950 & GO:0006917 & GO:0006468 regulation of cell proliferation & response to DNA damage stimulus & transcription & apoptosis & response to UV & regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent & protein-nucleus import, translocation & negative regulation of DNA replication & negative regulation of cell cycle & DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in induction of apoptosis & negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation & response to X-ray & negative regulation of apoptosis & cell cycle & response to stress & induction of apoptosis & protein amino acid phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of cell proliferation. & A change in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. & The synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA. & A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53\, or an equivalent protein\, in response to the perception of DNA damage. & A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases\, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposition of phosphatidylserine. & A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of the perception of a photon of UV light. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. & The vectorial transfer of a protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus\, across the nuclear membrane. & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of DNA replication. & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of cell cycle activity. & A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53\, or an equivalent protein\, in response to the perception of DNA damage and resulting in the initiation of apoptosis (programmed cell death). & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. & A change in state or activity of the organism (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of the perception of X-rays. & Any process that stops\, prevents or reduces the rate of cell death by apoptosis. & The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two; comprises\, at a minimum\, replication and segregation of DNA; during the course of a cell cycle the cell usually also doubles its mass and duplicates all cytoplasmic organelles. & A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) that occurs in response to stress\, usually\, but not necessarily exogenous (e.g. temperature\, humidity\, ionizing radiation). & A process that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. & The process of introducing a phosphoric group on to a protein. GO:0005737 & GO:0005634 & GO:0005829 & GO:0000776 & GO:0005730 cytoplasm & nucleus & cytosol & kinetochore & nucleolus All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus\, but including other subcellular structures. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. & A multisubunit complex that is located at the pericentric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules. & A small\, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein\, is not bounded by a limiting membrane\, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA\, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S\, 18S\, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA\, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. HBG005407 Calr GO:0005509 & GO:0005514 & GO:0005529 & GO:0005554 calcium ion binding & calcium ion storage activity & sugar binding & molecular_function unknown Assists in the correct non-covalent assembly of polypeptide-containing structures in vivo\, but is not a component of these assembled structures when they are performing their normal biological function. & Interacting selectively with calcium ions (Ca2+). & Interacting selectively with any mono-\, di- or trisaccharide carbohydrate. & Used for the annotation of gene products whose function is not known or cannot be inferred. GO:0007157 & GO:0000004 heterophilic cell adhesion & biological_process unknown The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. & Used for the annotation of gene products whose process is not known or cannot be inferred. GO:0005615 & GO:0005783 & GO:0008372 extracellular space & endoplasmic reticulum & cellular_component unknown That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). & Used for the annotation of gene products whose localization is not known or cannot be inferred. HBG005429 Pcyt1a GO:0016740 & GO:0016779 & GO:0004105 transferase activity & nucleotidyltransferase activity & choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant. & Catalysis of the reaction\: CTP + choline phosphate = diphosphate + CDP-choline. GO:0009058 & GO:0009628 & GO:0006656 & GO:0008654 biosynthesis & response to abiotic stimulus & phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis & phospholipid biosynthesis The energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones\, as in growth and other biosynthetic processes. & A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of the perception of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. & The formation from simpler components of phosphatidylcholines\, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. & The formation from simpler components of phospholipids\, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester. GO:0016020 membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. HBG005456 Odc GO:0003824 & GO:0016829 & GO:0016831 & GO:0004586 catalytic activity & lyase activity & carboxy-lyase activity & ornithine decarboxylase activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions\, the reactants are known as substrates\, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates\, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein\, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. & Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C\, C-O\, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation\, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction\, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate\, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring. & Catalysis of the reaction\: L-ornithine = putrescine + CO2. GO:0006596 polyamine biosynthesis The formation from simpler components of polyamines\, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups. HBG005743 Fos GO:0003677 & GO:0004289 DNA binding & subtilase activity Any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription; includes both gene regulatory proteins as well as the general transcription factors. & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). GO:0008151 & GO:0000074 & GO:0007399 & GO:0006355 & GO:0006508 cell growth and/or maintenance & regulation of cell cycle & neurogenesis & regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent & proteolysis and peptidolysis Any process required for the survival and growth of a cell. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of the cell cycle. & The origin and formation of neurons. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription. & Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GO:0005634 & GO:0005667 & GO:0005622 nucleus & transcription factor complex & intracellular A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & Any complex including one or more polypeptides capable of binding DNA at promoters or at cis-acting regulatory sequences\, and regulating transcription. & The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. HBG005847 Glul GO:0016874 & GO:0004356 ligase activity & glutamate-ammonia ligase activity Catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage\, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine. GO:0009399 nitrogen fixation GO:0005739 mitochondrion A semiautonomous\, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers\, shapes\, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. HBG005918 Gosr1 GO:0005515 & GO:0004872 protein binding & receptor activity Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. & Enables the directed movement of proteins into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0006810 & GO:0006886 transport & intracellular protein transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The directed movement of proteins into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The directed movement of proteins in a cell\, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell\, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GO:0000139 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005794 Golgi membrane & integral to membrane & Golgi apparatus The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. HBG005920 Grp58 GO:0016853 & GO:0005489 & GO:0008233 & GO:0003756 isomerase activity & electron transporter activity & peptidase activity & protein disulfide isomerase activity Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. & Enables the directed movement of electrons into\, out of\, within or between cells. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. & Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins. GO:0006118 electron transport The transport of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. GO:0005615 & GO:0005783 extracellular space & endoplasmic reticulum That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). HBG006197 B2m GO:0030106 MHC class I receptor activity A major histocompatibility complex class I receptor. These display processed antigens from the endocytosed bacteria. MHC class I proteins can form complexes with processed antigen peptides only if the antigen is synthesized in the same cell. As a consequence\, T lymphocytes can only bind to class-I-positive cells that are synthesizing the antigen (e.g. virus-infected cells). GO:0006952 & GO:0006968 & GO:0019883 & GO:0019885 defense response & cellular defense response & antigen presentation, endogenous antigen & antigen processing, endogenous antigen via MHC class I Reactions\, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury\, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. & A defense response that is mediated by cells. & The process by which antigen-presenting cells express self antigen on their cell surface in a form recognizable by lymphocytes. & The processes that result in the fragmentation by proteolysis of endogenous antigens and the association of the resulting peptides with MHC class I molecules. GO:0005615 & GO:0005886 & GO:0005887 extracellular space & plasma membrane & integral to plasma membrane That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG006255 Lgals1 GO:0005529 & GO:0030395 sugar binding & lactose binding Interacting selectively with any mono-\, di- or trisaccharide carbohydrate. & Interacting selectively with lactose\, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose\, the carbohydrate of milk. GO:0007157 & GO:0045445 & GO:0006915 & GO:0008629 heterophilic cell adhesion & myoblast differentiation & apoptosis & induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell. & The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast\, a cell type that\, by fusion with other myoblasts\, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. & A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases\, whose actions dismantle the cell and result in cell death. Apoptosis begins internally with condensation and subsequent fragmentation of the cell nucleus (blebbing) while the plasma membrane remains intact. Other characteristics of apoptosis include DNA fragmentation and the exposition of phosphatidylserine. & Any process induced by intracellular signals that directly activates any of the steps required for cell death by apoptosis. GO:0005615 & GO:0005634 & GO:0005739 extracellular space & nucleus & mitochondrion That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. & A semiautonomous\, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers\, shapes\, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. HBG006384 Slc16a1 GO:0005215 & GO:0005386 & GO:0015293 & GO:0015355 transporter activity & carrier activity & symporter activity & monocarboxylate porter activity Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of the membrane to the other. & Catalyze the transport of two or more molecular species across a membrane\, transport being in the same direction. GO:0006810 & GO:0015711 & GO:0006605 transport & organic anion transport & protein targeting The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The directed movement of organic anions into\, out of\, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. & The process of targeting specific proteins to particular membrane-bound subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif. GO:0016021 & GO:0005887 integral to membrane & integral to plasma membrane Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG006443 Slc9a1 GO:0005216 & GO:0015297 & GO:0015299 ion channel activity & antiporter activity & solute:hydrogen antiporter activity Allows the regulatable energy-independent passage of ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient. & Catalysis of the exchange of one or more molecular species for another across a membrane. & Catalysis of the reaction\: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out). & Catalysis of the reaction\: solute(out) + H+(in) = solute(in) + H+(out). GO:0006810 & GO:0006885 transport & regulation of pH The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & Any process that modulates the pH of a solution\, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion. & The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0005615 & GO:0005624 & GO:0016021 & GO:0016323 extracellular space & membrane fraction & integral to membrane & basolateral plasma membrane That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & That fraction of cells\, prepared by disruptive biochemical methods\, that includes the plasma and other membranes. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Part of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes\, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix\, or in plant cells\, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis. HBG006537 Slc10a2 GO:0005386 & GO:0008508 & GO:0015293 carrier activity & bile acid:sodium symporter activity & symporter activity Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of the membrane to the other. & Catalysis of the reaction\: bile acid(out) + Na+(out) = bile acid(in) + Na+(in). & Catalyze the transport of two or more molecular species across a membrane\, transport being in the same direction. GO:0006810 & GO:0015711 transport & organic anion transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The directed movement of organic anions into\, out of\, within or between cells. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. & The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0016020 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005887 membrane & integral to membrane & integral to plasma membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG007098 Xrcc1 GO:0003684 damaged DNA binding Interacting selectively with damaged DNA. GO:0006281 & GO:0000012 DNA repair & single strand break repair The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations\, chemical mutagens\, fungal and bacterial toxins\, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal\, base excision repair\, nucleotide excision repair\, photoreactivation\, bypass\, double-strand break repair pathway\, and mismatch repair pathway. & The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair. GO:0005622 & GO:0005634 intracellular & nucleus The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG007374 Hsp86-1 HBG007846 Slc20a1 GO:0004872 & GO:0005386 receptor activity & carrier activity Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. & Catalysis of the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of the membrane to the other. GO:0006810 & GO:0006817 transport & phosphate transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules\, small molecules\, ions) into\, out of\, within or between cells. & The directed movement of phosphate into\, out of\, within or between cells. GO:0016020 & GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005887 membrane & extracellular space & integral to membrane & integral to plasma membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG008170 AI451906 HBG008177 Pgk1 GO:0016301 & GO:0016740 & GO:0004618 kinase activity & transferase activity & phosphoglycerate kinase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group\, usually from ATP\, to a substrate molecule. & Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + 3-phospho-D-glycerate = ADP + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate. & Catalysis of the reaction\: 4 ATP + 2 phosphorylase B = 4 ADP + phosphorylase A. GO:0006096 glycolysis The breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into simpler components\, including pyruvate. GO:0005964 phosphorylase kinase complex An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of phosphorylase b to form phosphorylase a. HBG008250 Adprt1 GO:0016740 & GO:0005515 & GO:0003677 & GO:0003950 transferase activity & protein binding & DNA binding & NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group\, e.g. a methyl group\, glycosyl group\, acyl group\, phosphorus-containing\, or other groups\, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. & Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). & Interacting selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). & Catalysis of the reaction\: NAD+ + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor. GO:0006259 & GO:0006281 & GO:0006471 & GO:0006284 & GO:0000723 & GO:0040009 DNA metabolism & DNA repair & protein amino acid ADP-ribosylation & base-excision repair & telomere maintenance & regulation of growth rate The chemical reactions and physical changes involving DNA\, deoxyribonucleic acid\, one of the two main types of nucleic acid\, consisting of a long\, unbranched macromolecule formed from one\, or more commonly\, two\, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. & The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations\, chemical mutagens\, fungal and bacterial toxins\, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal\, base excision repair\, nucleotide excision repair\, photoreactivation\, bypass\, double-strand break repair pathway\, and mismatch repair pathway. & The transfer\, from NAD\, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids. & In base excision repair\, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme\, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. & The maintenance of proper telomeric length by processes that affect and monitor the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. & Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism. GO:0005622 & GO:0005634 intracellular & nucleus The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes. It is the primary site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis in the cell. HBG008260 Prnp GO:0005507 & GO:0005515 copper ion binding & protein binding Interacting selectively with copper (Cu) ions. & Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). GO:0006139 & GO:0006979 & GO:0006878 & GO:0000004 nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism & response to oxidative stress & copper ion homeostasis & biological_process unknown The chemical reactions and physical changes involving nucleobases\, nucleosides\, nucleotides and nucleic acids. & A change in state or activity of an organism or cell (in terms of movement\, secretion\, enzyme production\, gene expression\, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress\, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species\, e.g. superoxide anions\, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)\, and hydroxyl radicals. & The regulation of the levels\, transport\, and metabolism of copper ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. & Used for the annotation of gene products whose process is not known or cannot be inferred. GO:0005886 & GO:0005783 & GO:0005794 & GO:0045121 plasma membrane & endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi apparatus & lipid raft The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. & Specialized membrane domains composed mainly of cholesterol and sphingolipids\, and are relatively poor in polyunsaturated lipids such as glycerophospholipids. The formation of these membrane domains is promoted by the presence of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer\: the rigid hexagonal rings of cholesterol can pack tightly against the saturated hydrocarbon chains of some membrane lipids\, allowing these lipids to assemble into cohesive units floating in the mass of loosely packed polyunsaturated plasma membrane components. HBG008705 Furin GO:0016787 & GO:0004252 & GO:0004276 & GO:0004289 hydrolase activity & serine-type endopeptidase activity & furin activity & subtilase activity Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds\, e.g. C-O\, C-N\, C-C\, phosphoric anhydride bonds\, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide linkages in oligopeptides or polypeptides; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme. & Catalysis of the release of mature proteins from their proproteins by cleavage of the terminal bond of Arg-Xaa-Yaa-Arg-Z motifs where Xaa can be any amino acid and Yaa is Arg or Lys. Releases albumin\, complement component C3 and von Willebrand factor from their respective precursors. GO:0006508 proteolysis and peptidolysis Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005769 & GO:0012510 extracellular space & integral to membrane & early endosome & trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Small irregularly shaped intracellular vesicles to which endocytosed molecules are initially delivered. & The membrane surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell. HBG009063 Mt1 GO:0005507 & GO:0008270 & GO:0046872 copper ion binding & zinc ion binding & metal ion binding Interacting selectively with copper (Cu) ions. & Interacting selectively with zinc (Zn) ions. & Interacting selectively with any metal ion. GO:0007263 & GO:0006875 & GO:0006882 nitric oxide mediated signal transduction & metal ion homeostasis & zinc ion homeostasis Signal transduction pathway mediated by the perception of nitric oxide (NO). & The regulation of the levels\, transport\, and metabolism of metal ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. & The regulation of the levels\, transport\, and metabolism of zinc ions within a cell or between a cell and its external environment. GO:0005829 & GO:0005764 cytosol & lysosome That part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components. & Any of a group of related cytoplasmic\, membrane bound organelles that are found in most animal cells and that contain a variety of hydrolases\, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. HBG009576 Gja1 GO:0005243 & GO:0015285 gap-junction forming channel activity & connexon channel activity GO:0007154 & GO:0007267 & GO:0008016 & GO:0035050 cell communication & cell-cell signaling & regulation of heart rate & embryonic heart tube development Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell\, between a cell and an extracellular matrix\, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. & Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of heart contraction. & Generation and development of the embryonic heart tube. GO:0016021 & GO:0005921 & GO:0005922 & GO:0005615 integral to membrane & gap junction & connexon complex & extracellular space Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & Any specialized areas of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells where the membranes are 2-4 nm apart and penetrated by a connexon. & An assembly of six molecules of connexin\, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane\, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. HBG012382 Hspa8 GO:0003773 & GO:0005515 & GO:0042623 heat shock protein activity & protein binding & ATPase activity, coupled Assists in the correct non-covalent assembly of polypeptide-containing structures in vivo\, but is not a component of these assembled structures when they are performing their normal biological function. & Any of a group of specific proteins that are synthesized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells after they have been exposed to a temperature that is higher than normal. Other stresses\, e.g. free radical damage\, have a similar effect. Many members of the hsp family are not induced but are present in all cells. They are characterized by their role as molecular chaperones. & Interacting selectively with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules). & Catalysis of the reaction\: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate to directly drive some other reaction\, for example ion transport across a membrane. GO:0000074 & GO:0006457 regulation of cell cycle & protein folding Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of the cell cycle. & A change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement\, secretion\, gene expression\, enzyme production\, etc.) in response to temperatures above the optimal temperature for that organism. HBG014803 Col5a1 GO:0005198 & GO:0005201 & GO:0008201 & GO:0030020 structural molecule activity & extracellular matrix structural constituent & heparin binding & extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell. & The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix. & Interacting selectively with heparin\, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha1-4-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. & A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress. GO:0007155 cell adhesion The attachment of a cell\, either to another cell or to the extracellular matrix\, via cell adhesion molecules. GO:0005578 & GO:0005615 & GO:0005581 & GO:0005588 extracellular matrix & extracellular space & collagen & collagen type V A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Any of the various assemblies in which collagen chains form a left-handed triple helix; may assemble into higher order structures. & A collagen heterotrimer containing type V alpha chains; \[alpha1(V)\]2alpha2(V) and alpha1(V)alpha2(V)alpha3(V) trimers have been observed; type V collagen triple helices associate to form fibrils. HBG017783 Sdc1 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding Interacting selectively with any protein component of any cytoskeleton (actin\, microtubule\, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton). GO:0016020 & GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 membrane & extracellular space & integral to membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG017871 Cxcl1 GO:0008083 & GO:0005125 & GO:0008009 & GO:0005044 growth factor activity & cytokine activity & chemokine activity & scavenger receptor activity The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation. & Functions to control the survival\, growth\, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells. & The function of a family of chemotactic pro-inflammatory activation-inducible cytokines (GO\:0005125) acting primarily upon hemopoietic cells in immunoregulatory processes; all chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. & Combining with acetylated low-density lipoproteins\, advanced glycation end products\, or other polyanionic ligands to initiate a change in cell activity. & Combining with a low-density lipoprotein to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0008151 & GO:0000074 & GO:0006954 & GO:0006955 & GO:0006935 & GO:0008354 & GO:0030334 & GO:0007281 & GO:0030335 & GO:0007420 & GO:0050930 & GO:0007515 & GO:0007165 & GO:0030097 & GO:0030593 cell growth and/or maintenance & regulation of cell cycle & inflammatory response & immune response & chemotaxis & germ cell migration & regulation of cell migration & germ cell development & positive regulation of cell migration & brain development & induction of positive chemotaxis & lymph gland development & signal transduction & hemopoiesis & neutrophil chemotaxis Any process required for the survival and growth of a cell. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of the cell cycle. & The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation\, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. & Any process involved in the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. & The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). & The rapid expansion of a T-cell population by cell division. Follows T-cell activation. & The orderly movement of a germ cell\, a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes\, from one site to another. & Any process that modulates the frequency\, rate or extent of cell migration. & The process by which an immature germ cell becomes a mature gamete. & Any process that activates or increases the rate of cell migration. & Formation and development of the brain; one of the two components of the central nervous system\, the brain is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight\, hearing\, smell\, etc.). & Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical. & Development of the lymph gland; a small bean-shaped organ made up of a loose meshwork of reticular tissue in which are enmeshed large numbers of lymphocytes\, macrophages and accessory cells. Lymph glands are located along the lymphatic system. & The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor\, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target\, and ultimately effecting a change in the cell's functioning. & The process of blood cell formation. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development\, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. & The movement of a neutrophil cell\, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood\, in response to an external stimulus\, usually an infection or wounding. GO:0005576 & GO:0005622 & GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 extracellular & intracellular & extracellular space & integral to membrane The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. & The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane\, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG018823 Tlr4 GO:0003824 & GO:0004872 & GO:0004888 catalytic activity & receptor activity & transmembrane receptor activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions\, the reactants are known as substrates\, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates\, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein\, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. & Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity. GO:0008152 & GO:0006954 & GO:0006955 & GO:0007249 metabolism & inflammatory response & immune response & I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade The totality of the chemical reactions and physical changes that occur in living organisms\, comprising anabolism and catabolism; may be qualified to mean the chemical reactions and physical processes undergone by a particular substance\, or class of substances\, in a living organism. & The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation\, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. & Any process involved in the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. & A series of reactions initiated by the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is sequestered by the inhibitor I-kappaB\, and is released when I-kappaB is phosphorylated by activated I-kappaB kinase. GO:0016020 & GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 membrane & extracellular space & integral to membrane Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells\, and\, in eukaryotes\, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer\, also includes associated proteins. & That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. HBG019063 Mbtps1 GO:0016787 & GO:0008233 & GO:0004252 & GO:0004289 hydrolase activity & peptidase activity & serine-type endopeptidase activity & subtilase activity Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds\, e.g. C-O\, C-N\, C-C\, phosphoric anhydride bonds\, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide linkages in oligopeptides or polypeptides; a serine residue (and a histidine residue) are at the active center of the enzyme. GO:0006629 & GO:0006508 & GO:0008203 lipid metabolism & proteolysis and peptidolysis & cholesterol metabolism The chemical reactions and physical changes involving lipids\, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not\, or sparingly\, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats\, other fatty-acid esters\, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids\, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes\, polyprenols\, sterols\, terpenes and other isoprenoids. & Destruction of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of peptide bonds. & The chemical reactions and physical changes involving cholesterol\, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol\, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids\, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. GO:0005615 & GO:0016021 & GO:0005783 & GO:0005794 extracellular space & integral to membrane & endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi apparatus That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper\, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes\, and occupied by fluid. & Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. Also refers to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. & The irregular network of unit membranes\, visible only by electron microscopy\, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels\, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms\, rough (or granular)\, with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface\, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). & A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells\, consisting of flattened\, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes\, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum\, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle\, while in invertebrates and plants\, where they are known usually as dictyosomes\, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins\, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function\: cis\, in the vicinity of the cis face\, trans\, in the vicinity of the trans face\, and medial\, lying between the cis and trans regions. HBG019078 Neu2 GO:0016787 & GO:0016798 & GO:0004308 hydrolase activity & hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds & exo-alpha-sialidase activity Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds\, e.g. C-O\, C-N\, C-C\, phosphoric anhydride bonds\, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond. & Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-\, alpha-(2->6)-\, alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides\, glycoproteins\, glycolipids\, colominic acid and synthetic substrates. GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolism The chemical reactions and physical changes involving carbohydrates\, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.