TY - GEN AB - Urban areas carry a large burden of acute (infectious) and chronic respiratory diseases due to environmental conditions such as high levels of air pollution and high population densities. Car-dominated cities often lack walkable areas, which reduces opportunities for physical activity that are fundamentally important for healthy lungs. The already restricted amount of green space available—with often poorly selected plants—could produce pollen and subsequently provoke or worsen allergic diseases. Less affluent neighbourhoods often carry a larger respiratory disease burden. A multisectoral approach with more diverse policy measures and urban innovations is needed to reduce air pollution (eg, low emission zones), to increase public space for walking and cycling (eg, low traffic neighbourhoods, superblocks, 15-minute cities, and car-free cities), and to develop green cities (eg, planting of low-allergy trees). Stricter EU air quality guidelines can push these transformations to improve the respiratory health of citizens. Advocacy by medical respiratory societies can also make an important contribution to such changes. AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark AU - de Nazelle, Audrey AU - Garcia-Aymerich, Judith AU - Khreis, Haneen AU - Hoffmann, Barbara DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00329-6 IS - 3 PY - 2024 TI - Shaping urban environments to improve respiratory health: recommendations for research, planning, and policy T2 - The Lancet Respiratory Medicine VL - 12 ER - TY - GEN AB - Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that street trees not only reduce dust pollution and absorb particulate matter (PM) but also improve microclimates, providing both ecological functions and aesthetic value. However, recent research has revealed that street tree canopy cover can impede the dispersion of atmospheric PM within street canyons, leading to the accumulation of street pollutants. Although many studies have investigated the impact of street trees on air pollutant dispersion within street canyons, the extent of their influence remains unclear and uncertain. Pollutant accumulation corresponds to the specific characteristics of individual street canyons, coupled with meteorological factors and pollution source strength. Notably, the characteristics of street tree canopy cover also exert a significant influence. There is still a quantitative research gap on street tree cover impacts with respect to pollution and dust reduction control measures within street spaces. To improve urban traffic environments, policymakers have mainly focused on scientifically based street vegetation deployment initiatives in building ecological garden cities and improving the living environment. To address uncertainties regarding the influence of street trees on the dispersion of atmospheric PM in urban streets, this study reviews dispersion mechanisms and key atmospheric PM factors in urban streets, summarizes the research approaches used to conceptualize atmospheric PM dispersion in urban street canyons, and examines urban plant efficiency in reducing atmospheric PM. Furthermore, we also address current challenges and future directions in this field to provide a more comprehensive understanding of atmospheric PM dispersion in urban streets and the role that street trees play in mitigating air pollution. AU - Wang, Xiaoshuang AU - Zhou, Zhixiang AU - Xiang, Yang AU - Peng, Chucai AU - Peng, Changhui DO - 10.1139/er-2023-0103 IS - 1 PY - 2024 TI - Effects of street plants on atmospheric particulate dispersion in urban streets: A review T2 - Environmental Reviews VL - 32 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The World Health Organization considered the wide spread of COVID-19 over the world as a pandemic. There is still a lack of understanding of its origin, transmission, and treatment methods. Understanding the influencing factors of COVID-19 can help mitigate its spread, but little research on the spatial factors has been conducted. Therefore, this study explores the effects of urban geometry and socio-demographic factors on the COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong. For each patient, the places they visited during the incubation period before going to hospital were identified, and matched with corresponding attributes of urban geometry (i.e., building geometry, road network and greenspace) and socio-demographic factors (i.e., demographic, educational, economic, household and housing characteristics) based on the coordinates. The local cases were then compared with the imported cases using stepwise logistic regression, logistic regression with case-control of time, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to identify factors influencing local disease transmission. Results show that the building geometry, road network and certain socio-economic characteristics are significantly associated with COVID-19 cases. In addition, the results indicate that urban geometry is playing a more important role than socio-demographic characteristics in affecting COVID-19 incidence. These findings provide a useful reference to the government and the general public as to the spatial vulnerability of COVID-19 transmission and to take appropriate preventive measures in high-risk areas. AU - Kwok, Coco Yin Tung AU - Wong, Man Sing AU - Chan, Ka Long AU - Kwan, Mei Po AU - Nichol, Janet Elizabeth AU - Liu, Chun Ho AU - Wong, Janet Yuen Ha AU - Wai, Abraham Ka Chung AU - Chan, Lawrence Wing Chi AU - Xu, Yang AU - Li, Hon AU - Huang, Jianwei AU - Kan, Zihan DA - 2021/4// DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144455 KW - COVID-19 pandemic KW - Socio-demographic characteristics KW - Spatial analysis KW - Urban geometry PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2021 TI - Spatial analysis of the impact of urban geometry and socio-demographic characteristics on COVID-19, a study in Hong Kong T2 - Science of the Total Environment VL - 764 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Background Associations between high and low temperatures and increases in mortality and morbidity have been previously reported, yet no comprehensive assessment of disease burden has been done. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the global and regional burden due to non-optimal temperature exposure. AU - Burkart, Katrin G AU - Brauer, Michael AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y AU - Godwin, William W AU - Hay, Simon I AU - He, Jiawei AU - Iannucci, Vincent C AU - Larson, Samantha L AU - Lim, Stephen S AU - Liu, Jiangmei AU - Murray, Christopher J L AU - Zheng, Peng AU - Zhou, Maigeng AU - Stanaway, Jeffrey D PY - 2021 TI - Estimating the cause-specific relative risks of non-optimal temperature on daily mortality: a two-part modelling approach applied to the Global Burden of Disease Study T2 - www.thelancet.com UR - www.thelancet.com VL - 398 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Air pollution, a pervasive environmental threat that spans urban and rural landscapes alike, poses significant risks to human health, exacerbating respiratory conditions, triggering cardiovascular problems, and contributing to a myriad of other health complications across diverse populations worldwide. This article delves into the multifarious impacts of air pollution, utilizing cutting-edge research methodologies and big data analytics to offer a comprehensive overview. It highlights the emergence of new pollutants, their sources, and characteristics, thereby broadening our understanding of contemporary air quality challenges. The detrimental health effects of air pollution are examined thoroughly, emphasizing both short-term and long-term impacts. Particularly vulnerable populations are identified, underscoring the need for targeted health risk assessments and interventions. The article presents an in-depth analysis of the global disease burden attributable to air pollution, offering a comparative perspective that illuminates the varying impacts across different regions. Furthermore, it addresses the economic ramifications of air pollution, quantifying health and economic losses, and discusses the implications for public policy and health care systems. Innovative air pollution intervention measures are explored, including case studies demonstrating their effectiveness. The paper also brings to light recent discoveries and insights in the field, setting the stage for future research directions. It calls for international cooperation in tackling air pollution and underscores the crucial role of public awareness and education in mitigating its impacts. This comprehensive exploration serves not only as a scientific discourse but also as a clarion call for action against the invisible but insidious threat of air pollution, making it a vital read for researchers, policymakers, and the general public. AU - Chen, Fu AU - Zhang, Wanyue AU - Mfarrej, Manar Fawzi Bani AU - Saleem, Muhammad Hamzah AU - Khan, Khalid Ali AU - Ma, Jing AU - Raposo, António AU - Han, Heesup DA - 2024/7// DO - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116532 KW - Air quality monitoring KW - Environmental health KW - Pollution control strategies KW - Public health policy KW - Sustainable urban planning KW - Technological innovations in air purification PB - Academic Press PY - 2024 TI - Breathing in danger: Understanding the multifaceted impact of air pollution on health impacts T2 - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety VL - 280 ER - TY - GEN AU - Yang, Jun AU - Siri, José G. AU - Remais, Justin V. AU - Cheng, Qu AU - Zhang, Han AU - Chan, Karen K.Y. AU - Sun, Zhe AU - Zhao, Yuanyuan AU - Cong, Na AU - Li, Xueyan AU - Zhang, Wei AU - Bai, Yuqi AU - Bi, Jun AU - Cai, Wenjia AU - Chan, Emily Y.Y. AU - Chen, Wanqing AU - Fan, Weicheng AU - Fu, Hua AU - He, Jianqing AU - Huang, Hong AU - Ji, John S. AU - Jia, Peng AU - Jiang, Xiaopeng AU - Kwan, Mei Po AU - Li, Tianhong AU - Li, Xiguang AU - Liang, Song AU - Liang, Xiaofeng AU - Liang, Lu AU - Liu, Qiyong AU - Lu, Yongmei AU - Luo, Yong AU - Ma, Xiulian AU - Schwartländer, Bernhard AU - Shen, Zhiyong AU - Shi, Peijun AU - Su, Jing AU - Wu, Tinghai AU - Yang, Changhong AU - Yin, Yongyuan AU - Zhang, Qiang AU - Zhang, Yinping AU - Zhang, Yong AU - Xu, Bing AU - Gong, Peng DA - 2018/5// DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30486-0 IS - 10135 PB - Lancet Publishing Group PY - 2018 SP - 2140 EP - 2184 TI - The Tsinghua–Lancet Commission on Healthy Cities in China: unlocking the power of cities for a healthy China T2 - The Lancet VL - 391 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made more than 125 million people infected and more than 2.7 million people dead globally. Airborne transmission has been recognized as one of the major transmission routes for SARS-CoV-2. This paper presents a systematic approach for evaluating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ control strategies in mitigating the infection risk in different scenarios. The IAQ control strategies across multiple scales from a whole building to rooms, and to cubical and personal microenvironments and breathing zone, are introduced, including elevated outdoor airflow rates, high-efficiency filters, advanced air distribution strategies, standalone air cleaning technologies, personal ventilation and face masks. The effectiveness of these strategies for reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection are evaluated for specific indoor spaces, including long-term care facility, school and college, meat plant, retail stores, hospital, office, correctional facility, hotel, restaurant, casino and transportation spaces like airplane, cruise ship, subway, bus and taxi, where airborne transmission are more likely to occur due to high occupancy densities. The baseline cases of these spaces are established according to the existing standards, guidelines or practices. Several integrated mitigation strategies are recommended and classified based on their relative cost and effort of implementation for each indoor space. They can be applied to help meet the current challenge of ongoing COVID-19, and provide better preparation for other possible epidemics and pandemics of airborne infectious diseases in the future. AU - Shen, Jialei AU - Kong, Meng AU - Dong, Bing AU - Birnkrant, Michael J. AU - Zhang, Jianshun DA - 2021/8// DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926 KW - Airborne transmission KW - COVID-19 KW - IAQ KW - Mitigation strategy KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - Wells-riley model PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2021 TI - A systematic approach to estimating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ strategies for reducing the risk of airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Building and Environment VL - 200 ER - TY - GEN AB - A major public health challenge facing local administrations is reducing the preventable burden of non-communicable diseases making cities more resilient against environmental threats. The objective of this work was to conduct a synthesis of scientific evidence relating to the local context and implement a translational process to support the Department of the Environment in order to improve integration with concurrent policy sectors to urban health and sustainability goals. The first phase reviewed the studies on the association between environmental risk factors and human health and on the contamination levels of the environmental matrices; the second phase synthesised the data in key messages according to the concerns formulated with the collaboration of the Environmental Department. A total of 31 studies were assessed: 21 investigated environmental risk factors, and 9 measured the presence of pollutants in the environmental matrices. The findings identified air and noise pollution as the most important threats associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, together with significant contamination levels of the urban environment from microplastics and hydrocarbons. Based on the review findings, a layman's report for the City Council and the citizens, explicitly addressing emerging issues, was made publicly accessible. A lack of specific, updated and exchangeable data for city health profiling in a deteriorated environmental context represented the main barrier to a resilient community. The suggested recommendation for the local administration was to adopt an environmental policy integration framework to strengthen the monitoring of the impact on citizens' health. AU - Donzelli, Gabriele AU - Linzalone, Nunzia DA - 2023/8// DO - 10.1016/j.envsci.2023.05.009 KW - Environmental policy integration KW - Environmental risk factors KW - Non-communicable diseases KW - Sustainable development KW - Systematic review KW - Urban health governance PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2023 SP - 171 EP - 184 TI - Use of scientific evidence to inform environmental health policies and governance strategies at the local level T2 - Environmental Science and Policy VL - 146 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ongoing uncertainty over the relative importance of aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is in part rooted in the history of medical science and our understanding of how epidemic diseases can spread through human populations. Ancient Greek medical theory held that such illnesses are transmitted by airborne pathogenic emanations containing particulate matter (“miasmata”). Notable Roman and medieval scholars such as Varro, Ibn al-Khatib and Fracastoro developed these ideas, combining them with early germ theory and the concept of contagion. A widely held but vaguely defined belief in toxic miasmatic mists as a dominant causative agent in disease propagation was overtaken by the science of 19th century microbiology and epidemiology, especially in the study of cholera, which was proven to be mainly transmitted by contaminated water. Airborne disease transmission came to be viewed as burdened by a dubious historical reputation and difficult to demonstrate convincingly. A breakthrough came with the classic mid-20th century work of Wells, Riley and Mills who proved how expiratory aerosols (their “droplet nuclei”) could transport still-infectious tuberculosis bacteria through ventilation systems. The topic of aerosol transmission of pathogenic respiratory diseases assumed a new dimension with the mid-late 20th century “Great Acceleration” of an increasingly hypermobile human population repeatedly infected by different strains of zoonotic viruses, and has taken centre stage this century in response to outbreaks of new respiratory infections that include coronaviruses. From a geoscience perspective, the consequences of pandemic-status diseases such as COVID-19, produced by viral pathogens utilising aerosols to infect a human population currently approaching 8 billion, are far-reaching and unprecedented. The obvious and sudden impacts on for example waste plastic production, water and air quality and atmospheric chemistry are accelerating human awareness of current environmental challenges. As such, the “anthropause” lockdown enforced by COVID-19 may come to be seen as a harbinger of change great enough to be preserved in the Anthropocene stratal record. AU - Moreno, Teresa AU - Gibbons, Wes DA - 2022/11// DO - 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101282 IS - 6 KW - Aerosol disease transmission KW - Anthropocene record KW - COVID-19 KW - Coronavirus KW - History of epidemics PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2022 TI - Aerosol transmission of human pathogens: From miasmata to modern viral pandemics and their preservation potential in the Anthropocene record T2 - Geoscience Frontiers VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Like rest of the world, the South Asian region is facing enormous challenges with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The socioeconomic context of the eight South Asian countries is averse to any long-term lockdown program, but the region still observed stringent lockdown close to two months. This paper analyzed major measures in public health preparedness and responses in those countries in the pandemic. The research was based on a situation analysis to discuss appropriate plan for epidemic preparedness, strategies for prevention and control measures, and adequate response management mechanism. Based on the data from March 21 to June 26, 2020, it appeared lockdown program along with other control measures were not as effective to arrest the exponential growth of fortnightly COVID-19 cases in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka have been successfully limiting the spread of the disease. The in-depth analysis of prevention and control measures espoused densely populated context of South Asia needs community-led intervention strategy, such as case containment, in order to reverse the growing trend, and adopt the policy of mitigation instead of suppression to formulate COVID-19 action plan. On the other hand, mechanism for response management encompassed a four-tier approach of governance to weave community-led local bodies with state, national and international governance actors for enhancing the countries’ emergency operation system. It is concluded resource-crunch countries in South Asia are unable to cope with the disproportionate demand of capital and skilled health care workforce at the time of the pandemic. Hence, response management needs an approach of governance maximization instead of resource maximization. The epidemiologic management of population coupled with suitable public health prevention and control measures may be a more appropriate strategy to strike a balance between economy and population health during the time of pandemic. AU - Sarkar, Amitabha AU - Liu, Guangqi AU - Jin, Yinzi AU - Xie, Zheng AU - Zheng, Zhi Jie DA - 2020/12// DO - 10.1016/j.glohj.2020.11.003 IS - 4 KW - COVID-19 KW - Coronavirus disease 2019 KW - Epidemiological management KW - Intervention strategy KW - Pandemic KW - Public health KW - South Asia PB - KeAi Communications Co. PY - 2020 SP - 121 EP - 132 TI - Public health preparedness and responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in South Asia: a situation and policy analysis T2 - Global Health Journal VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Urban, socio-economic and eco-environmental influences on people's health are widely studied and well-known. Their relation to COVID-19, however, is still a novel research topic. Thus, we investigated if COVID-19 parameters are higher in cities with higher urbanization, worst socio-economic conditions, and less vegetation cover, considering 3,052 municipalities in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Brazil is the second country most affected by COVID-19, and the Atlantic Forest is its most urbanized, populous, and deforested region. Indexes were created through multivariate principal components analysis using secondary official data: population, demographic density, absolute built area, and relative built area as urbanization parameters; average per capita income, relative people vulnerable to poverty, illiteracy rate of the population aged 18 or over, and human development index (HDI) as socio-economic parameters; and absolute and relative vegetation cover, absolute and relative forest cover as eco-environmental parameters. These indexes were correlated with absolute and relative confirmed COVID-19 cases, absolute and relative confirmed deaths, and mortality rate via Spearman's and Kendall's coefficients. Strong correlations (>0.50) were found between COVID-19 and urbanization. Socio-economic and eco-environmental aspects, although weaker predictors of COVID-19, presented meaningful relations with the health parameters. This study contributes to the evidence regarding COVID-19 incidence in the Brazilian population. AU - Viezzer, Jennifer AU - Biondi, Daniela DA - 2021/6// DO - 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102859 KW - COVID-19 incidence KW - Coronavirus KW - Ecosystem services KW - Nature's contribution to people KW - Urban forest KW - Vegetation cover PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2021 TI - The influence of urban, socio-economic, and eco-environmental aspects on COVID-19 cases, deaths and mortality: A multi-city case in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil T2 - Sustainable Cities and Society VL - 69 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Tulchinsky, Theodore H. AU - Varavikova, Elena A. DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-415766-8.00001-X PB - Elsevier PY - 2014 SP - 1 EP - 42 TI - A History of Public Health T2 - The New Public Health UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012415766800001X ER - TY - RPRT AB - China's health gains over the past decades face potential reversals if climate change adaptation is not prioritized. China's temperature rise surpasses the global average due to urban heat islands and ecological changes, and demands urgent actions to safeguard public health. Effective adaptation need to consider China's urbanization trends, underlying non-communicable diseases, an aging population, and future pandemic threats. Climate change adaptation initiatives and strategies include urban green space, healthy indoor environments, spatial planning for cities, advance location-specific early warning systems for extreme weather events, and a holistic approach for linking carbon neutrality to health co-benefits. Innovation and technology uptake is a crucial opportunity. China's successful climate adaptation can foster international collaboration regionally and beyond. AU - Ji, John S AU - Xia, Yanjie AU - Liu, Linxin AU - Zhou, Weiju AU - Chen, Renjie AU - Dong, Guanghui AU - Hu, Qinghua AU - Jiang, Jingkun AU - Kan, Haidong AU - Li, Tiantian AU - Li, Yi AU - Liu, Qiyong AU - Liu, Yanxiang AU - Long, Ying AU - Lv, Yuebin AU - Ma, Jian AU - Ma, Yue AU - Pelin, Kinay AU - Shi, Xiaoming AU - Tong, Shilu AU - Xie, Yang AU - Xu, Lei AU - Yuan, Changzheng AU - Zeng, Huatang AU - Zhao, Bin AU - Zheng, Guangjie AU - Liang, Wannian AU - Chan, Margaret AU - Huang, Cunrui KW - Adaptation KW - Carbon neutrality KW - China KW - Climate change KW - Early warning system KW - Environmental engineering KW - Green space KW - Health co-benefits KW - Health policy KW - Healthy city KW - Indoor KW - One health KW - Public health KW - Sustainable development KW - Temperature KW - Vulnerability analysis PY - 2023 TI - China's public health initiatives for climate change adaptation UR - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ER - TY - CHAP AU - Tulchinsky, Theodore H. AU - Varavikova, Elena A. AU - Cohen, Matan J. DO - 10.1016/B978-0-12-822957-6.00002-8 PB - Elsevier PY - 2023 SP - 1097 EP - 1158 TI - Global health T2 - The New Public Health UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128229576000028 ER - TY - CHAP AB - This chapter addresses the challenges of promoting personal and population health from the different vantage points of biomedical, biopsychosocial, and social ecological models. Over the past century, biomedical theories of illness (e.g., the germ theory) have been subsumed by broader transdisciplinary conceptions of illness, disease prevention, and health promotion. Social ecology incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural determinants of health, as well as physical environmental health threats such as air and water pollution, ultraviolet radiation, global warming, and urban stressors such as noise and overcrowding. People's access to restorative natural settings, well-designed neighborhoods and homes, on the other hand, are environmental resources that enhance well-being. Several studies suggest that community rates of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, substance abuse, and unintentional injuries can be better understood and more effectively reduced through social ecological approaches. The chapter also considers digital health innovations such as telemedicine and online health care, wearable and wireless biometric devices, and analyses of very large data sets to track personal and population risk factors for disease. AU - Stokols, Daniel DO - 10.1016/b978-0-12-803113-1.00005-3 PB - Elsevier PY - 2018 SP - 137 EP - 179 TI - Promoting Personal and Public Health T2 - Social Ecology in the Digital Age ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Reynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes (RANS)model and revised generalized drift fluxmodel were used to investigate the characteristics of airflow fields and PM2.5 dispersion in street canyons with a variety setting on tree crown morphologies (i.e., conical, spherical, and cylindrical), leaf area densities (LADs = 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 m2/m3), and street canyon aspect ratios (H/W= 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0). Results were as follows: (1) airflow fields were reversed in the presence of trees and enhanced with higher LAD; (2) air velocity decreased negligibly when LAD increased from 1.5 to 2.5, but significantly when LAD increased from0.5 to 1.5; (3) tree crownmorphologies, building aspect ratios, and LADswere interrelated. The comparison of PM2.5 showed that themost critical situations inH/W= 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 corresponded to LAD = 0.5 with a conical canopy; (4) the H/W = 1.0 and LAD = 1.5 scenario was identified as the most efficient combination for PM2.5 capture; (5) the maximum PM2.5 reduction ratio was ordered from low to high in the sequence of conical, spherical, and cylindrical canopies. At predestinated LADs and aspect ratio, Populus tomentosa with cylindrical crown morphology exhibited the best efficiency on PM2.5 capture with a reduction ratio of 75% to 85% at pedestrian height. AU - Hong, Bo AU - Lin, Borong AU - Qin, Hongqiao DA - 2017/7// DO - 10.3390/atmos8070129 IS - 7 KW - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - Leaf area density (LAD) KW - PM2.5 KW - Tree crownmorphology KW - Urban street canyon PB - MDPI AG PY - 2017 TI - Numerical investigation on the effect of avenue trees on PM2.5 dispersion in urban street canyons T2 - Atmosphere VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Achieving a healthy and comfortable indoor air environment has long been an objective of human endeavors. For a novel ventilation system, the wall-attached multidirectional jet pattern, the mathematical model describing the jet trajectory, temperature and velocity changes was first proposed to predict airflow attachment and separation moments from walls, covering a densimetric Froude number range from 0.5 to 4.0. Subsequently, this mathematical model was solved using a comprehensive numerical methodology and validated by full-scale experiments, which demonstrated that this established model could accurately depict the wall-attached multidirectional jet flow, with controllable errors — 16.4% for jet trajectory and 8.2% errors for jet axis temperature — when maintaining a supply velocity of 0.2 m/s. Also, the flow characteristics within a room featuring internal heat sources were analyzed, varying air supply velocities from 0.1 to 0.8 m/s and jet angles from 0° to 60°. Finally, this flow pattern of the wall-attached multidirectional jet was further confirmed and reproduced through CFD modelling which illustrated temperature stratification ranging from 18.1 °C to 25.2 °C, similar to the pattern observed in displacement ventilation. Present research could be valuable for the development of wall-attached multidirectional jet and the establishment of a healthy indoor air environment in practical applications. AU - Zhang, Hong Liang AU - Chen, Jun Hao AU - He, Yi AU - Wang, Wei Wei AU - Shang, Jin AU - Zhao, Fu Yun DA - 2023/10// DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110778 KW - Air conditioning terminal KW - Airflow organization KW - Displacement ventilation KW - Mathematical formulation KW - Wall attached jet PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2023 TI - Novel wall-attached multidirectional jets: Mathematical formulation, CFD modeling and experimental validation T2 - Building and Environment VL - 244 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Active tuberculosis (TB) disease can impose substantial morbidity, while treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI) has frequent side effects. We compared health-related quality of life (HRQOL) between persons diagnosed and treated for TB disease, persons treated for LTBI, and persons screened but not treated for TB disease or LTBI, over one year following diagnosis/initial assessment. Methods: Participants were recruited at two hospitals in Montreal (2008-2011), and completed the Short Form-36 version 2 (SF-36) at baseline, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months thereafter. Eight domain scores and physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS, respectively) scores were calculated from responses. Linear mixed models were used to compare mean scores at each evaluation and changes in scores over consecutive evaluations, among participants treated for TB disease and those treated for LTBI, each compared to the control group. Results: Of the 263 participants, 48 were treated for TB disease, 105 for LTBI, and 110 were control participants. Fifty-four percent were women, mean age was 35 years, and 90% were foreign-born. Participants treated for TB disease reported significantly worse mean scores at baseline compared to control participants (mean PCS scores: 50.0 vs. 50.7; mean MCS scores: 46.4 vs. 51.1), with improvement in mean MCS scores throughout the study period. Scores reported by participants treated for LTBI and control participants were comparable throughout the study. Conclusion: TB disease is associated with decrements in HRQOL as measured by the SF-36. This is most pronounced during the weeks after diagnosis and treatment initiation, but is no longer evident after two months. AU - Bauer, Melissa AU - Ahmed, Sara AU - Benedetti, Andrea AU - Greenaway, Christina AU - Lalli, Marek AU - Leavens, Allison AU - Menzies, Dick AU - Vadeboncoeur, Claudia AU - Vissandjée, Bilkis AU - Wynne, Ashley AU - Schwartzman, Kevin DA - 2015/12// DO - 10.1186/s12955-015-0250-4 IS - 1 KW - Health-related quality of life KW - Linear mixed model regression KW - SF-36 KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd. PY - 2015 TI - Health-related quality of life and tuberculosis: A longitudinal cohort study T2 - Health and Quality of Life Outcomes VL - 13 ER - TY - GEN AB - Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in South Africa. Clinical parameters are important objective outcomes in TB; however they often are not directly correlated with subjective well-being of the patient, but can be assessed using patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a specific PRO generally multi-dimensional in nature and includes physical, mental and social health domains. The inclusion of HRQOL PROs in trials and clinical practice can provide additional information beyondclinical and microbiological parameters. Furthermore, HRQOL may be associated with medication adherence. This review focuses on patient-reported HRQOL and its association with medication adherence in TB patients in South Africa. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was developed focusing on the impact of TB on patient-reported HRQOL,the existence of a conceptual framework of TB-specific HRQOL, determinants of medication adherence and the association of HRQOL with medication adherence. Data were extracted from all identified articles and additionaldata extraction was performed by two independent reviewers with special focus on longitudinal studies in order to understand changes of HRQOL and adherence over time. Research gaps were identified with regard to patient-reported HRQOL and medication adherence. Results: A total of 66 articles met the eligibility criteria. Ten HRQOL studies and one adherence study used a longitudinal design, none of these in South Africa. A variety of different generic and disease-specific HRQOL measures were identified in the articles. In South Africa four HRQOL and five adherence studies (non-longitudinal) were published. Similar factors (socio-demographic, socio-economic, disease-related, therapy-related and psycho-social aspects) affect HRQOL and adherence. Although standard TB treatment improved all health domains, psychological well-being and social functioning remained impaired in microbiologically cured patients after treatment. Conclusion: While evidence of TB impact on HRQOL and medication adherence and their association exists, it is verylimited for the South African situation. No valid and reliable TB-specific HRQOL measures were identified in this systematicreview. An assessment of HRQOL in TB patients in South Africa is required as this may assist with improving current disease management programmes, medication adherence and national treatment guidelines. AU - Kastien-Hilka, Tanja AU - Abulfathi, Ahmed AU - Rosenkranz, Bernd AU - Bennett, Bryan AU - Schwenkglenks, Matthias AU - Sinanovic, Edina DA - 2016/3// DO - 10.1186/s12955-016-0442-6 IS - 1 KW - Health-related quality of life KW - Medication adherence KW - Patient-reported outcomes KW - South Africa KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd. PY - 2016 TI - Health-related quality of life and its association with medication adherence in active pulmonary tuberculosis- a systematic review of global literature with focus on South Africa T2 - Health and Quality of Life Outcomes VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Substantial efforts are currently focused on investigating and developing new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) drugs and diagnostic methods. In Yemen, however, the evaluation of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the effect of current MDR-TB treatment on the QoL are commonly ignored. This study evaluated the HRQoL during and after treatment and identified the risk factors that are predictive of HRQoL score differences. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted in four of the five main MDR-TB centres in Yemen. The patients confirmed with MDR-TB completed the SF-36 V2 survey at the beginning of treatment, end of treatment (continous phase) and at the 1 year follow-up after completing treatment. A total normal base score (NBS) of < 47 reflects impairment of functions, whereas a mental component summary (MCS) score of < 43 indicates a risk of depression. Result: At the beginning of treatment, the mean scores for all health domains were < 47 NBS points (PF = 40.7, RP = 16.1, BP = 21.6, GH = 28.3, VT = 14.55, SF = 25.9, RE = 13.7, and MH = 14.7). At the completion of treatment, all eight health domains increase compare to beginning of treatment (PF = 59.3, RP = 31.1, BP = 40.9, GH = 48.5, VT = 30.5, SF = 46.6, RE =26.6 & MH = 27.7), but a follow-up duration of 1 year after completing treatment showed decreased NBS points in all domains (PF = 51.5, RP = 30.6, BP = 39.1, GH = 47.8, VT = 30.2, SF = 43.7, RE =26.4 & MH = 27.2). Age, history of streptomycin use, baseline lung cavity, marital status and length of sickness before MDR-TB diagnosis were predictive of in PCS score differences, whereas, age, smoking, baseline lung cavity, stigma, residence, marital status and length of sickness before MDR-TB diagnosis were predictive of MCS scores differences. Conclusion: The length of sickness before DR-TB diagnosis was found to be predictive of the trends in both PCS and MCS scores. Despite the positive outcome of MDR-TB treatment, the low HRQoL scores obtained for all heath domains and especially for mental health reflect a high depression status of patients even after 1 year of completing therapy. Moreover, the poor HRQoL, particularly regarding mental health, of study participants at the end of treatment demands the need for urgent attention from national tuberculosis control programme managers. Therefore, the Yemen Ministry of Health and the National Tuberculosis Control Programme should implement an intervention programme to enhance HRQoL at the end of treatment to avoid any further negative consequences of MDRTB in patients after treatment. Moreover, The HRQoL data of patients with MDR-TB must be collected at the different stages of MDR-TB treatment to provide an additional parameter for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment programme. Trial registration: SNOYEM 1452. Registered 01 February 2013. AU - Jaber, Ammar Ali Saleh AU - Ibrahim, Baharudin DA - 2019/8// DO - 10.1186/s12955-019-1211-0 IS - 1 KW - Health related quality of life KW - Tuberculosis KW - Yemen PB - BioMed Central Ltd. PY - 2019 TI - Health-related quality of life of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Yemen: Prospective study T2 - Health and Quality of Life Outcomes VL - 17 ER - TY - GEN AB - Background: The disability-adjusted life year (DALY), a key metric for health resource allocation, encompasses morbidity through disability weights. Widely used in tuberculosis cost-effectiveness analysis (CEAs), DALYs play a significant role in informing intervention adopt/reject decisions. This study reviews the values and consistency of disability weights applied in tuberculosis-related CEAs. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using the Tufts CEA database, updated to July 2023 with searches in Embase, Scopus and PubMed. Eligible studies needed to have included a cost-per-DALY ratio, and additionally either evaluated a tuberculosis (TB) intervention or included tuberculosis-related weights. We considered all tuberculosis health states: with/without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, TB treatments and treatment side effects. Data were screened and extracted independently by combinations of two authors. Findings: A total of 105 studies spanning 2002–2023 across 50 countries (mainly low- and middle-income countries) were extracted. Disability weights were sourced primarily from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD; 100/165; 61%), with 17 non-GBD studies additionally referenced, along with primary derivation. Inconsistencies in the utilisation of weights were evident: of the 100 usages of GBD-sourced weights, only in 47 instances (47%) had the weight value been explicitly specified with an appropriate up-to-date reference cited (constituting 28% of all weight usages, 47/165). Sensitivity analyses on weight values had been conducted in 30% of studies (31/105). Twelve studies did not clearly specify weights or their sources; nine further calculated DALYs without morbidity. The review suggests methodological gaps in current approaches for representing important aspects of TB, including TB–HIV coinfection, treatment, drug-resistance, extrapulmonary TB and psychological impacts. We propose a set of best practice recommendations. Interpretation: There is a need for increased rigour in the application, sensitivity testing and reporting of TB disability weights. Furthermore, there appears a desire among researchers to reflect elements of the tuberculosis experience beyond those allowed for by GBD disability weights. AU - Tomeny, Ewan M. AU - Hampton, Thomas AU - Tran, Phuong Bich AU - Rosu, Laura AU - Phiri, Mphatso D. AU - Haigh, Kathryn A. AU - Nidoi, Jasper AU - Wingfield, Tom AU - Worrall, Eve DA - 2024/11// DO - 10.1007/s40273-024-01410-x PB - Adis PY - 2024 TI - Rethinking Tuberculosis Morbidity Quantification: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of TB Disability Weights in Cost-Effectiveness Analyses T2 - PharmacoEconomics ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infection and a major public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Active case finding (ACF) programs have been established to effectively reduce TB in endemic global communities. However, there is little information about the evidence-based benefits of active case finding at both the individual and community levels. Accurately identifying the facilitators and barriers to TB-ACF provides information that can be used in planning and design as the world aims to end the global TB epidemic by 2035. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the facilitators and barriers to tuberculosis ACF in LMICs. Methods: A systematic search was performed using recognized databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, HINARI, and other reference databases. Relevant studies that assessed or reported the ACF of TB conducted in LMICs were included in this study. The Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. The Statement of Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) was used to strengthen the protocol for this systematic review. The Confidence of Evidence Review Quality (CERQual) approach was also used to assess the reliability of the review findings. Results: From 228 search results, a total of 23 studies were included in the final review. Tuberculosis ACF results were generated under two main themes: barriers and facilitators in LMICs, and two sub-themes of the barriers (healthcare-related and non-healthcare-related barriers). Finally, barriers to active TB case finding were found to be related to (1) the healthcare workers’ experience, knowledge, and skills in detecting TB-ACF, (2) distance and time; (3) availability and workload of ACF healthcare workers; (4) barriers related to a lack of resources such as diagnostic equipment, reagents, and consumables at TB-ACF; (5) the stigma associated with TB-ACF detection; (6) the lack of training of existing and new healthcare professionals to detect TB-ACF; (7) communication strategies and language limitations associated with TB ACF; and (8) poor or no community awareness of tuberculosis. Stigma was the most patient-related obstacle to detecting active TB cases in LMICs. Conclusion: This review found that surveillance, monitoring, health worker training, integration into health systems, and long-term funding of health facilities were key to the sustainability of ACF in LMICs. Understanding the elimination of the identified barriers is critical to ensuring a maximum tuberculosis control strategy through ACF. AU - Fenta, Melkie Dagnaw AU - Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu AU - Warsame, Ahmed Abi Abdi AU - Belay, Abebaw Getachew DA - 2023/12// DO - 10.1186/s12879-023-08502-7 IS - 1 KW - Active case finding KW - Facilitators and barriers KW - LMICs KW - Systematic review KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd PY - 2023 TI - Facilitators and barriers to tuberculosis active case findings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of qualitative research T2 - BMC Infectious Diseases VL - 23 ER - TY - RPRT AB - Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) can result in long-term health consequences, even after successful treatment. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the occurrence of respiratory impairment, other disability states, and respiratory complications following successful PTB treatment. AU - Taylor, Joshua AU - Lisboa Bastos, Mayara AU - Lachapelle-Chisholm, Sophie AU - Mayo, Nancy E AU - Johnston, James AU - Menzies, Dick PY - 2023 TI - Residual respiratory disability after successful treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - www.thelancet.com ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Tuberculosis (TB) programs must invest in a variety of TB specific activities in order to reach ambitious global targets. Uncertainty exists surrounding the potential impact of each of these activities. The objective of our study was to model different interventions and quantify their impact on epidemiologic outcomes and costs from the health system perspective. Methods: Decision analysis was used to define the TB patient trajectory within the health system of three different countries. We considered up to seven different interventions that could affect either the natural history of TB, or patient trajectories within the health system. The expected impact of interventions were derived from published studies where possible. Epidemiologic outcomes and associated health system costs were projected for each scenario. Results: With no specific intervention, TB related death rates are high and less than 10% of the population starts on correct treatment. Interventions that either prevent cases or affect all patients with TB disease early in their trajectory are expected to have the biggest impact, regardless of underlying epidemiologic characteristics of the setting. In settings with a private sector, improving diagnosis and appropriate treatment across all sectors is expected to have a major impact on outcomes. Conclusion: In all settings, the greatest benefit will come from early diagnosis of all forms of TB. Once this has been achieved more specific interventions, such as those targeting HIV, drug resistance or the private sector can be integrated to increase impact. AU - Oxlade, Olivia AU - Piatek, Amy AU - Vincent, Cheri AU - Menzies, Dick DA - 2015/2// DO - 10.1186/s12889-015-1480-4 IS - 1 KW - Decision analysis KW - Epidemiology KW - Infectious disease modelling KW - Public health interventions KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd. PY - 2015 TI - Modeling the impact of tuberculosis interventions on epidemiologic outcomes and health system costs T2 - BMC Public Health VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Active screening for tuberculosis (TB) involves systematic detection of previously undiagnosed TB disease or latent TB infection (LTBI). It may be an important step toward elimination of TB among Inuit in Canada. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of community-wide active screening for TB infection and disease in 2 Inuit communities in Nunavik. Methods: We incorporated screening data from the 2 communities into a decision analysis model. We predicted TB-related health outcomes over a 20-year time frame, beginning in 2019. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of active screening in the presence of varying outbreak frequency and intensity. We also considered scenarios involving variation in timing, impact and uptake of screening programs. Results: Given a single large outbreak in 2019, we estimated that 1 round of active screening reduced TB disease by 13% (95% uncertainty range -3% to 27%) and was cost saving compared with no screening, over 20 years. In the presence of simulated large outbreaks every 3 years thereafter, a single round of active screening was cost saving, as was biennial active screening. Compared with a single round, we also determined that biennial active screening reduced TB disease by 59% (95% uncertainty range 52% to 63%) and was estimated to cost Can$6430 (95% uncertainty range -$29 131 to $13 658 in 2019 Can$) per additional active TB case prevented. With smaller outbreaks or improved rates of treatment initiation and completion for people with LTBI, we determined that biennial active screening remained reasonably cost-effective compared with no active screening. Interpretation: Active screening is a potentially cost-saving approach to reducing disease burden in Inuit communities that have frequent TB outbreaks. AU - Uppal, Aashna AU - Nsengiyumva, Ntwali Placide AU - Signor, Céline AU - Jean-Louis, Frantz AU - Rochette, Marie AU - Snowball, Hilda AU - Etok, Sandra AU - Annanack, David AU - Ikey, Julie AU - Khan, Faiz Ahmad AU - Schwartzman, Kevin DA - 2021/11// DO - 10.1503/CMAJ.210447 IS - 43 PB - Canadian Medical Association PY - 2021 SP - E1652 EP - E1659 TI - Active screening for tuberculosis in high-incidence Inuit communities in Canada: A cost-effectiveness analysis T2 - CMAJ VL - 193 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an important public health problem in Inuit communities across Canada, with an annual incidence rate in 2017 that was nearly 300 times higher than in Canadian-born non-Indigenous individuals. Social and behavioral factors that are prevalent in the North, such as commercial tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, food insecurity and overcrowded housing put individuals at higher risk for TB morbidity and mortality. We examined the potential impact of mitigation strategies for these risk factors, in reducing TB burden in this setting. Methods: We created a transmission model to simulate the epidemiology of TB in Nunavut, Canada. We then used a decision analysis model to assess the potential impact of several evidence-based strategies targeting tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, food insecurity and overcrowded housing. We predicted TB incidence, TB-related deaths, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), and associated costs and cost-effectiveness over 20 years. All costs were expressed in 2018 Canadian dollars. Results: Compared to a status quo scenario with no new interventions for these risk factors, the reduction strategy for tobacco use was most effective and cost-effective, reducing TB incidence by 5.5% (95% uncertainty range: 2.7–11%) over 20 years, with an estimated cost of $95,835 per TB case prevented and $49,671 per QALY gained. The addition of the food insecurity reduction strategy reduced incidence by a further 2% (0.5–3%) compared to the tobacco cessation strategy alone, but at significant cost. Conclusions: Strategies that aim to reduce commercial tobacco use and improve food security will likely lead to modest reductions in TB morbidity and mortality. Although important for the communities, strategies that address excess alcohol use and overcrowding will likely have a more limited impact on TB-related outcomes at current scale, and are associated with much higher cost. Their benefits will be more substantial with scale up, which will also likely have important downstream impacts such as improved mental health, educational attainment and food security. AU - Uppal, Aashna AU - Oxlade, Olivia AU - Nsengiyumva, Ntwali Placide AU - N’Diaye, Dieynaba S. AU - Alvarez, Gonzalo G. AU - Schwartzman, Kevin DA - 2021/12// DO - 10.1186/s12889-021-10187-z IS - 1 KW - Alcohol KW - Cost-effectiveness KW - Decision analysis KW - Food insecurity KW - Inuit KW - Nunavut KW - Overcrowding KW - Tobacco KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd PY - 2021 TI - Social and behavioral risk reduction strategies for tuberculosis prevention in Canadian Inuit communities: a cost-effectiveness analysis T2 - BMC Public Health VL - 21 ER - TY - GEN AB - Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are increasing in disease frequency worldwide. This systematic review examines health-related quality of life (HRQOL), comorbidities and mortality associated with pulmonary NTM disease. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus Life Sciences, conference proceedings and Google (earliest date available to February 2015) for primary studies. Eligible studies compared populations with and without pulmonary NTM disease in high-income jurisdictions. We excluded studies on HIV/AIDS. All languages were accepted. Two reviewers followed MOOSE and PRISMA reporting guidelines and independently appraised quality using STROBE. All studies were summarized qualitatively regardless of quality. Of 3193 citations screened, we included 17 studies mostly from Taiwan (n = 5) and the USA (n = 4). Two studies assessed HRQOL; one assessed comorbidities, 11 assessed mortality, and three assessed multiple outcomes. Populations with pulmonary NTM reported significantly worse or similar HRQOL than the general population, depending on the instruments used. Some suggested greater prevalence of having bronchiectasis (n = 2) and greater risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 1). Most (n = 7) suggested no difference in mortality, although only one was age-matched and gender-matched to the general population. Four suggested NTM populations had higher mortality—two of which compared with the general population and were deemed of high quality, while two compared with non-NTM patients from hospital. High clinical heterogeneity in study design may explain discordant results. Bias assessments and controlling for confounding were carried out poorly. No consistent trends were observed although there is suggestion of an increased health burden from respiratory diseases and increased mortality associated with pulmonary NTM disease. AU - Yeung, Man Wah AU - Khoo, Edwin AU - Brode, Sarah K. AU - Jamieson, Frances B. AU - Kamiya, Hiroyuki AU - Kwong, Jeffrey C. AU - Macdonald, Liane AU - Marras, Theodore K. AU - Morimoto, Kozo AU - Sander, Beate DA - 2016/8// DO - 10.1111/resp.12767 IS - 6 KW - comorbidity KW - mortality KW - nontuberculous mycobacteria KW - quality of life KW - systematic review PB - Blackwell Publishing PY - 2016 SP - 1015 EP - 1025 TI - Health-related quality of life, comorbidities and mortality in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: A systematic review T2 - Respirology VL - 21 ER - TY - GEN AB - The burden of tuberculosis (TB) among adolescents and young adults in endemic settings is poorly characterised. This study aimed to review published and unpublished estimates of the incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB among young people aged 10-24 years. We searched PubMed and World Health Organization archives for publications and unpublished data from population-based epidemiologic studies reporting confirmed pulmonary TB among young people, conducted from January 2000 onwards. We identified 27 publications and unpublished data from two national surveys, representing a total of 26 studies in 19 countries. The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB ranged from 45 to 799 per 100 000 in the Asia-Pacific region and from 160 to 462 per 100 000 in African settings. We did not identify any epidemiologic studies of confirmed TB among adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many studies were excluded due to absent or inadequately reported age-specific data. Adolescents and young adults living in many endemic settings appear to be at substantial risk of developing active TB. There is a pressing need to improve the routine reporting of age in epidemiologic studies of TB, and to generate high-quality epidemiologic data regarding TB among adolescents living with HIV. AU - Snow, Kathryn J. AU - Nelson, Lisa J. AU - Sismanidis, Charalambos AU - Sawyer, Susan M. AU - Graham, Stephen M. DA - 2018/6// DO - 10.1017/S0950268818000821 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent health KW - epidemiology KW - tuberculosis PB - Cambridge University Press PY - 2018 SP - 946 EP - 953 TI - Incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review T2 - Epidemiology and Infection VL - 146 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) recurrence is substantial. Identifying risk factors can support the development of prevention strategies. Methods We retrieved studies published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2022 that assessed factors associated with undifferentiated TB recurrence, relapse or reinfection. For factors reported in at least four studies, we performed random-effects meta-analysis to estimate a pooled relative risk (RR). We assessed heterogeneity, risk of publication bias and certainty of evidence. Results We included 85 studies in the review; 81 documented risk factors for undifferentiated recurrence, 17 for relapse and 10 for reinfection. The scope for meta-analyses was limited given the wide variety of factors studied, inconsistency in control for confounding and the fact that only few studies employed molecular genotyping. Factors that significantly contributed to moderately or strongly increased pooled risk and scored at least moderate certainty of evidence were: for undifferentiated recurrence, multidrug resistance (MDR) (RR 3.49; 95% CI 1.86 to 6.53) and fixed-dose combination TB drugs (RR 2.29; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.75) in the previous episode; for relapse, none; and for reinfection, HIV infection (RR 4.65; 95% CI 1.71 to 12.65). Low adherence to treatment increased the pooled risk of recurrence 3.3-fold (95% CI 2.37 to 4.62), but the certainty of evidence was weak. Conclusion This review emphasises the need for standardising methods for TB recurrence research. Actively pursuing MDR prevention, facilitating retention in treatment and providing integrated care for patients with HIV could curb recurrence rates. The use of fixed-dose combinations of TB drugs under field conditions merits further attention. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018077867. AU - Vega, Victor AU - Cabrera-Sanchez, Javier AU - Rodríguez, Sharon AU - Verdonck, Kristien AU - Seas, Carlos AU - Otero, Larissa AU - Van Der Stuyft, Patrick DA - 2024/3// DO - 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002281 IS - 1 KW - Clinical Epidemiology KW - Respiratory Infection KW - Tuberculosis PB - BMJ Publishing Group PY - 2024 TI - Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence, relapse and reinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - BMJ Open Respiratory Research VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The internal rural-to-urban migration is one of the major challenges for tuberculosis (TB) control in China. Patient costs incurred during TB diagnosis and treatment could cause access and adherence barriers, particularly among migrants. Here, we estimated the prevalence of catastrophic costs of TB patients and its associated factors in an urban population with internal migrants in China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to enroll culture-confirmed pulmonary TB patients in Songjiang district, Shanghai, between December 1, 2014, and December 31, 2015. Consenting participants completed a questionnaire, which collected direct and indirect costs before and after the diagnosis of TB. The catastrophic cost was defined as the annual expenses of TB care that exceeds 20% of total household disposable income. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with catastrophic costs. Results: Overall, 248 drug-susceptible TB patients were enrolled, 70% (174/248) of them were from migrants. Migrant patients were significantly younger compared to resident patients. The total costs were 25,824 ($3689) and 13,816 ($1974) Chinese Yuan (RMB) in average for resident and migrant patients, respectively. The direct medical cost comprised about 70% of the total costs among both migrant and resident patients. Overall, 55% (132 of 248) of patients experienced high expenses (>10% of total household income), and 22% (55 of 248) experienced defined catastrophic costs. The reimbursement for TB care only reduced the prevalence of catastrophic costs to 20% (49 of 248). Meanwhile, 52% (90 of 174) of the internal migrants had no available local health insurance. Hospitalizations, no available insurance, and older age (> 45-year-old) contributed significantly to the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Conclusions: The catastrophic cost of TB service cannot be overlooked, despite the free policy. Migrants have difficulties benefiting from health insurance in urban cities. Interventions, including expanded medical financial assistance, are needed to secure universal TB care. AU - Liping Lu Jiang, Qi AU - Hong, Jianjun AU - Jin, Xiaoping AU - Gao, Qian AU - Bang, Heejung AU - Deriemer, Kathryn AU - Yang, Chongguang DA - 2020/9// DO - 10.1186/s12913-020-05686-5 IS - 1 KW - Catastrophic cost KW - China KW - Economic burden KW - Migrant KW - Tuberculosis PB - BioMed Central Ltd PY - 2020 TI - Catastrophic costs of tuberculosis care in a population with internal migrants in China T2 - BMC Health Services Research VL - 20 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Global tuberculosis (TB) targets were set as part of the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy (2016-2035) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030). OBJECTIVE: To define and explain the rationale for these targets. DES IGN: Scenarios for plausible reductions in TB deaths and cases were developed using empirical evidence from best-performing countries and modelling of the scale-up of under-used interventions and hypothetical TB vaccines. Results were discussed at consultations in 2012 and 2013. A final proposal was presented to the World Health Assembly in 2014 and unanimously endorsed by all Member States. RESULTS: The 2030 targets are a 90% reduction in TB deaths and 80% reduction in TB incidence compared with 2015 levels. The 2035 targets are for reductions of 95% and 90%, respectively. A third target - that no TBaffected households experience catastrophic costs due to the disease by 2020 - was also agreed. CONCLUSION: The global TB targets and milestones set for the period 2016-2035 are ambitious. Achieving them requires concerted action on several fronts, but two things are fundamental: 1) progress towards universal health coverage to ensure that everyone with TB can access high-quality treatment; and 2) substantial investment in research and development for new tools to prevent TB disease among the approximately 1.7 billion people infected. AU - Floyd, K. AU - Glaziou, P. AU - Houben, R. M.G.J. AU - Sumner, T. AU - White, R. G. AU - Raviglione, M. DA - 2018/7// DO - 10.5588/ijtld.17.0835 IS - 7 KW - Control KW - Strategy KW - TB PB - International Union against Tubercul. and Lung Dis. PY - 2018 SP - 723 EP - 730 TI - Global tuberculosis targets and milestones set for 2016-2035: Definition and rationale T2 - International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease VL - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Aims: The urban environment influences health through many pathways. The aim of the present study was to map the distribution of mortality, environmental predictors (distribution of green areas and transport networks), and social predictors (income deprivation) in the mid-sized city of Bologna (Italy), and to analyse the relationship between these variables. Methods: The study employed an ecological cross-sectional design using data from public sources. The units of analysis were the 18 city districts. The percentage of green areas, percentage of transport networks and age-standardised mortality rates were calculated for each district. These variables, and an indicator of income deprivation, were plotted on the city map to analyse their distribution. Simple and multiple linear regressions with mortality as the outcome and environmental and social data as predictors were run. Results: The results showed an unequal distribution of the variables in the city, with the north-eastern districts presenting worse values. Green areas did not result significantly in being related to mortality. The income indicator and transport networks have an impact on mortality in the simple regression, but only transport networks were found to have a statistically significant relation with mortality in the multiple regression. Conclusions: The results suggested that living close to major transport networks could affect mortality rates in the city, but further research is needed. Future studies are also needed to analyse the interaction between environmental exposures and socioeconomic factors in affecting health. These findings can be useful for urban planning and health promotion interventions. AU - Nicoli Aldini, Teresa Giulia AU - Bygvraa, Despoina Andrioti DO - 10.1177/14034948241246612 KW - Urban health KW - built environment KW - ecological study KW - mortality KW - social determinants of health PB - SAGE Publications Ltd PY - 2024 TI - The association of the physical and social environment with mortality in urban areas: an ecological study on the city of Bologna, Italy T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the Nordic countries, there are ambitious welfare policies that might reduce rural-urban health disparities. Aim: To investigate the effect of population density on health in four Nordic countries. Methods: The health outcomes analysed were life expectancy and potential years of life lost. The effect of population density was appraised as the difference in life expectancy/ potential years of life lost by a 10-fold increase of population density. Results: In Finland, Norway and Sweden, mortality rates were consistently higher in less densely populated municipalities. These disparities increased over time. Conclusions: The welfare efforts to offset rural-urban disparities have mostly not been sufficient. AU - Bremberg, Sven DA - 2020/12// DO - 10.1177/1403494820921684 IS - 8 KW - Nordic KW - mortality KW - rural KW - urban PB - SAGE Publications Ltd PY - 2020 SP - 791 EP - 793 TI - Rural-urban mortality inequalities in four Nordic welfare states T2 - Scandinavian Journal of Public Health VL - 48 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The End Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy aims to achieve 90% reduction of deaths due to TB by 2030, compared with 2015. Mortality due to tuberculosis in Mali was 13 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014 and 11 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017. Risk factors for death are not known. The objective of this study was to determine the time and risk factors for death in pulmonary TB patients with positive microscopy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from October to December 2016 in Commune VI of Bamako. Smear positive cases pulmonary tuberculosis from 2011 to 2015 were included. We reviewed the treatment registers and collected sociodemographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic data. Median time to death and hazard ratio (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox regression model, respectively. Results: In total, we analysed 1362 smear positive cases of pulmonary TB including 104 (8%) HIV positive and 90 (7%) deaths. The mean age was 36 ± 13 years, the sex ratio of males to females was 2:1. Among the deaths, 48 (53%) occurred during the first 2 months of treatment. Age ≥ 45 years (HR 2.09 95% CI [1.35–3.23]), weight < 40 kg (HR 2.20 95% CI [1.89–5.42]), HIV unknown status (HR 1.96, 95% CI [1.04–3.67]) and HIV-positive (HR 7.10 95% CI [3.53–14.26]) were significantly associated with death. Conclusions: The median time to death was 2 months from the start of treatment. Independent risk factors for death were age ≥ 45 years, weight < 40 kg, unknown and positive HIV status. We recommend close monitoring of patients over 45 years, HIV testing in those with unknown status, an adequate care for positive HIV status, as well as a nutritional support for those with weight below 40 kg during the intensive phase of TB treatment. AU - Ballayira, Yaya AU - Yanogo, Pauline Kiswendsida AU - Konaté, Bakary AU - Diallo, Fadima AU - Sawadogo, Bernard AU - Antara, Simon AU - Méda, Nicolas DA - 2021/12// DO - 10.1186/s12889-021-10986-4 IS - 1 PB - BioMed Central Ltd PY - 2021 TI - Time and risk factors for death among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the Health District of commune VI of Bamako, Mali, 2016 T2 - BMC Public Health VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Land-use regression models and remote sensing data have been widely employed to forecast atmospheric aerosol levels. Recently, these methodologies have been combined to predict the influence of this pollutant on human health. However, traditional land-use regression models do not often consider the complex interactions between predictors, and most of these do not include socioeconomic variables. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to estimate suspended particle-related hospital admissions by employing remote sensing, meteorological, environmental, and demographic parameters. In this cohort study, we analyzed 1,612,049 hospital admissions from Córdoba city, Argentina, from 2005 to 2011, and developed several regression and machine learning land-use models to compare their predictive powers. We found that childhood was the age group with the highest number of hospital admissions related with upper respiratory tract diseases. When predicting population-normalized hospital admissions, the machine learning models, in particular the generalized boosted machine, revealed a better performance than regression models, exhibiting the lowest root mean square error (0.4264) in the test data set. This model also achieved the best R2adj (0.6088) when plotting predicted vs. reported normalized cases. The most important predictors were the meteorological variables, followed by the aerosol optical depth and the planet boundary layer height. Some other predictors, such as educational level, land value, and unsatisfied basic needs, showed less relevance but enhanced the model's prediction power. Furthermore, the predictive power increased after a 1-day lag in hospital admissions (RMSE = 0.4121), highlighting the importance of meteorological and environmental variables in the onset of respiratory diseases. AU - Tavera Busso, Iván AU - Rodríguez Núñez, Martín AU - Amarillo, Ana Carolina AU - Mettan, Fabricio AU - Carreras, Hebe Alejandra DA - 2021/9// DO - 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118502 KW - Land-use models KW - Machine learning KW - Respiratory diseases KW - Suspended particles PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2021 TI - Modeling air pollution-related hospital admissions employing remote sensing and geographical information systems T2 - Atmospheric Environment VL - 261 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, the strength of association of the subjective measure of the freshness of the indoor spaces and the health care-seeking behavior of the occupants was evaluated in low-income tenement houses of Mumbai. Mixed-mode research methods were employed, where the household survey data and feedback from local authorities regarding the health status of the occupants in the tenement housing were used to formulate the qualitative policy variable for assessing the built environment-health nexus. Multi-zone airflow modeling and simulations were performed to estimate the local mean age (LMA) of air, which subjectively indicated the ‘freshness’ of the space. The results show LMA was within the range of 5 min and 48 min, with the majority of units having an LMA range of 5 and 15 min. A parametric analysis of the site-based wind-flow characteristics stressed the need of early design interventions based on its orientation and obstructions, such that the natural wind flow characteristics of the site are optimally utilized for effective cross-ventilation in the living spaces. The health care-seeking behavior of the occupants for respiratory diseases was found to be infrequent in the units that had relatively higher fresh air exchanges. This study has larger implications in terms of creating a way-forward for the local authorities in sustainable renewal and rejuvenation of the low-income tenement housing in Mumbai. AU - Bardhan, Ronita AU - Debnath, Ramit AU - Jana, Arnab AU - Norford, Leslie K. DA - 2018/1// DO - 10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.12.007 KW - Building simulation KW - Built-environment KW - Habitat policy KW - Healthcare-seeking behavior KW - Indoor air quality KW - Low-income housing PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2018 SP - 156 EP - 168 TI - Investigating the association of healthcare-seeking behavior with the freshness of indoor spaces in low-income tenement housing in Mumbai T2 - Habitat International VL - 71 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Roué, Anne AU - Gall, Le PY - 2022 TI - Urbanisme favorable à la santé : agir pour la santé, l'environnement et la réduction des inégalités ER - TY - JOUR AB - Context: This study by private and public partners analyzes the influence on air quality, noise, and later on inhabitants' health, of implementing scenarios for rehabilitating and developing the quartier des Deux Rives (a district of the Eurometropole de Strasbourg - EMS). This former industrial neighborhood is being used for mixed purposes (tertiary activities and residential). Method: The approach assesses the environmental and health consequences of changes to the energy system (thermal energy for buildings, mobility), in separate steps: 1) review of the current situation; 2) definition of various scenarios to modify the city: changes in buildings, the transport network, and the energy production system; 3) determining the pollutant emissions for each scenario and modeling their dispersion in the city, taking into account emissions coming from other sources (near or far from the city); 4) assessment of health impacts and comparison of the scenarios. Results: The study highlights the limited impact of creating one eco-district in the city and the relative impacts of the different energy sectors on the city's air quality. It also shows that it is possible and useful to take environmental aspects (such as air pollution and noise) into account in urban planning, especially when dealing with energy and mobility. AU - Payre, Camille AU - Bardeau, Guillaume AU - Schillinger, Charles AU - Charvolin-Volta, Perrine AU - Soulhac, Lionel AU - Guilllossou, Gaëlle AU - Piotrowski, Aleksandra AU - De Giudici, Pascal DA - 2017/7// DO - 10.1684/ers.2017.1043 IS - 4 KW - City planning KW - Energy KW - Environmental pollution KW - Mobility KW - Public heath PB - John Libbey Eurotext PY - 2017 SP - 365 EP - 374 TI - Planification urbaine, environnement et santé: une étude sur Strasbourg T2 - Environnement, Risques et Sante VL - 16 ER - TY - RPRT AB - To cite this version: Christiane Weber. Qualité de vie, qualité de ville et santé urbaine. 2018. ï¿¿hal-01888413ï¿¿ 1 Qualité de vie, qualité de ville et santé urbaine Christiane Weber CNRS LIVE UME 7362 Université de Strasbourg La ville offre-t-elle un espace de vie sain ? Quelles sont les relations entre qualité de vie et santé des citadins ? « La santé est un état de complet bien-être physique, mental et social, et ne consiste pas seulement en une absence de maladie ou d'infirmité » (OMS 1946). Cette définition de l'OMS implique que tous les besoins fondamentaux de la personne soient satisfaits (affectifs, sanitaires, nutritionnels, sociaux ou culturels) et ceci tout au long de la vie. Veiller à la qualité de vie des citadins c'est donc veiller à leur santé dans l'ensemble de ses dimensions «physique, mental et social». La déclaration d'Athènes (1998) a fourni un socle à cette vision en préconisant des principes et des indicateurs de développement. Cependant cette dimension est-elle actuellement en mesure de s'imposer, comment dès lors la mesurer, l'objectiver ? Devant la complexité de la question quelles sont les approches et démarches d'accompagnement à préconiser AU - Weber, Christiane KW - Mots clé : Indicateurs KW - formes urbaines KW - normes KW - viabilité PY - 2018 TI - Qualité de vie, qualité de ville et santé urbaine UR - http://www.who.int/about/definition/fr/print.html ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chloé Zerini-Le Reste PY - 2020 TI - ÉTUDE D’IMPACT SUR LA SANTÉ EN AMÉNAGEMENT URBAIN : LE CAS DU PROJET DES FAUBOURGS ER - TY - JOUR AB - Species that depend on anthropogenic waste for food can remove pathogens that pose health risks to humans and livestock, thereby saving lives and money. Quantifying these benefits is rare, yet can lead to innovative conservation solutions. To assess these benefits, we examined the feeding ecology and population size of peri-urban spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in Mekelle, Ethiopia. We integrated these field data into a disease transmission model to predict: (a) the number of anthrax and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infections arising in humans and livestock from infected carcass waste and (b) the costs associated with treating these infections and losing livestock. We compared these public health and economic outcomes under two scenarios: (a) hyenas are present and (b) the counterfactual, hyenas are absent. We estimated that hyenas annually remove 4.2% (207 tonnes) of the total carcass waste disposed of by residents and businesses in Mekelle. Furthermore, the scavenging behaviour of hyenas annually prevents five infections of anthrax and bTB in humans, and 140 infections in cattle, sheep and goats. This disease control service potentially saves USD 52,165 due to the treatment costs and livestock loss avoided. Synthesis and applications. This human–hyena interaction in Ethiopia is evidence that large carnivores can contribute to human health and economy. To retain these benefits and maintain tolerance of hyenas, we recommend introducing education programmes to promote safe outdoor behaviour around hyenas, training watchdogs to alert residents of hyena presence, constructing bomas to protect livestock from hyena attacks, and preserving the hyenas' access to carcass waste to reduce their dependency on livestock predation. With humans and carnivores coming more frequently into contact, understanding and communicating how these species can benefit humanity will be critical to motivating human–carnivore coexistence worldwide. AU - Sonawane, Chinmay AU - Yirga, Gidey AU - Carter, Neil H. DA - 2021/12// DO - 10.1111/1365-2664.14024 IS - 12 KW - Crocuta crocuta KW - carnivore KW - coexistence KW - disease KW - ecosystem services KW - human–wildlife KW - nature-based solutions KW - scavenger PB - John Wiley and Sons Inc PY - 2021 SP - 2892 EP - 2902 TI - Public health and economic benefits of spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in a peri-urban system T2 - Journal of Applied Ecology VL - 58 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered and intensified existing societal inequalities. People on the move and residents of urban slums and informal settlements are among some of the most affected groups in the Global South. Given the current living conditions of migrants, the WHO guidelines on how to prevent COVID-19 (such as handwashing, physical distancing and working from home) are challenging to nearly impossible in informal settlements. We use the case of India to highlight the challenges of migrants and urban slum dwellers during the COVID-19 response, and to provide human rights-based recommendations for immediate action to safeguard these vulnerable populations. AU - Raju, Emmanuel AU - Dutta, Anwesha AU - Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja DA - 2021/4// DO - 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100163 KW - COVID-19 KW - Human rights KW - India KW - Informal settlements KW - Migrants KW - Public health KW - Slum wellbeing KW - Vulnerability PB - Elsevier Ltd PY - 2021 TI - COVID-19 in India: Who are we leaving behind? T2 - Progress in Disaster Science VL - 10 ER - TY - RPRT AB - 1. Le présent rapport fait référence à la résolution WHA75.19 (2022) sur la promotion du bien-être et de la santé, dans laquelle l'Assemblée prie le Directeur général d'élaborer un cadre mondial sur le bien-être-à la lumière du Programme de développement durable à l'horizon 2030-et de définir le rôle de la promotion de la santé dans ce cadre en consultation avec les États Membres, et à la décision WHA76(22) (2023) dans laquelle elle le prie d'adopter le cadre mondial pour l'intégration du bien-être dans la santé publique au moyen d'une approche de promotion de la santé, 1 et de présenter à l'Assemblée un rapport sur la mise en oeuvre de ce cadre. AVANCÉES SUR LA PROMOTION DU BIEN-ÊTRE ET DE LA SANTÉ DANS LE CONTEXTE DE L'APRÈS-PANDÉMIE DE COVID-19 2. L'universalité et l'interdépendance des objectifs de développement durable constituent un aspect essentiel du Programme de développement durable à l'horizon 2030, conçu pour répondre à la prise de conscience croissante des facteurs adaptatifs multiples et complexes qui ont un impact simultané sur le développement dans l'ensemble des secteurs et des cloisonnements qui existent, ainsi que dans les différents segments de la société. Les objectifs de développement durable sont interdépendants et indivisibles, et mettent en balance les dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales. 3. La santé et le bien-être sont également influencés par des facteurs extérieurs au secteur de la santé, à savoir les déterminants sociaux, structurels, économiques, politiques, environnementaux et commerciaux de la santé qui se chevauchent et se recoupent. 4. Une dynamique qui gagne du terrain vise à abandonner l'approche purement économique du développement humain au profit d'une approche également axée sur le bien-être des personnes et de la planète. La promotion d'un programme mondial de bien-être contribue à l'instauration de la santé, telle que définie dans la Constitution de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. 1 Décision WHA76(22) (2023), https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA76/A76(22)-fr.pdf. AU - UN-WHO DA - 2023/12// PY - 2023 TI - Promotion du bien-être et de la santé Rapport du Directeur général UR - https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA76/A76 ER - TY - RPRT AU - UN-WHO DA - 2022/4// PY - 2022 TI - STRATÉGIE ET PLAN D’ACTION SUR LA SANTÉ EN MILIEU URBAIN :RAPPORT FINAL ER - TY - RPRT AU - Ministère de la Santé et de la Protection Sociale PY - 2024 TI - PLAN STRATÉGIQUE NATIONAL POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LE CONTRÔLE DE LA TUBERCULOSE AU MAROC ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ministère de l'Urbanisme et de l'Aménagement du Territoire Direction de l'Urbanisme DA - 2016/11// PY - 2016 TI - Référentiel de programmation des équipements publics et privé d'intéret général ER - TY - RPRT AU - UN, Departement of Economis and Social Affaires PY - 2018 TI - World Urbanization Prospects 2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - UN-HABITAT PY - 2023 TI - Annual Report ER - TY - JOUR AU - UN-HABITAT PY - 2021 TI - Annual Report ER - TY - JOUR AU - UN-HABITAT PY - 2022 TI - Annual Report ER - TY - BOOK AB - Cover title. AU - WHO PB - World Health Organization PY - 2007 SN - 9789241596077 SP - 44 EP - 44 TI - Everybody's business : strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes : WHO's frmaework for action ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: an effective health information system (HIS) ensures the production, analysis, dissemination and use of reliable and up-to-date information on the determinants of health. However, it can encounter obstacles that hinder its functioning, such as armed conflicts, which limit access and quality of healthcare services. The purpose of our study was to help improve data management for routine health information system in the health district of Timbuktu during a security crisis. Methods: we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study, among health information management professionals in the Timbuktu Health District from 15 April to 08 September 2023. Data obtained from a survey questionnaire were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.2.2. and processed using Microsoft Word and Excel 2016. Results: a total of 6 health facilities were surveyed. Data collection, analysis and feedback were very poor. Data quality was 100% complete, 92.40% prompt and 68.11% accurate. The major constraints were: low involvement of health workers in the SIS (22.22%), insufficient training on the SISR (29.63%), supervision (47.06%), internet inaccessibility (66.67%), feeling of insecurity (37.04%) and fear (61.76%) in health facilities. Conclusion: our results show low-level processes, poor network coverage, shortage of qualified health information management professionals and increasing insecurity. A broader mixed-methods research would provide a better understanding. AU - Traore, Bocar Mahamane AU - Traore, Aminata AU - Kebe, Amadou Tila AU - Dabou, Kizito AU - Kassogue, Djibril DA - 2024/1// DO - 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.180.42772 KW - Mali KW - Security crisis KW - Timbuktu KW - data management KW - determinants KW - routine health information system PB - African Field Epidemiology Network PY - 2024 TI - Managing routine health information system data during a security crisis in the health district of Timbuktu, Mali in 2023 T2 - Pan African Medical Journal VL - 47 ER - TY - RPRT AU - OCDE/FIT PY - 2024 TI - Perspectives des transports FIT 2023 PUBE UR - http://www.oecd.org/fr/conditionsdutilisation. ER - TY - JOUR AU - Roy, Élise AU - Gangneux-Kebe, Julie AU - Perraudeau, Léa DA - 2022/12// DO - 10.4000/developpementdurable.21450 IS - Vol. 13, n°2 PB - OpenEdition PY - 2022 TI - Habiter confinés, domestiquer la pandémie : vers une nouvelle syntaxe habitante ? T2 - Développement durable et territoires ER - TY - JOUR AU - E L’UNION SOCIALE POUR L’HABITAT PY - 2024 TI - Synthèse thématique du Panorama de la recherche sur l’habitat et le logement ER - TY - JOUR AU - Organisation internationale du Travail DA - 2022/2// PY - 2022 TI - Etude de cas sur la COVID19 au Maroc ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gillaizeau, F. AU - Cambier, S. AU - Fournier, M. AU - Leuillet, S. DA - 2021/6// DO - 10.1016/j.respe.2021.04.103 PB - Elsevier BV PY - 2021 SP - S61 EP - S62 TI - Prise en compte des événements récurrents dans le cadre des essais cliniques T2 - Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique VL - 69 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Conseil de Gouvernement DA - 2021/1// PY - 2021 TI - UN AN DE GESTION DE LA PANDEMIE COVID 19 UR - www.cg.gov.ma ER - TY - BOOK AU - OCDE DA - 2024/9// DO - 10.1787/d1b643e4-fr PB - OECD PY - 2024 SN - 9789264863071 TI - Revue de la politique urbaine nationale du Maroc UR - https://www.oecd.org/fr/publications/revue-de-la-politique-urbaine-nationale-du-maroc_d1b643e4-fr.html ER - TY - JOUR AU - Le Haut Commissariat Au Plan PY - 2024 TI - Le Maroc en chiffres, 2024 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Les projets de villes nouvelles se multiplient aujourd'hui dans les Suds. Ils offrent un double visage: d'un côté, des éco-cités vertes et intelligentes qui ciblent une classe moyenne urbaine émergente largement idéalisée et cherchent à attirer activités économiques à forte valeur ajoutée et investissements internationaux; de l'autre, de gigantesques quartiers dortoirs construits au milieu de nulle part destinés à des ménages modestes. Avec des initiatives aussi contrastées que la très médiatisée Eco-cité Zenata et les villes nouvelles du programme national lancé en 2004, le Maroc est dans l'air du temps. Une analyse croisée de ces projets qu'a priori tout oppose en montre les faiblesses à l'échelle des territoires. L'analyse vaut sans doute au-delà du cas marocain. Dans des situations démo-urbaines sous tension, les villes nouvelles comme production urbaine volontariste apparaissent aujourd'hui, quel que soit leur type, comme une solution idoine. Mais il s'agit en réalité du choix d'aménagement le plus complexe et exigeant à mettre en oeuvre dans des contextes institutionnels, sociaux et politiques marqués par la prégnance de logiques d'urbanisme résolument sectorielles et par l'existence de difficultés en matière de gouvernance et d'action publique territoriale. AU - Miras, Claude De AU - Paquette, Catherine AU - Vassalli, Catherine Paquette DO - 10.34915/acj.v2i3.79 KW - CASABLANCA KW - MAROC KW - TAMANSOURT KW - TAMESNA KW - ZENATA PY - 2021 TI - Villes nouvelles: ce que révèlent leurs difficultés manifestes dans les Suds. Une réflexion à partir du cas marocain ARTICLE HISTORY ER - TY - BOOK AU - HCP PB - Haut-commissariat au plan PY - 2023 SN - 9981201464 SP - 234 EP - 234 TI - Les indicateurs sociaux du Maroc en 2009 ER - TY - RPRT AU - Royaume du Maroc KW - Livre Support Stratégie Nationale KW - Mai 2017 KW - Maroc KW - Xlos PY - 2017 TI - Projet de Stratégie Nationale de Développement Durable 2030 RAPPORT FINAL ER - TY - GEN AB - Increasing bio-terror attacks across the world have alarmed the environmentalist and epidemiologist about the impacts of bioaerosols, especially on human health, ecosystems, and live stocks. Further, its fate has also been linked with future sustainability of rural and urban societies. These concerns have led the researchers to have in depth understanding of their sampling approaches, enumeration techniques, and survival factors. In this view, the suitable methods, available for the bioaerosol sampling i.e. filtration, impaction, and impingement are analyzed within the scope of the specific studies. With regard to compositional analysis of bioaerosols, detailed assessment revealed that overall microbial taxonomy cannot be expressed alone by culture-dependent methods, as majority of the microbial species are not culturable. Further, the overall diversity of the bioaerosols may be significantly expressed by means of culture-independent methods, in which various advanced sequencing techniques have resulted into wide range of outcomes in branch of genomics and metagenomics. In particular, the community structure is greatly influenced by the combination of various factors such as the complex interrelations between bacteria and fungi in form of co-occurrence or co-exclusion patterns, air pollution levels, and seasonal variations etc. The important meteorological parameters, responsible for their survival, transport, and contribution to the suspended particulate, include relative humidity, air temperature, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, solar radiation. The correlation between these factors and bioaerosol concentration was observed to be either positive, negative, or non-significant as it is strongly governed by local weather conditions and seasonal changes of the investigated regions. Moreover, the complex inter-relationships between bioaerosols and environmental pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone also reported to influence the bioaerosol concentration. Overall, this review offers insight into the current state of bioaerosol sampling approaches, devised detection techniques, survival and transport factors, and associated health effects. Authors also encourage that future research should be pursued from a sustainability perspective with a vision of development of reliable sampling methods and detection techniques. AU - Kathiriya, Twinkle AU - Gupta, Abhishek AU - Singh, Nitin Kumar DA - 2021/2// DO - 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101287 KW - Bioaerosols KW - Co-existence relationship KW - Enumeration techniques KW - Health effects KW - Meteorological factors KW - Sustainability PB - Elsevier B.V. PY - 2021 TI - An opinion review on sampling strategies, enumeration techniques, and critical environmental factors for bioaerosols: An emerging sustainability indicator for society and cities T2 - Environmental Technology and Innovation VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Diez Roux, A V AU - Mair, C DO - 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x PY - 2010 SP - 125 EP - 145 TI - Neighborhoods and health T2 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences VL - 1186 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vlahov, D AU - Galea, S DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01165-3 PY - 2021 TI - Urban health: a global perspective T2 - The Lancet ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, M J DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105853 PY - 2020 SP - 105853 EP - 105853 TI - Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities T2 - Environment International VL - 140 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Collaborators, G B D 2019 Risk Factors DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 PY - 2020 TI - Global burden of disease attributable to air pollution T2 - The Lancet ER - TY - JOUR AU - Khreis, H AU - Kelly, C AU - Tate, J DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.012 PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 31 TI - Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of childhood asthma T2 - Environment International VL - 100 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Markevych, I AU - Schoierer, J AU - Hartig, T DO - 10.3390/ijerph14101216 IS - 10 PY - 2017 SP - 1216 EP - 1216 TI - Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance T2 - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Foraster, M AU - Basagaña, X DO - 10.1289/EHP2206 IS - 9 PY - 2018 SP - 097003 EP - 097003 TI - Long-term exposure to traffic noise and blood pressure T2 - Environmental Health Perspectives VL - 126 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ebi, K L AU - Hess, J J DO - 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102935 PY - 2021 SP - 289 EP - 308 TI - Health risks due to climate change T2 - Annual Review of Public Health VL - 42 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Haines, A AU - Ebi, K L DO - 10.1056/NEJMra1807873 IS - 3 PY - 2019 SP - 263 EP - 273 TI - The imperative for climate action to protect health T2 - New England Journal of Medicine VL - 380 ER - TY - GEN AU - Organization, World Health PY - 2024 TI - Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health (Fact sheet; updated 24 Oct 2024) UR - https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-%28outdoor%29-air-quality-and-health ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alyami, M M DO - 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1507882 PY - 2025 TI - Urban air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases in adults: insights from a cross-sectional study T2 - Frontiers in Public Health UR - https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1507882/full ER - TY - GEN AU - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs PY - 2018 TI - 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN (World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision) UR - https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html ER - TY - RPRT AU - UN-Habitat PY - 2022 TI - World Cities Report 2022 UR - https://unhabitat.org/wcr/2022/ ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mueller, W PY - 2022 TI - Exposure to urban greenspace and pathways to respiratory health: an exploratory systematic review T2 - Science of the Total Environment UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35283125/ ER - TY - JOUR AU - Duan, R R AU - Hao, K AU - Yang, T DO - 10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.05.004 IS - 4 PY - 2020 SP - 260 EP - 269 TI - Air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease T2 - Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.05.004 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Behera, D K DO - 10.1007/s00420-024-02087-7 PY - 2024 SP - 813 EP - 832 TI - Effects of air pollution on global health: evidence from the global burden of disease study in the BRICS countries T2 - International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00420-024-02087-7 VL - 97 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bozoudis, V AU - Sebos, I DO - 10.1007/s10666-020-09701-1 PY - 2021 SP - 155 EP - 162 TI - The carbon footprint of transport activities of the 401 Military General Hospital of Athens T2 - Environmental Modeling & Assessment UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-020-09701-1 VL - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Assimacopoulos, D AU - Sebos, I AU - Chioti, D AU - Katsiardi, P DO - 10.1007/s41207-025-00844-9 PY - 2025 SP - 4079 EP - 4090 TI - Advancing climate change adaptation in Greece: development and implementation of a national monitoring and evaluation system T2 - Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration UR - https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41207-025-00844-9 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tsepi, E AU - Sebos, I AU - Kyriakopoulos, G L DO - 10.13052/spee1048-5236.4332 IS - 3 PY - 2024 SP - 517 EP - 544 TI - Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emissions in Greece from 1996 to 2020 T2 - Strategic Planning for Energy & the Environment UR - https://journals.riverpublishers.com/index.php/SPEE/article/view/23781 VL - 43 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nydrioti, I AU - Sebos, I AU - Kitsara, G AU - Assimacopoulos, D DO - 10.1038/s41598-024-79938-3 PY - 2024 SP - 28666 EP - 28666 TI - Effective management of urban water resources under various climate scenarios in semiarid mediterranean areas T2 - Scientific Reports UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79938-3 VL - 14 ER - TY - BOOK AB - Description based upon print version of record. This sourcebook, produced by UN-Habitat and the World Health Organization, provides a comprehensive guide on integrating health considerations into urban and territorial planning. It emphasizes the importance of aligning health with sustainable urban development and outlines strategies for national governments, local authorities, and civil society to incorporate health in planning processes. The book aims to highlight the mutual benefits of considering health impacts in urban planning, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and promoting health equity. It offers tools and methodologies such as health impact assessments, spatial epidemiology, and citizen science to aid planners in making informed decisions. The publication is intended for urban planners, policymakers, health professionals, and organizations involved in urban development. Intro -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Executive summary -- Health in urban and territorial planning -- 1.1 Who is this guidance for? -- 1.2 Why is this important? -- 1.3 How do we need to respond? -- 1.4 What should we be doing? -- What health can bring to urban and territorial planning -- 2.1 National governments -- 2.2 Local authorities -- 2.3 Civil society organizations and associations -- 2.4 Professionals and their associations -- 2.5 Culture change in traditional spatial planning -- Why integrate urban and territorial planning with health? AU - UN-HABITAT PB - World Health Organization PY - 2020 SN - 9789240003170 TI - Integrating Health in Urban and Territorial Planning : A Sourcebook ER - TY - GEN AB - Background: Drug-eluting stents (DESs) were considered as ground-breaking technology promising to eradicate restenosis and the necessity to perform multiple revascularization procedures subsequent to percutaneous coronary intervention. Soon after DESs were released on the market, however, there were reports of a potential increase in mortality and of early or late thrombosis. In addition, DESs are far more expensive than bare-metal stents (BMSs), which has led to their limited use in many countries. The technology has improved over the last few years with the second generation of DESs (DES-2). Moreover, costs have come down and an improved safety profile with decreased thrombosis has been reported. Objective: Perform a cost-benefit analysis of DES-2s versus BMSs in the context of a publicly funded university hospital in Quebec, Canada. Methods: A systematic review of meta-analyses was conducted between 2012 and 2016 to extract data on clinical effectiveness. The clinical outcome of interest for the cost-benefit analysis was target-vessel revascularization (TVR). Cost units are those used in the Quebec healthcare system. The cost-benefit analysis was based on a 2-year perspective. Deterministic and stochastic models (discrete-event simulation) were used, and various risk factors of reintervention were considered. Results: DES-2s are much more effective than BMSs with respect to TVR rate ratio (i.e., 0.29 to 0.62 in more recent meta-analyses). DES-2s seem to cause fewer deaths and in-stent thrombosis than BMSs, but results are rarely significant, with the exception of the cobalt-chromium everolimus DES. The rate ratio of myocardial infraction is systematically in favor of DES-2s and very often significant. Despite the higher cost of DES-2s, fewer reinterventions can lead to huge savings (i.e., -$479 to -$769 per patient). Moreover, the higher a patient's risk of reintervention, the higher the savings associated with the use of DES-2s. Conclusion: Despite the higher purchase cost of DES-2s compared to BMSs, generalizing their use, in particular for patients at high risk of reintervention, should enable significant savings. AU - Poder, Thomas G. AU - Erraji, Jihane AU - Coulibaly, Lucien P. AU - Koffi, Kouamé DA - 2017/5// DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0177476 IS - 5 PB - Public Library of Science PY - 2017 TI - Percutaneous coronary intervention with second-generation drug-eluting stent versus bare-metal stent: Systematic review and cost-benefit analysis T2 - PLoS ONE VL - 12 ER -