# tblA_STUDY_BASE

StudySummary:
The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of artificial lights from offshore oil platforms on the Ashy Storm-Petrel and Scripp's Murrelet, though other species were also recorded. The study used a combination of nocturnal radar and audio-visual monitoring surveys during the spring, summer, and fall of 2013 to detect the presence of birds at the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf offshore oil platforms. They used the radar surveys to estimate nightly light attraction rate (birds/hr/km) and characterize their flight speed and direction. They also made visual observations of seabird interactions with the platforms lights and conducted nightly surveys for grounded birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Surveys were conducted nightly during the spring, summer, and fall of 2013. Two 10 day spring surveys were conducted on platform Grace in March and April. The summer and fall surveys were conducted on platforms Grace and Hermosa over four 10-night surveys. The surveillance radar ran throughout the night beginning 45 minutes after sundown until 45 minutes before sunrise. Three 2-hour radar surveys were conducted a night where the observer would monitor the radar screen for the presence of avian targets. The identification of species was made by the radar observer stepping out onto the deck to scan the night sky to make a visual observation of the species. During the radar surveys, the number, flight speed, and flight directions of each radar target were recorded. Radar targets were classified as light attraction targets if they were within 650 meters of the platform, they had a bearing that would intersect the platform, and they had a speed and echo size indicative of a bird. They were excluded if they were flying away from the platform or if they changed course to divert around the platform. Additionally, three 30-minute observation periods per night were conducted on the platform deck to record birds interacting with the platform lights, and the deck was searched twice night (~1 hour per night) for any grounded seabirds that may have collided with the platform.

DescriptionOfResults:
The results of the study indicate that there are a relatively low number of birds attracted to the lighting on offshore oil platforms with an average of 1.23 events per night. In the Spring, a total of 48 avian targets were documented as light attraction events (flying within 650 meters of the platform with a flight bearing that would intersect the platform), with 20 of these events occurring on a single night (April 8). The light attraction event rate was 0.13 targets/hr/km. 9 light attraction events were recorded in the Summer (0.02 targets/hr/km), and 12 were recorded in the Fall (0.03 targets/hr/km). It was typically not possible to identify the species of the radar detections, but when they were identified by the outside observer, almost all observed light attraction events were gulls, "indicating that a proportion of the light attraction events recorded were local birds using the platform for roosting or foraging." The majority of nocturnal migrants appeared to avoid the platform, flying to the east or west of the platform. The authors note that "this avoidance behaviour was likely due to artificial light being emitted by the platform." No detections of grounded birds were recorded on Platform Grace and 4 were found on Platform Hermosa. During the visual observation periods on the platform deck, the authors observed one bird collide with a platform, and two other birds flying erratically above a platform. The research team also found that artificial light from oil platforms may be used as a foraging opportunity for some birds. They observed Brown Pelicans feeding in the water off the side of the platform, and 12 Kingbirds feeding on insects on the top deck of the platform.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-intensity short-wavelength light could deter wild, free-flying raptors from colliding with aircraft. They conducted the study at a banding station, using lures to draw in Red-tailed Hawks. They examined the relative frequency of Red-tailed Hawk captures and aborted approaches to illuminated vs. unlit lures at a test and a control raptor banding station during fall migration.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Hawks' reactions were tested and recorded for seven consecutive days at a testing and at a control station. Three custom lighting units were used at the testing station and lights there were activated throughout station operation, from ~0900 to ~1600 hours.

DescriptionOfResults:
The abort-to-capture ratio was much higher at the treatment station (0.74) than at the control station (0.08). Of the individuals documented, 31 were captured and 23 aborted (changed direction) their approach at the treatment station, whereas 74 were captured and 6 aborted their approach at the control station.


StudySummary:
The main purpose of the study was to develop an integrated strategy to curtail Ibis population growth and minimize the negative impacts arising from overpopulation in the Gold Coast Region. The primary objective was to reduce hazards to aircraft. To test the effectiveness of various measures, they conducted a study at the Corrumbin colony. This colony was located in the CHCP (Corrumbin Hill Conservation Park) and Corrumbin Sanctuary (an adjacent tourist wildlife park). The program was based on four main initiatives, one of which consisted of bird dispersal from the roosting sites in the nonbreeding season. To disrupt the normal roosting patterns of the Ibis, spotlights were shone on the birds soon after sunset and "vocalised noise" (we are not sure what type of noise this is) accompanied the spotlights. Success was monitored in three ways. The CHPC staff performed monthly overnight roosting counts.  Airport Safety Officers performed 12-14 birds counts per month at the Coolangatta Airport. The Currumbin Sanctuary Staff conducted foraging counts at least three times per week at the Currumbin Sanctuary.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It seems like it was a multi-year project ongoing at the time of this publication. Roost counts were conducted at the Currumbin colony in the Currumbin Hill Conservation Park monthly beginning one hour prior to sunset, adding the incoming and subtracting the outgoing birds until last light. Airport staff conducted 12 to 14 bird counts per month, which involved traversing 8 sectors within the perimeter fence and recording all birds observed. Staff at a local sanctuary found foraging counts at least three times per week.

DescriptionOfResults:
They observed significant reductions in the three years of the program: on average a 75% reduction compared with the baseline year of 1995. Numbers at the airport were lowest in 1997, the year when Ibis were least populous in the Currumbin colony. Between July and November 1996 the program maintained the population below 555 birds: a 53% reduction on the previous year’s October count. The population was maintained below 140 through the second season of the program (1997/8), a reduction of 89% on the October 1995 count. Ibis numbers increased through the third breeding season (1998/9), averaging 395 between September and March. In October 1998, 435 birds were counted, a 63% reduction from October 1995. Foraging counts also diminished over successive years following the introduction of the program against a trend of increasing numbers prior to the program. At the peak in January 1995, 650 birds were counted. This compares with an average count of 88 birds in January 1998, a reduction of over 85%. However, it was found that Ibis populations appeared to become resistant to the effects of spotlighting over time.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to examine bird mortality as a result of tower collisions at a wind resource area (WRA) in north-central Iowa from 2003 to 2004. The towers in the study area were lit with the following 3 light regimes: non-pulsating red beacons; pulsating red beacons; a combination of pulsating white beacons and non-pulsating red beacons. The researchers measured mortality through carcass surveys, collecting carcasses along transacts under the towers. They estimated the total number of mortalities by adjusting for search probability, scavenger efficiency, search efficiency, and proportion of towers searched.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
46 towers had non-pulsating red beacons, 37 towers had pulsating red beacons, and 6 towers had a combination of pulsating white beacons and non-pulsating red beacons. Carcass surveys were conducted at 26 of the 89 wind towers in the area during April-Dec 2003 and March-Dec 2004 and searches were conducted every two or three days. They searched 6 randomly placed 3-meter wide transects under each tower, which they kept free of vegetation using herbicides and manual weeding. The average total area searched under each tower was 1742 m^2. Carcasses found at other times were collected but not used to estimate total mortality at the wind farm. In 2004, they also searched under 2 meteorological towers with the total search area being 881.76m^2 (under each meteorological tower). They conducted search efficiency and scavenger efficiency trials in the spring, summer, and fall of 2003 and 2004 (a total of 6 times).

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2003 2 bird carcasses and 5 carcasses in 2004 were collected in the designated search area. Additionally, 5 birds in 2004 were found incidentally. The majority of these carcasses showed signs of collision trauma attributing mortality to tower collisions. The study states that both resident and migrant birds were found under meteorological and wind towers. Corrections for search efficiency, scavenging and search probability estimate 0.38 and 0.76 birds/tower/year in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The small number of fatalities, specifically for the raptors and Canada Geese, found at the top of the Iowa WRA indicate that impact of WRA on avian mortality is minimal and precludes any tests for the relationship between lighting type and mortality.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the bird's ability to orient in the correct migratory direction under various wavelengths of artificial light. European robins were tested under 443 nm blue, 590 nm yellow, and 565 nm green light (the green was served as the control). These birds were tested in the local geomagnetic field and in a magnetic field with North deflected 120 degrees under monochromatic green light. Their orienting behaviour was recorded by Emlen funnels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 birds were each tested in a pseudo-random sequence through all four conditions until they had produced three usable recordings under each condition (recordings with fewer than 35 scratches were excluded). It is unclear if tests occurred consecutively on the same night, or if the same bird was tested on multiple nights. The test period lasted approximately 1 hour, but it is unclear from manuscript whether each treatment lasted 1 hour, or if all treatments were conducted within the same hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds oriented in seasonally appropriate direction under blue and green light. They were disoriented under yellow light. Under a 120° shift of magnetic North, the birds' orientation correspondingly shifted.


StudySummary:
The authors document the flight patterns of birds in the collision-risk zone and the abundance of birds at various sites in a wind resource area. The authors determined the avoidance behaviour of birds by recording three response variables during point counts: abundance, distance from the observer, and flight height. They conducted point counts at 4 types of sites: tower sites within the wind farm that were not used for carcass surveys (Type A), tower sites within the wind farm that were used for carcass surveys (Type B), non-tower sites within the wind farm (Type C), and off-windfarm sites (Type D).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The total number of sites selected for point counts is not clearly reported in the article. Point counts were conducted from May-Dec 2003 and Mar-Dec 2004 at windfarm and off-windfarm sites. During each 10-minute survey, the researchers identified all birds seen or hear within 100 meters of the observer and recorded 1) the number of birds using binoculars, 2) distance from the observer (0-30m, 30-60m, or 60-100m) using range finders and 3) estimated flight height above the ground. Flight height was categorized relative to the sweep of the rotor as low (below), medium (at the same level), or high (above).  The researchers collected data during all 4 periods of the day (morning, mid-day, evening, and night) and each site was visited every 6 days.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study concludes that no clear significant difference was observed in avian activity between the tower and non-towers sites or between the windfarm and off-windfarm sites due to the homogeneity of the sites and low bird count. The proportion of birds flying in the collision-risk zone(0-30m) around the towers was very low (0.043%). During the fall of 2003 and 2004 (but not summer 2003), there were significantly fewer birds using the collision-risk zone around the wind towers and the same air space in the non-tower sites, indicating that birds may have been avoiding the collision-risk zone. No conclusions can be made about the effects of tower lighting on bird abundance or flight behaviour separately from the effects of the towers themselves because all sites with towers also had lights, and the different lighting types were not distinguished in the analysis.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop a method for observing the passage of low-flying nocturnal migrants with a ceilometer. In the course of testing this method, they recorded few instances of birds hovering or otherwise attracted to the ceilometer. Observations were made with one and two 100-w ceilometers which shone a cone of light directly upwards and a telescope/binoculars used for viewing. Observations were made during the time period from 19:00-20:30.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The observations were conducted during the spring and fall of 1969 and 1970 at Athens Georgia, and in the fall of 1969 at Lake Charles Louisiana. 20X oculars were used for all observations except for in spring 1969 where 15X oculars were used. Observations were made over many nights each season (total number unspecified, see Table 1), and lasted 15-50 minutes/hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors note that bird attraction to the ceilometer was a "decidedly rare occurrence," and was typically limited to nights of mist, fog, or low overcast. Birds attracted to the light would frequently "hover in the beam for several seconds."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the ability of migratory Australian Silvereyes to orient in the correct migratory direction under monochromatic light at wavelengths of 424 nm blue and 565 nm green light at two different intensities and under different magnetic conditions (local geomagnetic field, vertical component inverted or magnetic North shift 120° counter-clockwise). Tests were conducted in Emlen funnels to count the number of hops to determine their orientation.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
24 Australian silvereyes were captured and divided under each wavelength (12 in green and 12 in blue light). Under green light, birds were tested in all of the following conditions: 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the local geomagnetic field, 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the magnetic vertical component inverted, and 42x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the local field. Under blue light, all birds were tested under the local geomagnetic field and in a magnetic field with vertical component reversed in 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 and under the local field, with the vertical magnetic component inverted and magnetic North shifted 120° ccw under 42x10^15quanta m-2s-1. Birds were tested under each condition until they produced three recordings with sufficient activity. Tests lasted 1 hour and 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
At a lower intensity of 7 x 10^15 quanta m-2 s-1, birds showed seasonally appropriate orientation under blue and green light. Their headings reversed when the vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, indicating a normal use of the avian inclination compass. The birds were disoriented under both wavelengths at a higher intensity of 43 x 10^15 quanta m-2 s-1  (green: W-NW, blue: E-W axis). The direction of this misorientation was not reversed when vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, indicating that they were not using an inclination compass. Under bright monochromatic green light, the birds' misorientation shifted direction with a shift in the horizontal component of the magnetic field (magnetic North shifted 120 degrees counter clockwise).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox , Jacqueline Yang , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test geomagnetic orientation ability of European robins to orient in the correct seasonally appropriate direction under the influence of dim red light, green light, and total darkness. All tests were conducted in Emlen funnels and performed in local geomagnetic fields.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment was conducted in Autumn 2005 and Spring 2006. There were 28 test birds, each was tested three times under each light condition. Each test lasted about 75 minutes. 16 birds were tested green and total darkness conditions while 15 were tested in dim red in Autumn 2005 (n total = 47).  12 were tested in Spring 2006 in each condition (n total = 36).

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds oriented in seasonally appropriate direction under 566nm monochrome green light. Fixed direction misorientation (westwards) was displayed under dim red light and total darkness in both Spring and Fall sessions. The authors concluded that birds were using inclination-based, light dependent compass under green light, and magnetite-based compass under dim red light and darkness that generated a fixed response towards the West.


StudySummary:
To determine if artificial light was contributing to bird-building collisions, the authors compared data on the amount of artificial light at buildings to the number of collisions. Volunteers patrolled downtown Toronto to collect live and dead birds. The species and location of each bird with respect to the nearest building were recorded. Photographs were taken of buildings at night to determine proportion of windows lit, which was multiplied by the number of floors of the building to calculate a light index.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each night two to three volunteers surveyed the route between midnight and 9:30am. The search effort was constant across nights. On nights when fewer volunteers were searching, they searched for a longer time. The total number of nights of volunteer activity varied between seasons and years and is not reported. 8-10 times per migration season 16 buildings in downtown Toronto were photographed from 4:30 and 5:45 am. A seasonal average light index was calculated for each building in the spring and fall of 1997-2000 and in the spring of 2001.

DescriptionOfResults:
More dead and live birds were found at buildings with higher light emissions and at taller buildings. When both building height and light index were taken into account simultaneously, the influence of building height was no longer significant. When weather variables were included in the model of bird mortality, the light index was no longer significant. Total cloud cover was found to be the most important variable in predicting bird mortality, followed by total rainfall. Wind was the most important factor predicting the number of birds found alive.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study is to examine the mortality of long-distance migratory birds as a result of collisions with communication towers. The study was conducted during spring and fall migration seasons in Arkansas and carcasses were counted. The influence of 4 tower attributes on bird mortality was analysed: physiographic region (Delta or Highlands), tower height (greater or less than 150 meters AGL),  colour of aviation safety lights (Red or White), and guy wires (presence/absence). Technicians searched for carcasses at sunrise in a circular transect around the tower. The modeled the effects of tower attributes on carcasses per day (a more conservative estimate) and feather piles per day (may have included both collision mortalities and other mortalities).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
28 towers were included in the study. The number of replicates for each combination of tower attributes is listed in Table 4.1 (p 83). Towers were simultaneously sampled daily within 15 minutes of local sunrise for 20 days during each migration season, for a total of 160 sampling days. The search radius at each tower extended out to a maximum of 90% of the tower height not to exceed 75 meters. A total of 337 individuals comprising of 70 species were recovered.

DescriptionOfResults:
The author concludes that there was "significant but inconsistent evidence that towers with red lighting systems at night were associated with significantly more fatalities than towers with white lighting systems." Of the 337 carcasses and feather piles recovered, most were from tall tower sites and were collected during fall migration. For carcasses/day, only tower height showed a significant difference between treatments, with more carcasses removed from tall towers. For total birds/day (carcasses and feather piles), there was a significant three-way interaction between physiographic region, height, and lights. Most birds were killed by short towers with white lights in the Delta, tall towers with either light color in the Delta, and short towers with red lights in the Highlands. The tall, red-lit towers in the Delta had the greatest number of total bird mortalities per day. Looking at only short towers in the Highlands region and considering carcasses/day, towers with guy wires had five times as many fatalities than with the absence of guy wires, and more birds were recovered from red-lit towers. In a mixed model ANOVA, both factors were significant, and there was no significant interaction between lights and the presence/absence of guy wires. When the same analysis was applied to total birds/day, none of these predictor variables were significant.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference between high frequency and low frequency flickering of fluorescent lighting for captive European Starlings. The European Starlings were captured as juveniles, approximately 7-9 months old. They were habituated to indoor lighting prior to the experiment. This was a free choice test. The birds were put into a binary choice chamber, and each side had a different flicker rate, although both chambers were each illuminated with a Durotest Truelite fluorescent lamp that was 0.60 m above the chambers. The birds were habituated for one hour, and then the observations began. The number of birds in each chamber was recorded every 2 minutes using video technology.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Fourteen groups of four birds were placed into the apparatus, split equally between the two chambers. The birds were allowed to habituate for 1 hour, then the observations began for 2 hours, with data recorded with video every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a significant preference for high flickering over low flickering, with no significant difference between timeblocks, and no side bias (preference for one chamber over another).


StudyName:
Wiltschko et al. 2014a Australian silvereyes

ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh Ha, Jacqueline Yang, Khanh, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study was run to determine if Australian Silvereyes could orient under different UV light conditions. Birds were tested in an Emlen funnel with a monochromatic LED light source attached to the top of the funnel. The birds were tested under monochromatic UV light at two different intensities (0.3 or 2.8 mW/m^2) in the local geomagnetic field. They were also tested under 2.8 mW/m^2 light with the vertical component of the magnetic field inverted. Their orientation was tested under monochromatic green light in the local geomagnetic field as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Australian Silvereyes were only tested during Spring 2003. The authors list the sample size as 12 for each condition (Table S2) (green control, UV 0.3mW/m2, UV 2.8mW/m2 and UV 2.8mW/m2 with an inverted magnetic field), though it is unclear if N refers to the number of birds in the experiment or the total number of trials. Each bird was tested three times in each test condition.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control (green) and 0.3mW/m^2 UV light conditions, the silvereyes were able to orient, preferring their spring migration direction (south). Under 2.8mW/m^2 UV light, they were misoriented, preferring 30° north of east. When the vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, their misorientation changed to 30° south of east.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings at different developmental stages showed different preferences for the presence/absence of artificial light by measuring phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with only one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box. The weight and wing length of the birds was recorded to determine if each developmental stage created a different phototaxis response.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
118 nestlings were each tested once. Each test occurred for as long as it took for a nestling to choose which side of the compartment to enter, and the time it took for the nestling to enter a side of the compartment was recorded.

DescriptionOfResults:
As wing length increased and weight decreased, the nestlings became increasingly likely to switch from a negative to positive phototaxis response. Individuals that developed the fastest changed their responses the earliest. This switch in phototactic response also occurred when the nestlings acquired weak flight ability.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings showed preferences for different relative light intensities by measuring their phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with each half of the box having a different light intensity. The relative light intensities between the two sides of the box were 1:1, 1:3, 1:7, or 1:15. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested at 25 days old with the choice of two different light intensities. Replicates were not explicitly stated for this study, but it is stated that 12 birds at 25 days of age were tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
When given a choice between two different light intensities, young positively phototactic birds preferred the brighter light if the difference between the two light intensities was large. The latency of response was also the smallest when the difference in light intensities was the greatest.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate how magneto-reception (ability to orient in the correct migratory direction) in European robins is affected by varying wavelength and intensity of light. They tested varying monochromatic lights (green, blue, yellow, turquoise) at two intensities of 7 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 and 43 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2. The birds were caged in Emlen funnels lined with typewriter correction paper for testing orientation in Autumn and Spring.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 European robins were each tested in 1999 and  12 different birds were tested in 2000 (n total = 24). In 1999, Each birds was tested under the eight different light conditions (green, turquoise, blue, yellow at 7 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 or 43 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2) in a pseudo-random sequence until they produced 3 evaluable recordings in each. In 2000, the tests were repeated under green, turquoise, and bright turquoise conditions, using the same protocol. The tests began in the evening at the time when the lights in the housing cages were turned off and lasted for approximately 75 minutes per bird.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were well oriented in their migratory direction east of north under blue, turquoise, and green lights at quantal flux of 7×10^15 quanta s−1 m−2. However, birds were disoriented under yellow lights in both intensities. Under 43 x 10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 monochromatic blue and green light, birds misoriented along the East-West axis and under bright turquoise light they misoriented slightly West of North. Results are interesting because the peak wavelength of "yellow" light (590nm) was only 24nm more than that of "green" light (565nm), and their bandwidths showed considerable overlap.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings at different ages showed preferences for different light intensities by measuring phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box. The three light intensities tested were 38, 2.4. and 0.036 µ/m^2/s. The phototactic response and the latency of response to each absolute light intensity was measured through visual observations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
54 nestlings were used. The birds were tested at 15, 18, 21 and 24 days of age three times each, once at each light intensity.

DescriptionOfResults:
22 of the 24 birds tested were consistent in their phototactic responses within each day and over all of the ages (15, 18, 21, and 24 days). The phototactic response appeared to be the same at all light intensities and the latency of response did not differ between light intensities on any of the testing days.


StudySummary:
This study examined migratory orientation of juvenile Australian silvereyes using an Emlen funnel with coated paper under three conditions: white (full spectrum) light (control), green light (571nm),  and red light (633nm). In a fourth condition, birds were tested under white light after receiving a magnetising pulse that was sufficient to remagnetise and magnetic material found in the beak or head region of the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each test began directly after the lights had gone out in the holding room and lasted approximately 1 hour. 14 Silvereyes were tested under white, green, and red light in a pseudo-random order, with each bird being exposed to each treatment 4-7 times.   19 birds  were tested under white light before and after pulse magnetization.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were able to orient in the seasonally correct migratory direction under 'white' (full spectrum) and 571nm green light, with no significant difference in behavior between the two. The birds displayed disorientation under 633nm red light and their mean direction was significantly different from that under the 'white' and green light. Intense brief magnetic pulses did not have any effect on birds' orientation compared to before the treatment.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preference and phototactic responses of starlings would differ based on hunger and weight. Birds were either not fed for three hours or fed for three hours, weighed, and were then tested for their phototactic response. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with only one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested at age 20 days, using 20 nestlings divided into two groups. The first group of 10 birds (A) was not fed for three hours, while the second group of birds (B) were fed. After the three hour period, each individual in both groups was tested. After testing, the groups were then reversed and the testing was immediately repeated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Hungry birds responded to the light/dark choice faster than satiated birds and hunger had a significant effect on the latency of response. The order of testing had no effect on the latency of response to light, and there was no significant interaction between the factors hunger and order. There was a significant and positive correlation between weight change and the change in latency of response. In group A (hungry, then satiated), the nestlings that gained the most weight had the greatest increase in latency of response between the first and second trails, while in group B (satiated, then hungry) the nestlings who lost the most weight had the greatest decrease in latency of response. No birds in group A changed their phototactic response, but 2 out of the 10 birds in group B changed from a negative to a positive phototactic response.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the lighting preferences of male turkeys. This was a free choice test. The birds were put into two groups of 15, and each group was raised in a separate room. Both rooms had a light intensity of 120 lux for 14 days, after which the intensities were changed. One room had a light intensity of 12 lux, and the other had an intensity of 4 lux. The test apparatus had 4 chambers in a line, each connected by doorways. An incandescent bulb was suspended into each chamber, providing light intensities of <1, 5, 10, or 25 lux. The turkeys were placed into the apparatus and were observed at 30-minute intervals to see which chamber the turkeys were in.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
15 turkeys were housed in a room at 4 lux and 15 were housed in another room at 12 lux. The turkeys from each room were divided into 5 groups of 3, and marked with leg bands. In order to habituate the turkeys, they were placed in the apparatus for 6 hours on 3 occasions prior to the experiment. During the experiment, 3 turkeys from the same room were tested together. They were placed into the chamber and observed every 30 minutes for 6 hours, from 10 am to 4 pm.  This was repeated 8 times for each group at 1 or 2-week intervals when the turkeys were between 6-19 weeks old.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a preference for lighting options in both the 4 lux and 12 lux group. When tested in the experimental apparatus, the group housed in 4 lux group spent the most time in the 5 lux chamber, and the group house in 12 lux group spent the most time in the 25 lux chamber. Both groups avoided the <1 lux chamber, as none were seen to enter this chamber.


StudySummary:
The study involved trapping and exposing caged American Crows to artificial light in the winter to simulate increasing day length. The birds were then released to determine whether or not they would follow a seasonally appropriate migration pattern (southward). The birds were banded and advertisements were made in papers in Alberta and surrounding provinces and states asking residents to hunt crows and return banded crows to researchers. Crows in the experimental group had yellow marks painted on their tails. Those that were not subject to artificial light served as the control group

DescriptionOfReplicates:
155 experimental birds were released and 75 were recovered. 53 control birds were released and 34 were recovered.

DescriptionOfResults:
The crows receiving artificial light treatment may have been more likely to travel North or Northwest (seasonally inappropriate directions) after release. Of the 155 experimental birds released, 75 birds (48%) were recovered. 50% of the recovered birds were killed in Hackett or near (the town of release). Of the birds recovered outside of Hackett, the weighted mean direction of flight was 32 degrees North of West. If more birds travelled North, they were unlikely to be seen because of the small human population in that area. 53 control birds were liberated and 34 (64%) were recovered. The mean flight direction is not reported, but based on maps provided it appears to be consistently Southeast for control birds that travelled long distances. The authors believe that had more of the experimental birds travelled Southeast (the seasonally appropriate direction), they should have been captured at a higher rate than the control birds, as the experimental birds were conspicuously marked with bright yellow paint. The lower recapture rate for the experimental birds suggests that a lower proportion of the experimental group travelled southeast than the control group.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if personality (in terms of exploratory behaviour) had an effect on the birds' responses to artificial light at night (ALAN) based on if a bird chose to roost in a nest box with ALAN present. This study specifically looked at roosting decisions of wild Great Tits when confronted with ALAN.  On the first night, the birds slept in dark nest boxes. On the second night, an LED light was added to their nest box. A video camera inside of the nest box recorded whether the birds chose to sleep inside of the nest box when confronted with the light. The authors analyzed whether this choice was related to an individuals' personality, which was measured in a prior study for each individual using a novel object test.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected from around 150 nest boxes over two nights (first night without light, second night with light). For determining if exploration behaviour was associated with the likelihood to roost in a nest box with ALAN inside, data from 68 individuals were used.

DescriptionOfResults:
71% of individuals returned to roost in a nest box after ALAN was added. Neither personality nor sex differences influenced the likelihood of returning to the nest box.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preferences of turkeys when presented with incandescent light or fluorescent light. There were two sets of the preference apparatus, which consisted of 3 adjacent chambers. This was a free choice test. The middle chamber contained 1 lx of light in the form of either incandescent or fluorescent light, depending on the rearing treatment of the birds. In the side chambers, light with an intensity of 10 lx was provided with either a fluorescent light or incandescent light. The turkeys were placed in the middle chamber, and their locations were observed in 30 minute intervals by a researcher.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
30 male turkeys were divided into 2 groups of 15 and placed into two rooms. These groups of 15 were divided further into 5 groups of 3. During the experiment, groups of 3 were tested from 10am to 4pm (6 hours), and observed by a researcher every 30 minutes. Each group of 3 was tested 6 times between the ages of 8-18 weeks. The turkeys were habituated in the apparatus 4 times for 6 hours each in their groups of 15 before the experiment began.

DescriptionOfResults:
The turkeys showed a preference for fluorescent over incandescent lighting. Turkeys raised in incandescent lighting chose the fluorescent chamber almost 4 times more often and turkeys raised in fluorescent light chose fluorescent twice as often as incandescent. As for group selections, fluorescent birds chose fluorescent light 74 times and incandescent 41 times, while the incandescent birds chose fluorescent and incandescent 84 and 17 times respectively.


StudySummary:
Research to quantify bird mortality was conducted at an unguyed USCG Rescue 21 communication tower. It was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top level and mid level and also with non-blinking, red lights at the midpoints between the top-level and mid-level strobes and between the mid-level strobe and the ground. They collected and recorded bird carcasses from around the tower in May and September of 2008 and 2009 on early mornings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The tower was searched for bird carcasses on 7-26 May and 11-30 September  2008 and 7-26 May and 11-30 September, 2009.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a low level of avian fatalities recorded with 1 unknown sparrow found in spring 2008 and 3 and 5 birds found in spring and fall of 2009 respectively. It is noted that some of the locations under the tower were inaccessible due to poison ivy, so for the analysis they multiplied the numbers for each season by 2.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to assess the preferences of broiler chicks between white and yellow LED light. The experiment was conducted through a free choice test in a test apparatus of two distinct chambers connected by an access tunnel. One of the chambers had a white LED light and the other a yellow. Both chambers were equipped with feed and water. The outcome was measured using video recordings for 15 minutes at 08:00, 13:00, and 20:00. The video assessed the location of each chick, noting gender and the number of males and females in each chamber.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 136 chicks were used, 68 males and 68 females. They were all divided into 4 groups of 34 with 17 males and 17 females. The test was continuously applied from 7 - 40 days of age with data recorded 15 minutes at 08:00, 13:00, and 20:00. There was no time for acclimation or conditioning.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no significant preference found between occupying either of the two possible light environments (white vs yellow LED lights) for male or female broilers.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox, Jacqueline Yang , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Australian Silvereyes were tested in an Emlen funnel to determine how green, red, dim red, and no light (total darkness) affected their ability to orient in the correct migratory direction in the Spring under three conditions: the local geomagnetic field of Armidale, the vertical component inverted but unchanged intensity with magnetic north, and horizontal component deflected so that geographic north was shifted to 270 degrees geographic west. To test the birds' ability to orient using their vision alone, the authors anesthetized their upper beaks in some trials, which are thought to have iron-containing receptors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 test birds were used each year, each tested 1-3 times in each condition. In 2003, the conditions were: green-geomagnetic field, dim red-geomagnetic field, dim red-vertical component inverted, dim red-horizontal component inverted, and red-geomagnetic field. In 2006, all tests were conducted in the local geomagnetic field, and the conditions were: green-untreated, green-beak anesthetised, dim red-beak untreated, dim red-beak anesthetised, and darkness-untreated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Oriented in seasonally appropriate direction in green light. Oriented towards NW in dim red light and in total darkness when exposed to local geomagnetic field and when vertical component of geomagnetic field inverted. When in dim red light with horizontal component of magnetic field shifted 90 degrees, the birds shifted their orientation 90 degrees. In more intense red light (2mWm-2), they were not significantly oriented in any direction. When their upper beak was anaesthetised, the remained oriented under green light but not under dim red light. These results lead the authors to conclude that in the absence of their light-based inclination compass, the birds relied on a polarity compass based on magnetite in their beaks that led them west, regardless of season.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to record the species composition and patterns of flight-calling behaviour of vocal nocturnal migrants in the Gulf of Mexico. They made audio recordings of flight calls of migrants at the Viosca Knoll oil platform off the coast of Alabama during fall migration using a pressure zone microphone (PZM) and video cassette recorder. They also made visual surveys of the platform during the day to count the abundance of landbird migrants on the platform.  They categorized the weather into 7 types of synoptic weather patterns and determined how the two most common weather types affected the call counts and the number of birds landing on the platform. They do not provide much information about the lighting on the platform, but they note that the rig is artificially lit and that lights were turned on to illuminate the rig approximately 8 hours after sunset.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 2762 calls were detected during 30 nights from September to November 1999. They recorded calls for an average of 7.9 h per night between 21:00 and 05:00 (CDT).  Due to continuous noise in the 1-4kHz range, most of the calls were recorded between 6-11kHz. The author classified the synoptic weather conditions into 8 categories (gulf front, east coast low, midwest continental high, east continental high, Bermuda high, Gulf high, tropical low, and not determined) and included the two most common weather types (east coast low and midwest continental high) in the analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
They recorded 2762 calls in the 6-11kHz during 30 nights. The greatest number of calls across all nights was from 04:00 to 05:00 CDT, 8hr after sunset and 2h before sunrise. The authors note that this timing "may have corresponded to" turning on the lights to illuminate the rig in the morning, but they did not record the lighting on the rig and do not seem confident in this relationship. The increase in call counts during dawn may have resulted from migrants re-forming flocks. The author notes that most birds landed on the platforms when the weather type was MCH (northeasterly winds) resulting in lower call counts. In contrast, higher call counts are recorded during increased cloud cover, lower cloud ceilings, headwinds, and ECH weather conditions.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if male and female Hooded Warblers had different light intensity preferences. However, only one female was available for testing. The testing room had four 200-watt bulbs arrayed over the length of the room, with 6 perches. A light-intensity gradient was created by unscrewing some of the light bulbs and clocking the side of the remaining lights that faced the "dark" end of the room. The time spent by each bird on the 6 perches was observed through a one-way window.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Four males and one female were each tested 12 times each for 20 minutes per trial. At least one week elapsed between each trial.

DescriptionOfResults:
Males showed no difference in preference for any of the light intensity treatments. The preferences of the sole female studied seemed similar to those of the four males.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the hens preferred high-pressure high-intensity sodium light or low-intensity incandescent light. This experiment was conducted in a three-chamber apparatus, consisting of a left, middle, and right chamber with the two end chambers each housing a light treatment. This experiment was a free choice test and recorded the location of the hens every four minutes within a six-hour trial period using a video camera.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Twenty Leghorn hens ranging from 20-23 weeks of age were tested together in pairs and each bird was only tested once. Tests lasted from 9:30 - 15:30 for three days; the first day was an acclimation period and the last two were experimental days. Birds were observed using videotapes for their location every four minutes during the testing period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the hens displayed no preference for either incandescent or high-pressure sodium light. Without considering time spent in the central dark compartment, hens on average spent 52% of their time under high-pressure sodium light and 48% of their time under incandescent light. Seven pairs of hens spent more time under the high-pressure sodium light and three pairs spent more time under the incandescent light. The birds spent the least amount of time in the central compartment where no light was present.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the light intensity preference of broiler chickens using a free-choice test. The chickens were raised and monitored in four experimental pens. Each experimental pen consisted of a lighting area (LA) and a non-lighting area (NA), with the two areas separated by a silver shade cloth. The NA had an intensity of less than 2 lux. The LA was divided into three subzones based on distance from the light source: high intensity (HI), medium intensity (MI), and low intensity (LI). The maximum intensity in the LA was 90 lux in two of the pens and 60 lux in the other two pens. The birds' positions in the pens were video recorded and sampled every 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 120 two-week old female broilers were tested, 30 in each of 4 pens. 2 pens had a maximum light intensity of 90 lux and two had maximum light intensity of 60 lux. The article states that the test period lasted for eight week, but also that distribution data recorded at 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 72, and 77 days, so it is unclear how long the test period lasted. On these days, data recorded by video and the birds' positions were manually identified 15 minutes.  An analysis of their distribution was conducted for all hours together and separately for daytime hours (0600 to 1700) and nighttime hours (1700 to 0600 the next day).

DescriptionOfResults:
Between the light and no light areas, the overall results for both the 90 lux and 60 lux groups should a significant preference for the no light area (NA) during the day. During the night, there were no significant preferences for the 60 lux group and the 90 lux group showed a preference for zones MI and NA. Among the three light intensity treatments, the birds had a preference for the lowest intensity (LI) during the day. At night, they preferred medium intensity (MI) but only if they were of older age.


StudySummary:
Bird migration intensity was recorded non-stop day and night from the research platform F1N01, recording the number of birds passing and their flight altitudes with a vertical marine radar. A second horizontal radar was used to detect deviations from the expected main migration direction. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It was in continuous operation from 2003 to the time of publication (2014)

DescriptionOfResults:
Migration intensity was highest below 200 meters, and birds had lower flight altitudes on nights with weather conditions unfavourable for migration.


StudySummary:
A BirdScan fixed beam radar installed on F1N01 was used to monitor migration rates every night inside and outside the Alpha Ventus windfarm from October 2010 until the publication date (2014). They calculated the migration traffic rate inside and outside of the windfarm and used three different radar angles to detect birds at different elevations. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Nightly monitoring was "continuous" from October 2010 through the article's publication in 2014.

DescriptionOfResults:
Data from the pencil beam radar shows that in a migration season, the migration intensity is higher inside the alpha ventus wind farm than outside. This was especially true for <200m altitudes. It was noted that wind conditions, visibility and the operational status of the wind turbines can play a role in the night-to-night variation in the bird distributions.


StudySummary:
A camera system called VARS was mounted on the nacelle of the AV4 wind turbine. The camera automatically records the day and night-time activity of birds moving trough an areas of the rotor blades. The VARS system operated both day and night. Birds quantified inside the rotor-swept zone and compared to the overall migration rates determined by radar. They combined the information from the VARS with the information from the radar to make and estimates of phototaxis and micro-avoidance. A second VARS system mounted on the base of AV4 recorded the bird activity in the area above deck (20m above sea level). They compared the number of birds on the platform to the number of birds in the rotor-swept zone. The illumination on the deck was "considerably stronger" than that in the rotor-swept zone.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Detection of birds using VARS from the AV4 nacelle started in late September 2010, while measurements from the platform deck started in early March 2012. Around 130 birds were recorded within the rotor-swept zone through to the end of December 2012.

DescriptionOfResults:
5.6 times as many bird events were recorded from the deck in the 20-meters above the platform deck than were recorded from the nacelle in the rotor-swept zone. The reason for this marked difference may be the greater attractiveness of the platform deck as a potential resting place for terrestrial species and the considerably stronger illumination of the deck and the tower base with white light. More bird events were registered from the nacelle when the rotor was standing still than when it was rotating. While the authors explain that "by comparing the frequency of birds measured in the rotor-swept size with the extent of migration measured with radar...it has now become possible to quantify micro-avoidance on site." However, they do not report the results of this comparison.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to record a mass mortality event on the night between Nov 1-2, 2010 on the alpha ventus wind farm. Information from various remote sensing devices regarding bird activity on the nights preceding the mortality event was used to elucidate the factors leading to the avian collisions with the illuminated structures and the rotating blades. These remote sensing devices were installed in and around the alpha ventus wind farm on the F1NO1 research platform, on a transformer station, and on one of the turbines. They included: a pencil-beam radar to estimate the migration traffic rate (MTR) across a fictive horizontal line 1kilometer in length; a rotating marine radar to record migration patterns flight tracks within the wind farm; a Visual Automated Recording System (VARS) that used infrared light to automatically detecting flying birds day and night; acoustic recording; and a thermal imaging camera system to monitor the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbine and the area around the F1NO1 research platform. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The data were mainly collected from the remote sensing devices on alpha ventus on the night of Nov 1-2, 2010 and also some days leading up to it. Remote sensing technologies were set up on the FINO1 platform west of the platform, on the transformer station in the SE and on one of the turbines. Data was gathered up to a max height/distance of 1500m.

DescriptionOfResults:
88 mortalities were recorded at platform on night of 1-2 Nov, 2010 (birds found on Nov 5th). On that night, BirdScan pencil beam radar detected similar number of birds inside and outside of wind farm. The birds in the beginning of the night started with the normal high altitudes, however as the night fell, the deteriorating weather conditions concentrated an increasing number of nocturnal migrants in the <200m ASL area (as confirmed by the pencil beam radar). Deteriorating weather conditions are also noted to increase phototaxis in nocturnal migrants. On that night, marine radar recorded birds flying in all directions, especially near the platform and wind turbines. Similar numbers of echoes were recorded inside and outside the wind-farm. While many birds were evidently attracted to (and collided with) the illuminated research platform, no birds were visible at the time at the rotating wind turbine AV4 equipped with the VARS automatic camera system.


StudySummary:
The study investigated orientation behaviour of European robins under four intensities of blue, turquoise, green, and two intensities of UV light recorded in a funnel cage similar to an Emlen funnel lined with coated paper.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 birds were tested in each condition Each bird was tested several times under the various conditions until they produced 3 recordings with sufficient activity in each. Experiments were performed during a six week period each from the first week of January to mid-February. Birds were tested one at a time. The experiments began in the evening when the light went off in the housing cages and lasted 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds showed seasonally appropriate orientation under all colours except UV at low intensities (8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2). Under blue light (424nm), they showed N/S axial orientation at all higher intensities. Under turquoise light (502nm), they misoriented along E/W Axis at 36x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2) but showed seasonally appropriate orientation at all other intensities. Under green light(565nm): birds were disoriented at 36x10^15, misoriented along E/W Axis at 54x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2), and along N/S Axis at 72x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2). Under UV light (373nm): they showed seasonally appropriate orientation at  0.8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2), E/W axial misorientation at 8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The researchers tested the domestic chicken's ability to orient in a correct trained direction under monochromatic red and blue light. About 2h after hatching, each chick was isolated and imprinted on a red table-tennis ball as its "mother". The test arena was a small square white pen, with white screens positioned perpendicular to the diagonal 15 cm from the side of the walls of the arena. Chicks were trained to locate the red ball behind on of the four screens during visual displacement trials under full spectrum white light. After the chick was trained, it was tested between 12 and 22 days old in the same arena with no red ball present and the magnetic field shifted to the East. If the chicks search behind the screen in the axis of the magnetic direction in which they were trained (N/S), they were considered oriented. The chicks were tested under white, blue (465nm) and red (645nm) monochromatic lights to test for wavelength dependency.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird was tested 5 times in each light condition (white, blue, and red). A total of 6 chicks were tested. The tests done under the  control magnetic field under white light were used as a control.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under white light and 465 nm blue light, 73% of chicks chose the correct direction or 180 degrees from the correct direction (axial misorientation). Under 645 nm red light, they showed no significant orientation (disorientation) with 50% of the choices being correct. However, because of the small sample size, none of the distributions statistically differed from random or from each other. Though, the study reports that "under white and blue light 5 chicks performed above chance level while only 2 chicks did so under red light". Directional choices of chickens under the monochromatic lights are summarized in Figure 2.


StudySummary:
Researchers monitoring bird migration from oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico recorded birds circling around platform lights at night that "clearly occurred due to the lights on the platform." The weather, flight direction, number of birds and species involved were recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations of circling events reported 73 times across 5 platforms. The number of nights on which observers were present but no circling events were observed is not reported. Observations were made on a total of 9 platforms, and circling events were never observed on 4 of the platforms.

DescriptionOfResults:
73 circling events reported on 5 platforms. No circling events observed on 4 other platforms. Number of individuals circled ranged from 1 to 800+. The vast majority of circling birds flew counter clockwise. Circling birds were frequently observed on overcast or foggy nights, rarely on clear nights  Circling events usually began shortly after the onset of darkness and peaked in the first two hours. "Once an individual or flock of migrants began circulating, it typically continued to do so rather uniformly for an indefinite period of time. Passerines typically stayed close to the platform and circulated at nearly constant rates, while flocks of herons and shorebirds often deviated considerably in their circular flight paths."  Birds dispersed at the first appearance of daylight on the horizon. More details on behaviour of particular bird guilds provided in report. In spring 1998 and 2000, massive circulation events resulted in 112 and 49 collision deaths, respectively. Refer back to table 16.1 for more details on each event. Tables 17.4 and 17.5 list the sources or mortality, including collision mortality.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to study how urban areas affect the altitude of nocturnally migrating birds. The authors hypothesized that birds would be attracted to the artificial light in the urban areas and fly lower. They used artificial light data from DMSP satellites to categorize pixels as "urban" or "non-urban". Using data from 9 weather surveillance radar stations in the eastern US, they estimated altitudes at five quantiles of vertical distribution of birds flying at night. They used GLMMs for each season and each of flight altitude to determine if there was a difference in flight altitude between urban and non-urban areas.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They quantified bird flight altitude based on vertical profiles of reflectivity (VPR) using weather surveillance radar in spring and august 2008-2012. They used data from four radars in Spring (March-May) and seven radars in autumn (mid-August to early November). At each radar, they used data only from nights dominated by bird migration. For each sampling night at each radar station, VPRs were estimated at up to four time points during the night. In total, they sampled 318 radar nights in the spring (ranging from 52 -118 nights per radar) and 419 nights in autumn (ranging from 9 - 105 nights per radar).

DescriptionOfResults:
The effect of urban areas on flight altitude depended on season and site, but the general pattern was that birds flew higher over bright urban areas than dark non-urban areas. The effect of the urban/non-urban variable on the five quantiles of the VPR modeled by GLMMs was significant in Spring for all quantiles, but only significant in the middle quantiles in August.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the magnitude of bird mortality from collisions with buildings in urban downtown Toronto. Volunteers collected dead, alive, and injured birds by hand or with a net. They recorded the species and location with a handheld tape recorder or paper. Injured birds were donated or taken to rehabilitation centers, and uninjured birds were placed in paper bags and released. The authors attribute these collisions to disorientation and attraction to the artificial light of the buildings, but they do not measure artificial light levels or compare light levels to collision rates.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data was collected from 1993-1995. Volunteers captured birds between 3:00 am-9:30 am, sometimes as early as 11:00 pm. In bad weather collection sometimes continued into late morning or early afternoon. Time spent collecting varied from 30 minutes to 3 hours. The collection was not possible every day and depended on the volunteers' schedules.

DescriptionOfResults:
The number of bird deaths is greater in autumn than in spring which may reflect the greater number of juvenile birds following the breeding season. Additional factors include migration routes in spring and fall and seasonal differences in the speed of migration. The average annual number of deaths from 1993 to 1995 is 732, with 300 in spring and 432 in fall. Due to the inconsistency in collection the number of deaths was likely greater than stated.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to test the ability of European robins to orient in the correct migratory direction under white, red, green  and high intensity red light following pre-exposure to either red light, white light, or total darkness. Their orienting behaviour was recorded in Emlen funnels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
11-12 birds tested in each condition. Birds were tested 3 times each in conditions involving red or green light. In control condition (pre-exposed and tested under white light), birds were tested up to 5 times each. Treatments involving pre-exposure to red light or darkness had exposure to their respective lighting conditions 1 hour prior to testing in Emlen funnels. Tests began around the time when the light in the enclosure went off for the night.

DescriptionOfResults:
Green light: oriented under both conditions (pre-exposure to red light or darkness), but increased scatter when pre-exposed to red light. 
Red light: disoriented when pre-exposed to darkness, oriented when pre-exposed to red light. However, this red light response was later shown to be a ‘fixed directional’ response, likely involving magnetite in the beak, and not seasonally appropriate (birds head westward in both autumn and spring) (Wiltschko et al. 2008)


StudySummary:
This study sought to test the preferences of hens for fluorescent lighting over incandescent lighting. This was a free choice test. The testing apparatus was a two-roomed chamber, connected by a central compartment, in which one side contained incandescent lighting and the other contained fluorescent lighting. The chambers were connected through a central compartment so that the birds could move freely. The birds were tested for 6 hour periods on 2 subsequent days. Overhead video cameras recorded the duration of time the birds spent in either the fluorescent, incandescent, or central compartment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 mature hens were used in this experiment, and they had previous experience with both the compact and the fluorescent lights. The preference of the birds was measured individually. The birds were allowed to acclimate for 6 hours on the first day, and were then tested for 6 hours on two subsequent days. Data were collected every 4 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds spent significantly more time in the fluorescent lighting than in the incandescent. The birds spent on average 73.2% of their time under fluorescent light and only 26.8% under incandescent


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether kiwis have a preference for either red, yellow, green, or blue lighting. In this free-choice test, the kiwi's enclosure was divided into four quarters with each quarter illuminated by a different colour of light. Using visual observations, the kiwi's position in the enclosure was noted in 1 minute intervals for a total of five hours of observation each day. Edge category, experiment day, illumination intensity, structure category and illumination colour were all potential confounding factors that were also considered.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A single female kiwi was tested for 12 days between 8:30am - 5:00 pm. A total of five hours of observations between 8:30 am - 5:00 pm were recorded each day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The amount of time spent in each of the four quarters by the kiwi was not significantly related to the colour of the illumination. It was suggested that other non-light related variables have more significant effects on the Kiwi's preference.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether kiwis had any preferences for different light intensities. This was an observational study involving differing light intensities in different indoor and outdoor enclosures, with each enclosure divided into grids of 1x1 metre squares. All enclosures had artificial light: The Kiwi Encounter and Rainbow Spring enclosures were illuminated by 5-7 light bulbs colored blue, yellow, red, or green. The National Aquarium enclosure was illuminated by six light bulbs. At the indoor enclosures (Kiwi Encounter and National Aquarium of New Zealand), the light conditions were reversed from the natural photoperiod. Each grid square in the enclosures was classified as being in one of two light categories, with category one including squares that were darker than the overall mean light intensity of the enclosure and category two including squares that were lighter. The author observed the amount of time the Kiwis spent in each category of grid square. Kiwis were freely able to move throughout the enclosures, and their locations were visually observed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Eight kiwis were tested, with three being tested in an outdoor enclosure (Rainbow Springs) and five were tested in indoor enclosures (Kiwi Encounter and National Aquarium of New Zealand). The three kiwis in outdoor enclosures were observed for two hours over five days for a total of 600 minutes. The five indoor kiwis were each observed for a total of 1500 minutes over five days, with these 1500 minutes being evenly distributed throughout the day.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, kiwis spent significantly more time in darker illuminated grid squares, although there were individual variations. The kiwis Forest and Koanga spent significantly more time in darker areas, while Jules and Koru spent significantly more time in lighter areas, and the remaining kiwis showed no significant differences. Indoor or outdoor housing did not affect their preferences for differently illuminated areas.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the light color preferences of meat chickens. Birds were reared in either white, blue, green or red light, then given a preference test in a pen in the shape of an equilateral triangle. In the corners of these pens there was a red, blue and green light hung 60 cm from the floor. This was a free choice test. Video cameras recorded the position of the birds in the pen. Data was collected for the first 3 hours after the chickens were placed into the pen, and then for 24 hours after 1 week.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There was a total of 8 groups tested, with 5 individuals in each group. The groups were recorded for 3 hours after being placed into the pens. After 1 week, they were recorded for 24 hours. For the 24 hour period, they recorded an average time spent each hour in the different light colors. The birds were all reared in white light for the first 7 days after hatching, and were then reared in either white, red, green or blue light from days 7 to 28. During this time, a study on bird behavior and growth occurred, however this study was excluded. On day 28, the preference test began.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds that were reared in blue and green light preferred the light they were reared in for the first 3 hours. The red and light groups also initially preferred the colors that they were reared in, however they moved to blue light by the third hour. Birds reared in white light preferred red light. After one week, the birds in red, white, or green lights preferred the blue light, with green light as their second choice. Birds reared in blue light preferred green light, and blue light as their next choice. There was no difference in color choice between male and female chickens in the first 3 hours, however after one week the female birds showed a stronger preference for blue light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to examine records of light-induced mortality events of the critically endangered Mascarene Petrel. The setup of the study involved collecting grounded seabirds found by locals on Reunion Island. The outcome measured was the prevalence of the Mascarene Petrel on Reunion Island as little is known about this species.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From January 1996 to May 2002, biologists from the Societe d'Estudes Ornithologiques collected grounded seabirds found by locals. Over the course of the study, 8 Mascarene Petrels were found of the 4000 total birds collected.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study collected a total of 8 Mascarene Petrels with all but one of them found in illuminated, urbanized areas.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of hens when comparing high-frequency and low-frequency flickering of compact fluorescent light. Birds were exposed to equal amounts of both lighting regimes before the experiment began. A chamber with two rooms connected by a central compartment was used in order to test their preference. This was a free choice test. One chamber had two low-frequency fluorescent tubes, and the other had two high-frequency fluorescent tubes. Overhead video cameras recorded the position of the birds throughout testing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 16 laying hens were used. Two identical test chambers were used at a time so that two birds could be recorded simultaneously. Birds were placed into this chamber for 6 hour periods for 2 days in order to acclimate to the chamber, and then individually tested for 6 hour periods on 2 subsequent days. The video camera was continuously recording, and a researcher recorded the entry and exit times of the birds in order to get the amount of time spent in each chamber.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds spent similar amounts of time in the low and high-frequency chambers. On average each bird entered each light source 3 times per hour. Birds also preferred rooms that were nearest to a laboratory door that the researchers use to move birds from the test chamber to their home pen. The birds showed a preference for one room over the other, regardless of light frequency in that room.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to record bird interactions during fall and spring migrations from 2010-2011 at 7 Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) production platforms(Edith, Gina, Gail, Habitat, Hermosa, Irene, Henry) located in Santa Barbara, Point Arguello and San Pedro regions of Southern California Bight (SCB).  Bird interactions with POCS platforms were categorized as "No Interaction(circle or fly near) or "Direct Interaction(landing on the platform on water)". Additionally, "Behavioural responses to artificial lighting were characterized as indifference, attraction, repulsion, or disorientation".  The author measured the attraction of birds to artificial light sources (platform lights) as well as the effects of ambient light, lunar phase, weather conditions on hunting, roosting and nesting behaviours of migrants. Seasonal avian surveys and human bird observations were made at the platforms and recorded on standardized data forms. Observers also collected remote imaging camera(BirdCam) observations and photographic records using 10-power binoculars and digital cameras from May 5-June 10 2011.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
678 hours of observations(daytime and nighttime) were made over the 2-year period during 2 spring and 1 fall migration periods. Out of the 3300 bird sightings (75 species consisting of marine and land bird species), 15% were observed interacting with the platforms. 9,844 images were recorded by BirdCam during a 34-day period. All observations and interviews with platform workers were recorded on data forms and were categorized into survey intervals, location, species, type of behaviour, and weather conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Platform Bird Observations indicate that most of the bird/platform lighting interactions occurred during a new moon and period of poor visibility. They observed no instances of "light entrapment." The only instance of "temporary disorientation" by nighttime lighting was observed in Red-necked Phalaropes as a result of the new moon and inclement weather(high fog/cloud cover, high winds). Peregrine falcons were observed hunting at night on the platforms, which the authors believe was facilitated by platform lights. Platforms Edith, Gina, and Hermosa had the most observed bird activity as a result of a large proportion of birds migrating past the platform and/or utilizing the platform for nighttime roosting within a few feet of bright lights. 51% of species had no platform interaction and 49% landed on the platform/water. According to the author, these platform interactions are not a result of entrapment by platform lights instead these interactions are the result of birds actively foraging (passerines foraging on insects), resting, and/or finding shelter from vigorous weather conditions.


StudySummary:
The study investigates whether European Robins can orient  in the correct migratory direction under total darkness. Birds were tested in funnel cages lined with typewriter correction paper. They were tested under monochromatic green light as control and in total darkness as treatment group. They were also tested in darkness win a magnetic field with horizontal or vertical component inverted, high-frequency field of 1.315 MHz or subject to local anesthesia of upper-beak in total darkness.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In spring 2005, 12 birds each were tested in the following 4 conditions: in geomagnetic field under green light, in geomagnetic field in total darkness, in  darkness with vertical magnetic component inverted and in darkness with horizontal magnetic component reversed. In autumn 2005, 16 birds each were tested under green light in geomagnetic field and in total darkness in geomagnetic field. In spring 2007, 12 birds each were tested under monochromatic green light in a geomagnetic field, in total darkness in geomagnetic field, in darkness with a high frequency field added and in darkness with Xylocain treatment. It was not mentioned whether the same birds were used among the treatments. Each bird was tested 3 times under a test condition.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under 565 nm green light as the control group, the birds oriented correctly towards the North in spring and South in autumn (seasonally appropriate directions). In total darkness, they showed a Northwesterly fixed direction response in both spring and autumn. The radio frequency did not disrupt the fixed northwesterly response. The local anesthesia (Xylocain) led to misorientation to Northeast, which indicates that the iron-based receptors in the beak were involved in orientation. Under vertically inverted geomagnetic field, the birds showed the same fixed Northwesterly response. Under the horizontally inverted field, they showed a South-East misorientation.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to assess if pullets (immature) and layer (mature) chickens had a preference between poultry-specific Dim-to-Red LED light and warm-white fluorescent light, as well as evaluating if prior lighting experience influenced this preference. Pullets (immature) were raised in incandescent lighting. The layers had been raised in Dim-to-Blue PS-LED or warm-white FL in the pullet phase, then were kept in cages with either dim-to-red PS-LED or warm-white fluorescent lighting. In this free-choice test, a preference test tunnel consisting of five compartments was used. These five compartments were divided into two pairs of light test compartments separated by a middle compartment that had no light source. A sensor-based monitoring system was used to record the number and distribution of birds in the testing compartments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In this study, 36 pullets and 72 layers were tested. 36 groups of birds with 12 birds for each category were used. Each bird category had 12 replicates, with 3 birds per replicate.  Six birds in two groups of the same category were tested simultaneously. There were 18 trials. There was also a 7 day acclimation period in which the birds became used to passing through the passageway. The first 2 days of the 6-day preference test the birds were allowed to acclimate, and the other 4 days data were collected. Data were collected in 1-second intervals using a sensor-based monitoring system, and feeder weight was collected daily was well.

DescriptionOfResults:
All three categories of birds spent the most time under fluorescent light over the PS-LED lights, regardless of their prior lighting experience. All three categories of birds also spent significantly more time splitting apart into the two chambers and preferred the fluorescent light when they stayed together. With regard to the moving frequency of birds, all three categories showed similar preferences for the fluorescent light treatment although layers raised under LED or fluorescent light showed significantly higher light-moving frequencies than pullets raised under incandescent light.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Emily Halajian, Riya Manguki, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test whether flash-rate preferences of quail chicks change with changes in stimulus illumination levels. 70 conditions were used, consisting of combinations of seven overall illumination levels (between 3.2 and 32.2 lux) and 10 flash rates (1 - 10 Hz). The choice of flashing over nonflashing lights was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
70 conditions consisting of seven illumination levels and 10 flash rates were used. 70 independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Chicks increasingly preferred the flashing over the non-flashing stimulus at first, but this preference decreased as a function of flash rate. High or low flashing rates paired with high illuminances (up to 90.42 lux) showed low preferences. Intermittent stimuli were no longer preferred over non-intermittent stimuli between or at illuminances greater than 90.42 to 118.40 lux, regardless of flash rate.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to determine the potential relevance of temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) on quail lighting preferences within the interactions of luminance and flash rates. 20 conditions were used, consisting of combinations of two overall illumination levels, five conditions of relative illuminances of flashing vs non-flashing stimuli and two flash rates. The choice of flashing over non-flashing lights within each combination of flash rate and overall illumination level was recorded. An apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber was used. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
20 conditions were used in this trial, consisting of two illumination levels (low and high), five conditions of relative illuminances of flashing vs non-flashing stimuli and two flash rates (three and nine Hz). 20 independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
At three Hz the flashing stimulus was preferred over the non-flashing stimulus in all brightness combinations when overall luminance was low (32.2 lx) but the three Hz stimulus was not preferred at any of the brightness combinations when the overall luminance was high (322.5 lx). The nine Hz stimulus was significantly preferred regardless of brightness at the 31.5 lux overall luminance. At three Hz, the preferences were based on flashing rate while preferences made at 9 Hz and high luminance (315.2 lux) were made based on brightness. Flash amplitude had significant effects at three Hz but not at nine Hz.


StudySummary:
The study was run to determine if the full cryptochrome cycle could run, leading to correct orientation, under turquoise, blue or green light after one hour pre-exposure to total darkness or to the same wavelength as the treatment. Their orientation under green light after immediately taken from the holding room (white light) acted as the control. Birds were tested in Emlen funnels with LEDs controlled by radiometers.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The control group was birds pre-exposed to white light in the bird room and tested immediately under green light (n=6). Some birds were pre-exposed for 1 hour in total darkness before being tested under green, turquoise, or blue light for one hour (n=3 for each condition). Other birds were tested once for one hour immediately after being taken from the bird room (n=3 for each wavelength) and then tested again the following hour under the same wavelength (n=3 for each wavelength). A total of 33 birds were tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the experimental conditions of turquoise or blue light, the birds were able to properly orient North after any of the pre-exposure conditions (white light, darkness, or experimental light wavelength).  Under green light, robins could only correctly orient after pre-exposure to white light. Birds tested under green light after pre-exposure to one hour of darkness or green light were not correctly oriented.


StudySummary:
To determine how birds react to different wavelengths of artificial light at night, the author broadcasted lights at different wavelengths (blue, green, red, and white) and flash rates (continuous and flashing) from a portable spotlight situated on top of a car for 20 minute periods followed by a 10 minute period of darkness before the application of the next treatment period. They used x-band radar to documented the trajectories and heights of nocturnal migrants as they passed the light source. The compared the absolute flight altitude and the change in flight altitude to migrants that were not exposed to light. The radar was able to track movements of individual migrants up to 1500 m away and travelling within a 500 m wide path intersecting the spotlight. Figure 5-2 illustrates the experimental set up.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each replicate (1 night) was organized into 20 minute light trial sessions, with one 20 minute session for each treatment per night, separated by 10 minutes of no light followed by a different light treatment. Birds flying towards and directly over the light were tracked by radar. The number of birds in the lowest height category (0 - 300m) was compared among treatments. For each treatment, 10 replicates were conducted in the spring and 8 were conducted in the fall. Over the nights 23,563 birds were tracked in total. The sequence of lights was block randomized across each trial period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the migrants exposed to shorter wavelength light colors (green and blue) consistently flew lower compared to those exposed to longer wavelength (red and white) light colors. Flight altitudes in general were lower for stead-burning light treatments than flashing light treatments. Among the many comparisons listed in the article, the authors highlight that flight altitudes were lower in the steady-burning green light treatment than in periods of no artificial light or of other steady-burning light colours. In the flashing-light treatments, the migrants tested under blue flashing light displayed the largest altitudinal changes when compared to most other light colours. There was no significant effect of light treatment on the number of migrants detected in the lowest height category (0-300 meters).


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to examine data collected on grounded Cory's Shearwaters in the Azores archipelago to construct a population simulation to better understand the threats facing this species. One of the input datasets for this simulation was data from rescue campaigns. We exclude the simulations from the map, but report on the outcomes of the rescue campaign. They used data from rescue campaigns from 2001-2008, which were carried out from mid-October to mid-November. They do not give details on the rescue campaigns.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the seven years worth of data collected on light induced groundings, a total 3231 birds were found.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study recorded a total of 3232 dead or injured Cory's Shearwater found over the course of the study. The vast majority of them were fledglings


StudyName:
Doppler et al. 2015 stationary-aircraft experiment

StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to test the alert responses of Brown-headed Cowbirds to a stationary remote-controlled aircraft with single-wavelength lights tuned to their visual system during daylight conditions. With this experiment, they were able to determine whether cowbirds show alert responses more quicky to a stationary RC aircraft with pulsing or continuous lights, compared with the same RC aircraft with the lights off (control).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This experiment consisted of two independent factors, the light treatment (lights off, continuous lights, and pulsing lights) and distance to stationary aircraft (25 m and 100 m), resulting in six treatment combinations. They exposed 16 pairs of birds to the lights-off treatment, 15 pairs to the continuous-lights treatment, and 14 pairs to the lights-pulsing treatment. Twelve individuals, evenly distributed across all treatments, did not exhibit any response to the aircraft and thus were not included in the analysis. Individuals were placed in the enclosure and allowed to acclimate and forage for three minutes before they started recording their behaviour in each of the three treatments for three minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Cowbirds showed alert behaviours more quickly in response to the stationary aircraft with the continuous lights and with the pulsing lights, compared with the baseline alert behaviour recorded when the lights were off. They found a >75% probability of birds reacting to the pulsing lights and the continuous lights, compared with ~15% probability when the lights were off. No significant differences in latency to alert were found between the continuous and pulsing lights treatments.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test what brightness preferences the quails had at flashing and non-flashing rates. Overall, 4 stimulus pairs were tested, 2 high and 2 low, with neither stimulus flashing. A single stimulus pair, the 588.0 lx vs. 21.5 lx, was further tested so that both stimuli were flashing at 3 Hz, both stimuli were flashing at 9 Hz, only the brighter stimulus was flashing at 3 Hz or 9 Hz, and only the dimmer stimulus (21.5 lx) was flashing at 3 Hz or 9 Hz. The choice of one level of brightness over another was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
When both stimuli in a pair were non-flashing, the birds displayed a preference for the brighter of the two options at all stimulus pairs except for 304.5 vs 21.5 lx. When both stimuli are flashing at 3 Hz, the brighter stimulus was significantly avoided. When both stimuli were flashing at 9 Hz, a slight preference of choosing the brighter stimulus appeared though it was insignificant. In general, the brighter stimulus was avoided at 3 Hz and approached at 9 Hz irrespective of flashing or non-flashing state.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the influence of stimulus colours on flash-rate preferences in genetic controls and genetically selected subjects. They tested combinations of three different genetic lines, five stimulus colours, and five different flash rates. Additionally, one stimulus in a pair was flashing and the other was non-flashing. The choice of one stimulus over the other was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested combinations of three different genetic lines, five stimulus colours (white, blue, green, yellow, red), and five different flash rates (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Hz). One stimulus in a pair was flashing and the other was non-flashing. 75 independent samples of genetic controls and genetically selected chicks from generations 12 and 13 were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
When all three genetic lines were presented with white light, as the flicker rate increased the preference for the flashing light decreased. However, these results were only significantly different between the three lines when the stimulus was flashing at 2 Hz. The control genetic line displayed a low preference for flashing red light at low flicker rates and this preference did not decline with increasing flicker rate, unlike their preferences under white light. The blue line subjects displayed a high preference for blue and yellow light and their preferences did not decline with increasing flicker rate. The red line subjects displayed a high preference for red and green light and their preferences also did not decline with increasing flicker rate.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test whether genetics affects preferences of lights with different colours and flashing rates. Kovach tested the colours blue and red and presented stimuli when neither stimulus was flashing, when both were flashing at 3 Hz, and when only one of the coloured stimuli were flashing at 1, 3, or 9 Hz. The choice of stimuli was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Independent samples of control chicks and chicks genetically selected for colour preferences from generation 14 (G14 and S14) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Control line birds showed small significant preferences for blue stimuli when both presented stimuli were non-flashing and when both stimuli flashed at the same rates. When stimuli were presented with different flashing rates and different colours, these control birds always chose the flashing over the non-flashing stimuli. For the blue line and the red line birds, these subjects always chose their own preferred colour (i.e. red line chose red) regardless of the flashing rate. However, if the genetically unfavoured colour was flashing and the genetically favoured colouring was non-flashing, then this preference was significantly reduced for the genetically favoured (but non-flashing) colour.


StudyName:
Doppler et al. 2015 moving-aircraft experiment

StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to assess how cowbirds responded to an approaching RC aircraft with different light treatments. For this experiment they exposed pairs of birds to one of the following three treatments: (1) lights off, (2) continuous lights, or (3) pulsing lights. The behaviour of each individual was analyzed frame-by-frame for a variety of alert behaviours.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A trial began by simultaneously releasing a pair of birds into each of two enclosures. Each pair was allowed to acclimate for five minutes. They initially exposed 20 pairs of birds to the lights-off treatment, 22 pairs to the continuous-lights treatment, and 28 pairs to the lights-pulsing treatment. However, only 9, 10, and 11 pairs were used for the analysis, respectively. Each replicate lasted and consisted of five minutes of acclimation, the flight of the aircraft, and ended five minutes after the aircraft landed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Time until alert response was significantly affected by light treatment and speed, with a significant interaction. when the lights were off, birds took significantly longer to exhibit alert behaviour when the aircraft approached at higher speeds. When the lights were pulsing, the negative speed effect on alert response was still significant, but its strength decreased. When the lights were continuously on, there was no significant relationship between alert response and speed. There were no effects of light on avoidance behavior.


StudySummary:
Since 1997, participants in Project Safe Flight (PSF) have monitored bird building collisions in Manhattan. For this study, the authors analyzed the data from 1997-2008 to determine the top 20 species involved in collisions and investigate the role of various factors in causing bird collisions. They ranked over 180 sites to determine the top 10 sites with the highest collisions numbers. For these sites, they list the total number of collisions recorded at the site, monitoring dates, and information relating to vegetation, windows, building height, and artificial light. Artificial light for each building was categorized as follows: 1 = little to no light emissions, 2 = emissions from internal light source only, and 3 = emissions from internal light and external bright lights at the top of the building. Light intensity was measured during random night-time visits and by looking at photographs of the sites at night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
180 sites were monitored from 1997-2008. Participants monitored the exterior of a building by walking the route slowly, looking for birds from the base of the building to the gutter near the side of the street. Most building exteriors were monitored once a day in the spring (late May to early June) and fall (late August to early November) migration periods. Sites with collisions rates were sometimes monitored more than once a day, while sites with low collisions rates were sometimes monitored less.

DescriptionOfResults:
Collision numbers for Manhattan's top-10 collision sites ranged from 904 to 112. Of the 180 sites analyzed, two thirds registered collision numbers less than 10. All of the top 10 sites had large windows with visible outdoor vegetation. Only one of the top 10 sites had artificial light levels categorized as 3. Six of the top 10 sites had artificial light levels categorized as level 2, and three were categorized as level 1.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that most bird-building collisions occur during the day. From May 7-14, 2005, they intensively monitored six buildings in downtown Manhattan, four of which were skyscrapers that emitted artificial light during nighttime hours, and recorded the number and locations of bird carcasses found.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Participants followed the same monitoring procedures daily. They monitored the 6 building exteriors for 8 30-minute monitoring periods spread throughout the day and night. The same 590-meter route was walked during each monitoring session.

DescriptionOfResults:
Only four collisions were reported during the week-long study, and two were fatal. Birds were found at 4:00-4:30, 1 bird; 6:00-6:30, 1 bird; and 8:00-8:30, 2 birds. There were few no nighttime collisions. Due to the small number of bird collisions, data could not be analyzed to determine when bird-building collisions are most likely to occur.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to deter vultures from roosting close to airports as they create hazardous conditions for pilots arriving and departing nearby airports. They evaluated the effectiveness of suspending a taxidermic vulture effigy in the roost, augmented by periodic use of a handheld laser management options to alleviate the aviation safety problems caused by roosting vultures. They counted the number of vultures at the roosts before and after deploying the deterrents.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The laser was deployed on the 2nd and 3rd treatment days during first light and dusk. No more details are given.

DescriptionOfResults:
Vulture numbers decreased 41% within three days and 100% four days after installation of the stimulus.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine Broiler chicks' preference of light intensity when eating. Chicks were divided into 6 pens which consisted of 3 treatment rooms and a transit room to allow for free access between all treatments. The treatments applied included 5, 10, and 20 lux. In this free-choice test, the researcher measured both feed disappearance/intake in each treatment and the position of each bird using GoPro cameras.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
6 pens of 30 chicks each were used, giving a total of 180 birds in this experiment. Each group was tested once continuously between the ages of 14 - 39 days of age. To record the number of birds in each treatment, a random hour of the day was picked and data was recorded every 5 minutes. Feed disappearance/intake was measured every day.

DescriptionOfResults:
It was found that feed disappearance/intake was greatest in the 20 lx treatment and was significantly higher than the 10 and 5 lx treatments. When considering the number of birds per treatment not within the first or last hour, chicks spent more time in 20 lx than 5 lx. The last hour of the light treatments indicated that the chicks were present in 20 and 10 lx significantly more than 5 lx. The first hour of treatment found that birds preferred the 20 lx treatment over the 10 and 5 lx. Overall, the birds consistently preferred the 20 lx room for feeding through the photoperiod.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of birds when subjected to various light intensities. This was a free choice test. The birds were housed in the test chamber with three freely accessible rooms. Treatment group 4 (the preference test group) had one room with 5 lux, one room with 10 lux, and one room with 20 lux. Video observations were used to observe bird distributions every 15 minutes. Observations were recorded on days 20, 31 and 41 of the study.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There were 6 test chambers created. 120 broilers were tested with 20 broilers to each pen. These pens had various lighting regimes as described above. From days 0 to 3, the rooms were lit 23 hours a day, 1 hour unlit. From days 4 to 42, the chamber was lit 16 hours a day and left unlit for 8 hours a day. Treatment was initiated on day 14, and days 1-13 each pen was lit with an intensity of 60 lux.

DescriptionOfResults:
The distribution of birds changed with the birds' age. Preference for 20 lux was found on day 20. By day 31, this preference was no longer observed, and there was a decline in the number of birds in 20 lux. On day 41, the birds preferred 10 lux over 20 lux.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of broiler chickens when presented with different light warmth regimes. Test pens consisted of two rooms, one of which contained light measured at 2700 k, and the other at 5000 k. This was a free choice test.  Video observations recorded the distribution of birds in each pen.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
120 chicks were separated into 6 pens (20 birds/pen). From days 0-3 the chicks were given 23 hours of light and 1 hour of darkness. From day 4 onward, the chicks were given 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. The intensity of light was 60 lux for days 0-13 and 20 lux from day 14 onward. Observations were collected on days 16, 24, and 33. These observations were collected at hours 1, 6, 11 and 16 of the light period.

DescriptionOfResults:
There were more birds in the warm light (2700 k) during the first hour of the photoperiod and the last hour of the photoperiod. There was no preference observed during the other photoperiods.


StudySummary:
The study investigates migratory orientating behavior of European Robins under monochromatic red or yellow lights after pre-exposure to light of the same wavelength. The birds were tested in Emlen funnels during Spring and Autumn. In some tests, the researchers also manipulated the magnetic field (vertical inverted, horizontal reversed), oscillated the magnetic field (to interfere with the radical pair mechanism for magnetoreception), or anesthetised the beak (to inhibit magnetite-based magnetoreception). The control group was tested under green monochromatic light directly after being taken from the bird room, which was lit with white lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested during Spring migration 2006, 2007, and 2010 and Autumn migration 2007, 2008, and 2010.  In autumn, a total of 48 birds were tested under the control condition (green light), 32 were tested under RpeR (red pre-exposure to red), and 16 were tested under YpeY (yellow preexposure to yellow). No treatments involving the geomagnetic field, radio frequencies, or beak anesthesia were applied. In the Spring, a total of 57 birds were tested under the control condition and 12 birds were tested under various combinations of the follow treatments: RpeR or YpeY; vertical component of magnetic field converted, horizontal component inverted, or no manipulation; 1.315 MHz oscillating field, beak anesthetized, or no treatment.  The pre-exposure treatments began at the time when their natural photoperiod ended, and they were tested one hour later. Tests lasted approximately 60-75 mins, depending on the coated paper used  in Emlen funnel.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds tested under green light oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction in both Spring and Autumn (green light was not tested with manipulations to the magnetic field or with beak anesthesia). Birds under red or yellow light oriented in a NNE direction or along the NNE-SSW axis in both Spring and Autumn. Inversion of the vertical component of the magnetic field did not affect their orientation, but reversing the horizontal component did, indicating that a polar response to the magnetic field is involved. This conclusion was further supported by their disorientation under yellow and red light when their upper beak was anesthetised.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Jared Randall, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The authors treated urban American Crow roosts with lasers to determine if crows react to laser light, if they can be dispersed from roosts using lasers, and whether lasers can elicit roost abandonment. They treated 63 roosts in Woodland, California and recorded the immediate and short-term reactions of crows. In Davis, they treated five roost and counted the number of crows during a 8-day pretreatment period and then again during a 4-day treatment period.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Davis site: Five roosts were chosen in Davis and each roost was treated with the laser four nights. Researchers swept the laser back and forth across the canopy until it appeared that all birds had left the tree (15 - 60 minutes). Roosts in the Woodland site were treated on 3 nights to assess immediate and short-term reactions of crows to the laser.

DescriptionOfResults:
In Woodland, in nearly half of the treatments 100% of the crows flew immediately away after the laser was applied. all crows that did not fly immediately away left the roosts as treatment continues. Crows returned to all roosts within 15 min. In Davis there was no difference in the number of crows using roosts during the pre-treatment versus treatment periods. Despite initial dispersal upon treatment, crows reoccupied all treated roosts the same night after treatment. No roosts were abandoned.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Tall Communication Towers

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to understand and reduce the negative effects of obstruction lights on migratory birds. The researchers conducted carcass surveys at 6 tall communication towers (>277m AGL) with guy lines in the northern Michigan area from 2008-2009. 2 of the towers had red blinking incandescent lights in addition to non-blinking red incandescent lights, 1 had only red blinking incandescent lights, and one had white blinking LED strobe lights. They conducted carcass surveys, in addition to observer detection and scavenger removal trails, to compare mortality rates at these three types of towers and determine if either of the following interventions could reduce bird mortality: replacing red incandescent obstruction lights with white blinking LEDs, or replacing steady-burning red incandescent lights with flashing red incandescent lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Researchers assessed tall communication towers using FAA Styles: A/F(a combination of steady-burning red L-810 and flashing red L-864 on 2 1000ft towers), B/C( series of high-intensity white strobe lights(L-865) on 2 1200ft towers), E (a combination of steady-burning red L-810 and a flashing red L-864 on 1 300ft tower). In May and September 2008 and 2009, the 6 towers were searched every morning using transects that covered a circular area within 100 meters of the base of the tower. Technicians arrived as early as possible every morning to reduce the likelihood of scavengers removing the carcasses. They walked at a rate of 45-60 meters/min along straight-line transects and searched for carcasses within 5 meters of the transects. A total of 162 bird carcasses were collected.

DescriptionOfResults:
Towers equipped with both flashing and steady-burning lights had significantly more mortalities than both other types of towers (only white flashing lights and only red flashing lights). The towers with no steady-burning red lights had 70% fewer fatalities than towers with steady-burning red lights.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Self-supported Rescue 21 Tower

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to quantify the frequency of avian collisions at the self-supported (unguyed) United States Coast Guard(USCG) Rescue 21 tower 107m(350ft) AGL, during spring and fall of 2008 and 2009. The tower was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top and mid levels and with non-blinking red lights at some points on the tower.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The carcass surveys were conducted as early in the day as possible to limit scavenger removal. The technicians walked at a rate of 45-60 min and counted carcasses within 5m at flagged, straight-line transects. Fatigue, human error, scavenging, and dense vegetation prevented observation of all bird carcasses therefore the technician's observer detection and removal rate was quantified for estimation purposes. A total of 9 carcasses were found during spring and fall of 2008 and 2009.

DescriptionOfResults:
Only 1 unknown sparrow was killed during spring and fall 2008. 8 birds were collected during the spring and fall of 2009. The author concludes that low levels of avian fatalities were documented at the self-supported Rescue 21 tower because birds were attracted to the tower but were not colliding with anything due to the lack of guy wires.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to identify if European robins exhibited fixed-directional responses under certain light and geomagnetic conditions. The birds were tested in Emlen funnels with an LED light source attached to the top. Birds were tested under combined turquoise and yellow lighting at 3 different geomagnetic field intensities (46, 92 or 148μT). Birds were also tested under complete darkness also at those 3 different geomagnetic field intensities. Their orientation (correct migratory direction) under monochromatic green light and the local geomagnetic field acted as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In January 2008, 12 birds were individually tested under the following 6 conditions: green light and the local geomagnetic field (control); turquoise-yellow light and the local geomagnetic field, 92uT and 138μT modified magnetic fields; darkness along with the local geomagnetic field, 92uT and 138μT modified magnetic fields. In February 2009, 12 birds were re-tested under green light and the local geomagnetic field as well as darkness and the local field and under a 92μT magnetic field. Tests began when the lights went off in the housing cages and lasted 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control condition (green light and geomagnetic field) birds were able to correctly orient slightly north of east. Under turquoise-yellow light and all magnetic conditions (local, 92, 138μT), the birds mis-oriented towards the east. Birds under total darkness and all magnetic conditions mis-oriented north-west. They misoriented in the same direction under all intensities of the magnetic field.


StudySummary:
The author compared the number of bird mortalities at two ceilometers - one that was turned off and one that was left on. Based on the weather conditions on the night of Sept 24/25, 1955, the author suspected that there would be a concentration of migrant birds at the ceilometers. He went to the Nashville ceilometer at 2145 and founds hundreds of birds fluttering in the beam. He also gathered a few dozen birds from the runway. The Weather Bureau immediately turned off the ceilometer beam temporarily to allow the birds to disperse. It is unclear if or when the ceilometer was turned back on that night. The author called the Sewart Air Force Base at Smyrna, about 10 miles south-east of the Nashville ceilometer, and asked them to use a filter to filter out all visible wavelengths (leaving only UV light), which had been used successfully to reduce bird attraction on previous occasions. This filter was not properly operated and the visible light continued to shine. The author visited both the Nashville and Smyrna ceilometers the following morning and compared the number of bird mortalities between the two sites.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study documents a single mortality event at two sites.

DescriptionOfResults:
When the author arrived at the Nashville ceilometer, birds were "fluttering" in the beam and he collected "a few dozen birds from the runway." The ceilometer was turned off, and the birds dispersed. When he visited again in the morning he found 35 additional birds. In Smyrna, where the ceilometer remained on all night,  over 1400 birds were found dead or injured in the morning. The author reports that on previous occasions, birds had dispersed from the Smyrna ceilometer when the visible-light filter was correctly applied and only UV light was shining.


StudySummary:
This study investigates European Robins' migratory orientations under bichromatic lights (green-blue, green-yellow at 2 intensities). Birds were tested in an Emlen funnel with LED light source attached above the test cage. There were 3 different magnetic conditions: local, vertically inverted, and horizontally reversed, along with 2 other treatments: upper-beak anesthetized and addition of radio frequency field of 1.315 MHz. Monochromatic green light or monochromatic turquoise light was used as control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 24 treatment combinations were tested. Under each of the 4 light conditions (blue-green, dim blue-green, green-yellow, and dim-green yellow), birds were tested under the following 6 conditions: Control (no other manipulations), local geomagnetic field, vertical component inverted, horizontal component reversed, radio-frequency field of 1.35 MHz, and upper beak anesthetised by Xylocain. 12 birds were tested in each condition, with the exception of 2 treatment groups (green-yellow control and in local geomagnetic field) with 24 birds each. The authors indicate that some birds were tested under the control conditions of monochromatic blue or turquoise light, but they do not specify how many birds were tested in these conditions. Each bird was tested 3 times. Testing began once lights went off in the housing room. It lasted 60 minutes when Thermo-paper and  75 minutes when TippEx paper was used. If a bird did not show enough activity, the tested was repeated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under control light conditions (monochromatic blue or turquoise light), the robins preferred northerly migratory direction. Under blue-green light, they showed migratory axial preference under all magnetic conditions. Under dim blue-green light, they oriented under their northern migratory direction in local geomagnetic field and reversed their heading when the vertical component was inverted or the horizontal component was reversed. For both light intensities under blue-green, application of radio frequency led to disorientation, whereas anesthesia of the upper-beak had no effect. Under green-yellow light, they preferred northerly migratory direction. They reversed this preference when the horizontal component was reversed, but not when the vertical component was inverted, indicating that they were using a polarity compass. Under dim green-yellow, they showed axial preference along the north-south migratory axis, and this preference did not change when the magnetic field was altered. Under both intensities of green-yellow, the radio frequency had no significant effects, but when subject to anesthesia of local upper-beak, the birds were disoriented.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh Ha, Jacquelyn Schenk, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study investigated migratory orientation behavior of European Robins under a combination of yellow and blue or yellow and green light recorded in Emlen funnels during spring and fall migration. Test under green light was used as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 birds were tested in Spring, 16 birds were tested in Autumn. Each bird was tested 3-4 times under each test condition. Testing started in the beginning when lights were turned off and lasted approximately 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under green light, the birds oriented in the seasonally appropriate migratory direction in both the Spring and Autumn tests. In the yellow-blue and yellow-green tests, they displayed a fixed direction misorientation - orienting in the same direction in both Spring and Fall.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to track the reactions of migrating birds to a searchlight beam, with the intention of determining if lights could help reduce bird collisions with plane. They used a tracking radar to find and track birds. When they located birds approaching the vicinity of the radar, they tracked each one for 15 seconds, and then switched on the radar-mounted searchlight while continue to track the bird with the radar. They classified their reactions to the light by a) no reaction, b) sudden turns, and c) hovering.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They recorded the reactions of 96 individual birds at different distances from the light source. No more details.

DescriptionOfResults:
The proportion of birds reacting to the searchlight was greater at short ranges, with nearly 100% of the birds within 200-meters of the light source reacting (figure 1). Hovering accounted for about 20% of the reactions at each distance range; all other reactions were sudden turns. Over 80% of turns resulted in avoidance of the beam.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to study the reactions of birds in the path of an actual aircraft with its landing lights continuously on. The aircraft repeatedly flew over the radar site for about 3 hr on one single day. The airplane passed over the radar in alternate directions along a straight line parallel to the track of most of the migrating birds. Meantime, they used radar to track the flight of individual birds in the path of the oncoming airplane, and noted possible reactions using a radar.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The airplane flew over the radar 30 times and there were 4 clear instances of bird-airplane approaches that were within 100 m, that were recorded in detail.

DescriptionOfResults:
Bird 1 flew away from the path of the airplane (when it was 70 m away), while maintaining a constant altitude. Birds 2 and 3 reacted when the plane was 280 and 360 m distant and flew directly away from the airplane. Bird 4 showed no reaction until the plane was within 100 m and turned away and dropped very quickly.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to deter storks from nesting and roosting on electrical distribution structures. For this purpose, they deployed a sound devices with low ultrasonic range and distress calls and piloted it at two independent nest sites, consisting of platforms near electrical distribution structures. At one of these sites, a strobe-light was installed as an additional deterrent part way through the season. The presence of the storks was recorded using camera traps on the platforms.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The sound-based deterrents were installed on the platforms from November 2009 - July 2010. Existing nests were removed from platforms before installation of the devices. The sound system operates during the daytime. At one of the platforms (locality B), a light firing strobe was installed on the nest in the third week of February and operated continuously during the night to attempt to expel the storks. The light firing strobe was turned on every night through at least March 2010.

DescriptionOfResults:
At the platform with only sound deterrents, the deterrent was installed before nesting began. A pair inspected the nest site, but ultimately settled at another platform nearby. At the other platform, a pair had already begun constructing a nest before the sound deterrent was installed, and they continued to build the nest. A strobe light was installed as an additional deterrent in February, and it initially expelled the storks from the nest, but they became accustomed after 2 weeks of strobe operation and continued their nesting process.


StudySummary:
The aim of this study was to examine the responses of water-associated birds to lasers while manipulating or measuring several other variables predicted to increase the likelihood of eliciting an escape response. Variables considered included: laser colour (green and violet), foraging mode (diving, dabbling and wading), time of day (morning or evening), weather (fair or inclement) and season (spring and fall). They subjected waterbirds to laser beams at 12 natural and man-made water bodies or ponds and recorded the birds'  alert or escape response on an ordinal scale from 0 to 4: 0=no response; 1 = change in direction; 2= startle response with flapping and/or rapid movement <10m; 3 = Flying > 10m; 4=diving. This scale was condensed into binary categories for analysis base on the presence of escape behaviour (3 or 4 or ordinal scale) or absence of escape behaviour (0, 1, or 2 on the ordinal scale).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Lasers were trained near birds for up to five seconds after which a zero was recorded if the bird or bird group exhibited no overt reaction. 791 trials were conducted on birds that were distributed opportunistically among a priori explanatory variables of laser colour, season, and foraging group, with more trials conducted with green lasers (62% of trials), in the fall (61% of trials), and on dabbling birds (68% of trials).

DescriptionOfResults:
Green lasers were generally more effective than violet lasers and this difference was greatest at intermediate light levels. Increasing ambient light reduced responsiveness generally and this effect was even more pronounced for violet lasers. Birds were 70% more likely to respond in spring relative to fall and about 60% more likely to respond in mornings relative to evenings.  Birds that forage by diving exhibited different escape responses when they were startled; loons and grebes always dove, whereas diving ducks usually flew away.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of light intensity on penguin colony attendance. The study was conducted at the Penguin Parade, a colony with artificial illumination for humans to view the penguins. To test the  potential effects of light intensity on penguin attendance, they manipulated the light intensities. The two treatments were  normal (3 lux) and high (15 lux) light intensity. Penguin attendance was tabulated by measuring the number of penguins coming ashore, the group size, the time of emergence, the time when penguins reached the colony and how long it took the penguins to walk from the water's edge to the colony within each light intensity treatment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This study was done for 51 days and lasted from sunset to 1.5 hours after sunset each day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The Little penguins displayed no difference in attendance depending on light intensity. In other words, light intensity did not affect whether penguins chose to come onto land, group size, timing, etc.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to determine if penguins had a preference between the presence or absence of artificial light. This experiment was conducted with penguins that used only natural lighting to reach their colony on land. Tunnels were created along the Penguin's path that led from the water's edge to the colony. Incoming penguins had to choose one of the two tunnels - one was illuminated and the other was dark. The tunnels were installed in July but the lights weren't turned on until October to give the penguins time to habituate to the tunnel presence. Using a photoelectric sensor, the time and number of penguins passing through each tunnel was recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study lasted for 43 days and each day the experiment lasted from 15 minutes before sunset to 105 minutes after sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
Penguins significantly preferred to cross to the colony through the illuminated tunnels and also crossed earlier than in the dark tunnel. There was a slight preference for the right tunnel over the left when both were not illuminated with light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if the penguins had a preference for red or blue light when crossing from the water to the colony through a tunnel, using the same experimental setup as in the light preference experiment. They rotated among three treatments, changing the treatment each night: "right blue, left red"; "right red, left blue"; and "control" (without any artificial light). In this discrete-choice test, the observers measured the penguins' preferences using a photoelectric sensor, noting the number of penguins and the time each penguin entered through a tunnel.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study was done over 23 days and lasted from 15 minutes before sunset to 105 minutes after sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
The penguins significantly preferred to use the blue-lit tunnel more than the red one. In terms of the time the penguins entered the tunnels, there was no difference found.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if the penguins preferred artificially lit areas in the naturally unlit site of Cullen Cove. One half of the beach was artificially illuminated, while the other half was not. Each night only of  the lights (left or right) was turned on, and during control nights both lights were off. Penguins had to choose one of four potential paths from the water's edge to the colony and their choice was recorded using sensors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This study lasted 55 days and took place at night every day.

DescriptionOfResults:
Penguins tended to pick paths independent of light treatments. From strongest to weakest preferences, penguins tended to choose path 3, 2, 4, and 1. The authors conducted GLMS for each individual path to determine if illumination affected the number of penguins crossing that path. They found that illumination had a positive effect on the number of penguins crossing paths 2 and 4, and no effect on paths 1 and 3.


StudySummary:
The aim of the study was to demonstrate that head movements could be used to measure pigeon's detection of change to the magnetic field, and the show how the pigeon's reactions changed in light v. dark conditions. This study compares the head movements of homing pigeons in normal light vs in total darkness when transitioning among 3 magnetic conditions: SF- static field, NF- null field, CW- field sweeping clockwise. The number of head movements in each condition and during the transitions were measured using video analysis.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
10 birds were used in both light and dark conditions. Each bird was tested in dark and light condition on the same day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds had fewer head movements overall in darkness than in light, and they made fewer head movements during the transitions between magnetic field states, indicating that they were not detecting the changes in the magnetic field and not attempting to orient when light was absent. When the light-tested bird's results were compared with the control birds from an earlier experiment that did not experience and change in the magnetic field, the comparison between these two groups was nearly significant, with birds experiencing changes to the magnetic field showing more activity and head movements. When the behaviours of the individual birds that were used in both experiments were compared, the birds had significantly more head movements and overall activity when they were exposed to changes in the magnetic field than in the control condition.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the roosting preferences of forest and urban great tits. A test chamber made up of two attached cages were used. Birds could move between the two compartments. The three treatments were white light and green light, darkness and green light, or darkness and white light. This was a free choice test. Camera traps recorded the cage chosen by the birds. Pictures were taken in 1-minute intervals and through motion detection.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
35 male great tits, 17 forest and 18 urban were used for this study. Each individual bird was randomly assigned to a treatment group. These treatments lasted five nights followed by two days of recovery. After the second nights of the five-night treatment, the lighting regimes were switched between the chambers so as to account for room preference. The lighting treatments lasted 13 hours and 45 minutes with full florescent spectral light during the day for 10 hours and 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light at night had an effect on the roosting choice of birds. Green light was the most preferred lighting, followed by white light. Light position in the cages only had a minor effect, as birds preferred to roost in the cage on the right over the left.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if artificial strobe light had an effect on perch preferences in Zebra Finches. This study used behaviour boxes with two different perches, with only one of the perches triggering the strobe light stimulus for as long as that specific perch was occupied. Perch landing and perch occupancy rates were then calculated, using IR-beam break sensors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Six birds were individually tested for six to eight days, one time each. Data was collected whenever birds landed on and occupied one of the two perches.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds avoided the strobe-associated perch and always preferred the non-strobe-associated perch regardless if perch 1 or perch 2 was the strobe-associated perch. This shows that strobe light negatively reinforces place preference in zebra finches.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to conduct pilot tests to determine if the SeaBird Saver laser-based system can effectively displace seabird species that typically undergo bycatch mortality in North Pacific fisheries away from dangerous fishing gear and under what conditions. They performed field trials aboard a trawl catcher-processor, by mounting 2 different lasers (same color) at the stern and alternating them to deter birds when the net was actively fishing and the factory was operating and discharging offal. They counted the number of birds pre- and post-laser activation during the day trials. During the night trials, there was not enough ambient light to count the number of birds, so the observed changes to bird behaviour within the area illuminated by the vessel's lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They performed 30 to 90 minute laser trials once or twice per fishing day during daylight hours, for 10 days. They performed only one trial during the hours of dusk.

DescriptionOfResults:
Bird response to the two lasers was nominal to absent during daylight hours; bird numbers in the observation area were unchanged with and without laser activation under all weather conditions encountered. Under brighter conditions, no behavioural response could be detected in individual birds even those struck directly by the laser. Under lower light conditions during daylight hours, birds struck directly by the laser showed some limited avoidance relocating within a meter or less of where they were struck, but this response was not consistent. Surrounding birds showed no detectable response. In the only trial at dusk, the laser provoked a localized response in many but not all birds sitting on the water and directly struck by the laser dot. Birds in flight showed no detectable response. Two to 30 birds could be dispersed when the laser dot passed through a dense aggregation of birds, clearing up to a 5-m radius area around the laser dot, but not consistently. Most birds resettled on the water within 10 to 20 m of their original location, and within the 100-m observation area. In only one of the 14 observations at night with the laser activated did they observe a substantial avoidance response to the laser.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine starlings' reaction time (or startle response) to a one millisecond flash of unfiltered white light. Birds were trapped and placed into an anechoic chamber with an electronic flash unit, and individually tested on several occasions. The latency of the startle response (the time from the occurrence of a stimulus to the elicitation of a response) was used as an index of the response time. The birds' startle response was to go into a semi-crouch position. Two types of control trials were run. In the first, the switch was turned but there was no flash. In the second, there was a flash but there was a black glass plate placed between the light source and the top of the cage so that the flash did not penetrate to the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds received visual stimuli at 1 to 4 minute irregular intervals. They approximately made 8 to 15 trials per run, with each run lasting between 30 - 45 minutes. Runs on 18 birds were conducted at various times of the day over a 30 day period.

DescriptionOfResults:
The grand mean of startle reaction times to light flash stimuli for 18 starlings was 76.38 msec. The text states that "All control experiments failed to show artifacts on the records." It is unclear if they tested for startle reactions during the control experiments, or only for "electronic artifacts."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a motion-activated laser hazing system for repelling captive Canada geese. In particular they were interested in evaluating the effects of repeated exposure (i.e., habituation) and subsequent inactivation of the laser hazing system (i.e., behavioral extinction). The experiment consisted of 3 phases: pretreatment, treatment and posttreatment. On the pretreatment, they trained geese to occupy plot halves containing an automatic feeder between the 1900 hours and 0600 hours. Each plot contained an untreated (control) subplot, opposite the treated plot half. During treatment and posttreatment, they placed the laser hazing device near the feeder. During treatment, they exposed geese to laser hazing throughout an extended period of the night. For the posttreatment they wanted to determine the persistence of place avoidance subsequent to the permanent inactivation of the laser hazing system. The behavioral extinction procedure involved presentation of a cue in the absence of laser activity (i.e., presence of the red box and the inactivated laser hazing system subsequent to habituation testing within the same subplot). They recorded goose occupancy (time) within treated subplots prior and subsequent to the activation of the feeder (from 30 min prior to sunset to 30 min prior to sunrise during each day of the test).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The treatment was replicated with 8 pairs of geese. It included 5 nights for each of 8 pairs of geese. It was extended to 20 nights for a ninth pair to evaluate habituation throughout this prolonged and repeated exposure to laser. The posttreatment included 6 nights for 8 goose pairs.

DescriptionOfResults:
Time geese spent on the treated subplot decreased by 47 min during the treatment phase. This was an 83% reduction in average goose occupancy for treated subplots. Although average occupancy of treated subplots failed to return to 80% of pretreatment levels within 2 days following the treatment, the persistence of place avoidance extinguished 3 days subsequent to the permanent inactivation of the laser hazing system. Geese apparently did not habituate to the laser deterrent system when they were exposed up to 20 consecutive nights. However, they returned to the treated subplot within a few days after the laser system was deactivated.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to identify the species of waterbirds that respond to laser light and document the immediate response of waterbirds to laser light, with the ultimate goal of testing the lasers for us at oil spills. For that, they conducted random tests at 5 different locations in the Sacramento Valley of California. They visited the sites at dusk and opportunistically used the laser on any birds encountered. They recorded the species and number present, fired the laser at the birds and recorded the number remaining. They recorded the immediacy of birds' responses as: none, immediate or delayed. The type of response was recorded as none, took flight, swam away, flapped away over the water, ran away, walked away, alert only, or dived. If the bird flew, then the flight response was further classified as flew away out of sight, landed nearby (e.g., on the same pool), or landed on an adjacent site. A response was considered favorable if the bird left the site by any means (e.g., flying, running, or swimming).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested the laser at 5 locations on 18 evenings. They fired the laser a total of 129 times at 2000 birds, consisting of 25 species.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall 61% of 2,000 birds responded favorably by leaving the area. High proportions of pelicans and cormorants (100% and 85%, respectively) responded favorably. Grebes, coots, shorebirds, herons and egrets (99%), geese (93%), and diving ducks and gulls did not respond favorably to laser treatment. Only 10% of the dabbling ducks responded favorably to treatment. Out of 129 sessions, all birds either left the area on 75 occasions (58%) or did not on 51 occasions (40%). A partial response, where some birds stayed and others left, occurred only during 3 sessions.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if laser treatment during the early evening reduces bird numbers over the course of a night, and to determine if the laser treatment has any lasting effect on waterbirds over the short term (5 days) after treatment has ended. The experiment was conducted at a marsh, but the purpose was to determine if lasers could be used to deter birds from oil spills. They divided a marsh into 4 distinct count areas and one of them was selected at random to be an untreated site. The data from the three treated portions was pooled for subsequent analysis. They divided the study into 3 time periods of 5 days each: pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment. They counted the birds, used the laser and counted any remaining birds. Instead of having a control site (due to its proximity to the treated area), the untreated portion of the marsh served as an example of how birds numbers in an untreated portion of a laser-treated marsh might change. In addition to counting birds, they observed behavioural responses. They recorded the immediacy of birds' responses as: none, immediate or delayed. The type of response was recorded as none, took flight, swam away, flapped away over the water, ran away, walked away, alert only, or dived. If the bird flew, then the flight response was further classified as flew away out of sight, landed nearby (e.g., on the same pool), or landed on an adjacent site. A response was considered favorable if the bird left the site by any means (e.g., flying, running, or swimming).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Treatment lasted 5 evenings, during which three portions of the marsh were treated with laser deterrents and one section was not. The data from the three treated portions was pooled for subsequent analysis. Individual birds or groups of birds encountered during laser sweeps received up to 6 to 8 sec of targeting if they did not react immediately. During the 5 evenings of treatment, the laser was fired 74 times (sessions).

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, 74% of 2,251 birds responded favorably by leaving the area. High proportions of herons (98%) and dabbling ducks (93%) responded favorably, while coots did not respond favorably to laser treatment. Only 46% of the diving ducks responded favorably to treatment. Out of 74 sessions, all birds either left the area on 27 occasions (36%) or did not on 31 occasions (42%)and a partial response, where some birds stayed and others left, occurred during 16 sessions. Bird numbers immediately after the laser treatment were less than the two other time periods and bird numbers recorded the next morning were not different from the numbers present just before the laser treatment the evening before. There was a significant decrease of 47% in the average number of birds on the treated area from the pretreatment to the treatment period. The average number of birds during the 5-day post-treatment period was not significantly different from that during the treatment period. There was a similar pattern of change on the untreated portion of the marsh. For results specific to species groups, see Tables 9 and 10.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to repeat the experiments described in Muheim et al. (2002). The author investigated orienting behaviors of European Robins under different wavelengths and intensities of monochromatic artificial light (full-spectrum, green, green-yellow, and red) in Emlen funnels. Orientation under green light was used as a control. They attempted the same setup that was described in Muheim et al. (2002), but found that the birds were not significantly oriented under the control conditions, so they were unable to attempt and of the treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Number of birds and number of tests were not mentioned. The results of control treatment were unsuccessful, indicating potential electromagnetic disturbances in the testing room.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds did not orient in the seasonally expected migratory direction under 560 nm green lights, as they had in previous experiments. Possible explanations include electromagnetic disturbances in the holding/testing room.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Qibang Feng, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The aim of the study was "to determine the scale and impacts of attraction of petrels to artificial lights at St. Kilda, investigate influences of the lunar cycle, and assess effects of reducing artificial light emissions." In order to do this an investigation was carried out in which "nightly numbers of Manx Shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus), Leach’s Storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) and European Storm-petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus) attracted by artificial lights were recorded in September and October from 2005 to 2008 (1st September - 16th October; within an hour after dawn). Effects of experimental reductions to light emissions in 2007 and 2008 were assessed, together with variation in annual moonlight, mortality rates, and age of birds found". In 2005 and 2006, there were no reductions in the village lights. In 2007 unnecessary lights were turned off and indoor lights were shielded.  In 2008, the same thing as 2007 was repeated, but with an experimental period of 20 nights of no light reduction in the village, starting from the night of 22 September.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the 4 years of the experiment, 59 Manx Shearwaters, 45 Leach’s Storm-petrels and 1 European Storm-petrel were found with fewer than 3% of birds found dead in this study (all in 2006) and all the rest alive. The study was conducted in 2005 - 2008 between 1st September - 16th October every year, with the grounded birds being collected early every morning (within 1 hour after dawn).

DescriptionOfResults:
In the 4 years they found 59 Manx Shearwaters, 45 Leach’s Storm-petrels and 1 European Storm-petrel. Less than 3% of birds found (all in 2006) in this study were dead. The majority of Leach's Storm-petrels and Manx Shearwaters were found at times of very low moonlight. There were significantly fewer Leach's Storm-petrels found in 2007 (the year when light reduction measured were put in places) and in the light-control period in 2008, compared to the period in 2008 when there were no light reduction efforts. Numbers of Manx Shearwaters found remained high during light control periods, indicating that they may be sensitive even to low levels of artificial light. Overall, as stated by the study "There was a significant within-year difference in numbers of Leach’s Storm- petrels found in 2008, between the times when light reduction methods were in place and the deliberate control period when light emissions were not reduced... numbers of Leach’s Storm-petrels found in the village differed significantly between 2007, when lights were off, and the period in 2008 when lights were on." High numbers of birds were found when weather conditions were foggy. Conditions with low moonlight (like during the new moon) were correlated with the highest number of birds being found with the lowest bird numbers were found on full moon conditions. It was also noted by the researchers that most of the grounded birds were fledglings.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Qibang Feng , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
To conduct a study regarding the pattern of light-induced mortality of petrels on Reunion Island from January 1996 to December 1999, a public campaign collected 2348 birds attracted to lights that had been grounded. The public was told to collect grounded birds, and asked to fill out a survey providing the time, location, and types of light that were presented when the birds were founded. The proportion of fledgling lost was used as a measurement to compare between the years.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From January 1996 to December 1999, 2348 birds were collected from public, 94% of which were fledglings. Birds were collected by volunteers that spotted and collected the birds to hand over to biologists of the Socie ́te ́ d’Etudes Ornithologiques de la Re ́union (Natural History Museum).

DescriptionOfResults:
Most birds were found in areas where urban lights were most abundant. Streetlights and sport installations were "responsible for" 78% of the cases of mortality. The mean number of birds was found every year was 587 ± 301, there were clear seasonal patterns. Significantly fewer Barau’s petrels and Audubon’s shearwaters were found daily during full moon than at other stages of the lunar cycles. For Barau’s petrels, the effect of the full moon was particularly clear in 1997 when this coincided with the normal fledgling peak. It was estimated that 20% of the fledglings produced annually are lost through attraction to lights. The minimum number of mortality events on full moon nights was explained as being because of: "The decrease in number of birds attracted by lights during full moon may indicate that full moon inhibits young petrels from fledging or that fledglings are not attracted by lights because a greater ambient light causes a diminution of attraction of artificial lights."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to test differences in orientational behaviour by adult and young sedge warbler during autumn migration under varying sources of light stimuli. All testing were conducted in Emlen funnels for an hour as soon as the sun's disc was below the horizon and again for the hour before sunrise. Birds were exposed to two different sources of light; natural (glow of sunset, sunrise, and moonlight) and artificial (horizon glow from the study area). The authors compared bird orientation on clear night, when the horizon glow was visible, to cloudy nights, when the horizon glow was not visible.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested individually, at sunset and one hour before sunrise, each experiment lasting for one hour. Experiments conducted under a visible moon (moon direction = 0° or North = 0°)  had n=13 (adults) or n= 42 (young) in either the condition. A total of 61 adult birds and 151 young birds were used in four different experiments.

DescriptionOfResults:
Adult birds showed Southward orientation similar to their appropriate migratory direction in all testing. Young sedge warblers distribution was similar the adults, however, a subgroup of these young birds showed Easterly direction during morning testing. During experiments conducted in conditions of visible moon, both groups showed Northern migratory direction. They argue that the distribution of some juveniles were more scattered in relation to adults due to influences of disruptive lights in the study area, haze on the horizon that hid town lights, and moon glow.  Consequently, they proposed that young birds were more attracted to various light sources, influencing them in their migratory orientation far greater than adults.


StudySummary:
In 1978, Bramley observed the behavior of white storks as they passed over oil flares in the Gassi Touil oasis in Algeria. Observations were also collected during the same time period at Hassi Masoud with oil flares present. Due to the bright light from the oil flares, the number of white storks and their behavior was observed with the naked eye. They estimated the number of storks passing and described how they would gain height as they approached the flame, then spiral upwards above the flame, riding the thermal created by the gas flare.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations at both sites were conducted from the evening into midnight on February 24th and 25th of 1978. Approximately 8000 storks were observed at Hassi Masoud with the smallest flock consisting of 15 birds and the largest flock containing 270 birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
White Storks are diurnal migrants, and the authors were not aware of other records of nocturnal migration. The storks were evidently using the thermals created by the flares to gain altitude for migration. On the evening of February 24th 1978, birds were seen flying in from the south at 19.30 (1 hour after sunset) and they stopped passing at 22.30 by which point at least 8000 storks had passed north over the area. The birds flapped to gain height as they flew in, then spiraled upwards in the thermal. The average flock had about 60 members. Some workers at the site had witnessed similar behavior the previous year.  Few migrants were seen the following day.


StudySummary:
The authors tested the effect of artificial illumination on Black-tailed Godwit nest site selection. The authors used two sites: one site adjacent to the A9 highway (Limmerpolder) and another out of reach of the influence of traffic (Groot-Limmerpolder/Over Die). In the latter site, 24 light poles were installed in 1998 and 1999. Both sites were not illuminated in 1998 and were illuminated in 1999. The authors conducted nest surveys and recorded the positions of the nests and their distance to the motorway/light sources and compared these to 10,000 randomly selected points. At each nest site and at random points, the authors characterized sward height and structure, drainage conditions, and addition of fertilizer. The authors estimated the effect of artificial light and other covariates on the relative probability of occupancy using logistic regression.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The 2 plots (away from and near to road) were compared before and after treatment, with lights off in 1998 and lights on in 1999. The research area covered 230 hectares. 123 nests were found in 1998 and 140 were found in 1999. Characteristics of these nest sites were compared to compared to 10,000 randomly selected points within the study area. Weekly nest searches took place from the second week of April until the second week of May each year to avoid documenting attempts at multiple broods. The authors suggested these search efforts were exhaustive.

DescriptionOfResults:
Fewer Godwits nested within 300m of light location in 1999 (when lights were illuminated) than in 1998 (when they were not illuminated). More nested 300 - 500m from light sources in 1999 than in 1998. In the logistic regression, distance to lighting had a small but statistically significant effect on nest-site selection, with Godwits selecting sites farther from light sources. The authors infer that this translates to an effect distance of 300m or 60 ha/km of highway that is negatively influenced by lighting. The authors note that it is difficult to determine the effects of illumination on nest-site selection because Black-tailed Godwits demonstrate breeding site fidelity, so the conditions in 1998 likely influenced nest-site selection in 1999.


StudySummary:
Researchers located and monitored Eleanora's Falcon nests from 1996-2000 to determine factors influencing their nest-site selection. Nests were located from a boat and their precise locations were determined from land visits. At each nest site, they recorded topographic, climatic, and antropic variables and mapped them using a digital terrain model with a 6m pixel size. Antropic variables included the visibility of the lighthouse beam, visibility of zones of intensive antropic use, and distance to zones of intensive antropic use. Visibility of the lighthouse beam was a binary measure (0-absence, 1-presence). Mean values were used for continuous variables.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Pixel/cell size of digital terrain model was 6m. Attributes of cells with nests (n=20) were compared to cells without nests (n = 4031). Extensive monitoring took place from 1996 - 2000 and the researchers state that it was likely that all nests were detected.

DescriptionOfResults:
The light beam of the lighthouse could not be seen in only 37% of cells in the entire study area yet it was not present in 80% of cells with nests, suggesting that the falcons were actively selecting nest sites away from light disturbance.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate if a lighting regimen could enhance birds' detection of (and reaction to) the approach of a ground-based vehicle in two species with different visual sensory constraints. For that, they quantified species-specific behavioral responses to the approach of a vehicle and lighting regimen. The experimental setup consisted a flight cage placed on the pavement, where they performed behavioral experiments under seminatural conditions. They exposed wild-caught birds to the approach of a vehicle with four vehicle-mounted lighting treatments; they had a movement control that consisted of a vehicle approach without light, 2 light treatments with different pulses and one light treatment with constant illumination. They measured the time that each individual within a group showed an alert and a flight response, relative to a marked endpoint for the vehicle approach. They also measured alert and flight responses at the individual and group levels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird and group was used only once throughout the experiment. They completed 4 groups (one group/treatment) within 90 minutes. For brown-headed cowbirds, they had 14 control groups, 11 2 Hz groups, 13 16 Hz groups and 13 constant-illumination groups. They obtained data from at least 2 birds per treatment group. For mourning doves, they had 10 groups per treatment and recorded observations of 6 birds per group.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found that Brown-Headed Cowbird groups exposed to vehicle approach and constant illumination of the vehicle-mounted lamp showed earlier first alert behavior (2.7 - 3.1 s before) and faster mean group alert response (1.2 - 1.3 s faster) than did groups exposed to pulsating treatments or no lamp. They found that light treatments interacted with ambient light; cowbird first mean group alert responses occurred sooner under sunny conditions and constant illumination of the lamp. Mourning Doves were not affected by light treatments. Between species, Mourning Dove groups had a quicker first (3.3 s before) and group (2.1 s before) alert responses (and slower flight response; 1.0 s later) than Brown-headed Cowbirds.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate if the incorporation of pulsing lights into the design of aircraft-mounted lighting is one means by which airlines might reduce bird strikes. Their field trial involved an international airline company and 5 planes that were monitored over 2 years before and after installing pulse-control lighting systems. They measured the amount of bird strikes per aircraft and per year.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They monitored 5 airplanes. Data were collected in 2004 (prior to the installation of the pulse-control system) and 2005 (after the installation). During 2005, they report the number of bird strikes when the pulse-control system was in operation and when it was not in operation.

DescriptionOfResults:
Prior to installation of the pulse-control system, there was an average of 4 bird strikes per aircraft for the year. After installation of pulse-control systems, the airline reported an average of 2.2 bird strikes per aircraft when the system pulse-control system was not in operation, and 1 bird strike per aircraft when the pulse system was in use.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if aircraft lighting might enhance detection of and reaction to the approach of an aircraft by Canada Geese. They exposed captive wild geese to 3 treatments (standard aircraft with light off, standard aircraft with lights on, and predator model) to assess response to the standard aircraft relative to antipredator behavior (control). They quantified the behavioral responses of birds to approach by the aircraft under the preselected lighting treatments, relative to the time at which the aircraft was over the center of the enclosure. They recorded the time each individual within a group became alert and moved away (flight initiation) in response to aircraft approach.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used a repeated-measures approach to the experiment. They exposed 14 groups of geese, four birds per group, to the 3 treatments. Each replicate consisted of launching the aircraft, climbing it to altitude on the downwind, approaching the enclosure, and landing. The first two treatments in each replicate involved the standard aircraft with either lights off or on, with the order randomly determined. The third treatment consisted of approach of the predator model.

DescriptionOfResults:
Canada geese responded faster to the approach of the aircraft with the 2-Hz, alternating, pulsed lighting than to the same aircraft with lights off, or a second aircraft that resembled a predator. Specifically, the aircraft lighting enhanced individual alert responses on average by 4.2 seconds over approaches with lights off. Lighting also enhanced responses to the standard aircraft on average by 5.6 seconds (or 202 m) over approaches by the predator model.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to use handheld lasers in a heron rookery as an experimental active hazing technique to disperse herons and prevent tree damage. The grove was divided into 7 areas (A-G) and the laser deterrent was applied only in Grove D. They used a laser to scare perched birds from trees where they were nesting or roosting. They used the sight on the laser to aim at the target or point the device at the base of the tree and move it up towards the bird. They recorded the "hazing duration" - the time between the start of hazing and the time when no birds were present for more than 5 minutes. For cases where birds remained at the site for longer than 60 minutes (the duration of the  hazing period), they recorded the hazing duration as 61 minutes. They also monitored the number of active nests and compared the change in nest count from before hazing started to after the completion of hazing in 2008, and to the number of active nests in the two years prior to hazing (2006 and 2007). They also compared the changes in number of actives nests between 2007 and 2008 in Grove D to the change in other groves that had not been hazed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The rookery was hazed twice daily from 30 April to 27 June 2008, excluding the days 7 May through 17 May. Each laser session lasted for 1 hr. The progression of hazing efforts involved "trials" where each trial represented a morning and/or evening hazing for each day. They conducted hazing twice daily, with the first session starting 15 minutes before sunrise and the second session ending 15 minutes after sunset. For nest monitoring, they counted the number of active nests for each species through the nesting seasons in 2005-2009. Monitoring began in mid-February (before the birds' arrival) and continued weekly throughout the nesting season. They totaled the highest active nest counts from each species each year to determine rookery size. The calculated Average Peak Active (APA) index by taking the average of actives nest counts across the peak-nesting period each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
Hazing duration decreased rapidly after trial 27 (12 Jun 2008), with hazing duration consistently measured at 50-60 minutes on days prior to trial 27 and dropping to 0 minutes within a few days after trial 27 as birds abandoned the area. Targeted birds and their neighbors responded to the lasers by moving between the trees and groves, or by moving out of the grove. Birds were more easily hazed from roost trees than from nest trees. Nest density decreased after hazing. There were 30 active nests prior to the start date of hazing in 2008 and there were no active nests after completion of hazing at the end of the 2008 season. Nest densities increased between 2007 and 2008 for all groves except Grove D, where maximum counts of total active nests decreased from 73 in 2007 to 30 in 2008.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to completely disperse a heron rookery, including all areas of the grove. They employed several hazing technique(nest removal, bioacoustics, pyrotechnics, and lasers) to prevent birds from establishing nests. They used lasers as a hazing technique on a roosting/nesting area by aiming lasers at both perched birds and birds landing on trees inside the grove. They recorded the birds' response each time they used the lasers as "no response" if they did not move or remained on the trees inside the grove or "hazed" if they left the grove and did not return for more than 5 minutes. They also monitored the number of active nests and the number of nests to previous years without rookery-wide hazing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each hazing activity lasted two hours and happened twice a day (a morning and an evening period), with the first period beginning 30 minutes before sunrise and the second period ending 30 minutes after sunset. In June, they reduced the frequency of hazing to 3 times a week and only at dawn since birds had failed to establish nests at the rookery site. For nest monitoring, they counted the number of active nests for each species through the nesting seasons in 2005-2009. Monitoring began in mid-February (before the birds' arrival) and continued weekly throughout the nesting season. They totaled the highest active nest counts from each species each year to determine rookery size. The calculated Average Peak Active (APA) index by taking the average of actives nest counts across the peak-nesting period each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no difference in bird response between the two lasers. The effect of laser hazing on bird response was significant. Birds responded to lasers and left the grove 83% of the time. No birds nested in the grove in 2009, compared to 400-800 active nests counted each year in 2005-2008.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to test deterrent efficacy to prevent birds from landing on tailings ponds. The treatments included: i) an on-demand deterrent system (including light), ii) an industry-standard deterrent system (no light) and iii) no deterrent system (control). The on-demand deterrent system included a peregrine falcon effigy with flapping wings, speakers broadcasting peregrine calls, a high-intensity strobe light and a propane cannon. The industry standard deterrent system consisted of human effigies and propane cannon. To evaluate the efficacy of these systems, they used radar to record the number of bird groups travelling over the ponds within a 1.85-km radius and used visual observations to determine the number and approximate locations of landings. For each individual or flock flying over, they recorded whether or not the individual or flock landed. They recorded the proportions of birds flying over the study area that also landed within the study area and they used a logistic regression model to evaluate the effect of deterrent systems on the probability of landing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Testing was divided into a regular rotation of 72-h research blocks each containing three 24-h treatment blocks. Each 24-h block was randomly assigned to one treatment. Observation periods lasted 4.5 hrs, beginning either 0.5 hours before sunrise or 4 hour before sunset. Treatment types were switched at midday.

DescriptionOfResults:
The final model showed that the proportion of birds landing was significantly lower in the on-demand treatment than the control, while there was no significant difference between the industry standard and control periods. For ducks, the odds of landing during the on-demand treatment were 53% of those for the control, whereas the odds for shorebirds landing during the on-demand treatment were only 20% of those of the control.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Carrie Ann Adams, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they performed bird frightening tests with a laser gun by impacting the bird's eye to cause flying-off. They measured flying-off and avoidance reactions.

DescriptionOfResults:
The eye impact didn't necessarily cause flying-off, but often an avoidance reaction by head movement. In favorable lighting conditions (twilight, mist, darkness, etc.), a flying-off response was observed. Flying-off reactions were observed up to 300 m from the source.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested several laser sources on birds on a garbage dump site to select a high performance source.

DescriptionOfResults:
They report that the DPSS (532 nm) YAG laser of 100 mW was a "high performance source." With this source, they obtained flying-off when approaching the enlarged beam with a 5 cm diameter. They highlight the "stick" effect,  where the beam of light may appear to the bird as an approaching stick.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested a laser on a camera tripod mount that was aimed at the target birds. They used a VHS camera to record the experiments. They tested the laser in various luminosity conditions and on various species.

DescriptionOfResults:
"A flying-off response of the birds is obtained up to distances in the order of one kilometre, under lighting conditions of less than 13,000 lux, provided that the beam is kept in motion. No habituation to the moving signal is detected, even on nesting birds."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested a laser robot that allowed an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The birds only reacted to the beam passage in very low lighting conditions (dawn and dusk). There was an obvious regression of the frightening power compared to the results obtained in 1994."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested the same system as in 1995, but increased the power of the laser source to 400 mW. A laser robot created an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The automatic scanning of the bay caused flying-off when the birds saw the beam pass above or below them (h < 2m), for luminosity levels up to 15,000 lux. However, it appeared that the surface covered, in terms of bird frightening, was limited by the impossibility of controlling the beam in elevation angle."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested the same system as in Veys Bay. They tested it at the Bretigny-sur-Orge military airfield platform. A laser robot created an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety. In previous studies they measured flying-off distance, but in this study they reported the number of bird strikes registered when the laser was in and out of service and the locations of the birds when the laser was working.

DescriptionOfResults:
"No bird strikes were registered during this period on this airfield except during the days when the laser was out of service. Most of the bids (gulls, lapwings) were observed at rest behind the prototype when it was working."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, the tested a "new prototype, whose scanning and beam routing are programmable...in diversified weather conditions." They specifics of the laser are not provided. The prototype was tested at a civil airport (Tarbes-Ossun-Lourdes) and the authors recorded whether any birds were present in the part of the runway covered by the laser beam.

DescriptionOfResults:
The prototype gave "very good results especially on lapwings." No birds were seen in the part of the runway covered by the laser beam during cloudy days "and sometimes during sunny days". The authors report no habituation after three months of experiments.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested an industrial prototype by "Lord Ingienierie Company" with remote control and monitoring functions on a military base (Mont de Marsan) during the 2003 winter.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors' report of the results is confusing, "This equipment gave the same results as in previous experiments when the speed of the laser beam (and the illumination period where respected (the system must start very soon in the morning until the sunset to be effective on the birds)."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested an industrial prototype - the 2004 Lord Ingienierie TOM 500  - at a civil airport (Montpellier - Mediterranee). They wanted to improve the workings of the system to increase its reliability and determine the limits of its effectiveness on birds. They compared the number of bird strikes in 2003 (before the equipment was installed) to 2004 (after the equipment was installed).

DescriptionOfResults:
The number of bird strikes decreased by 40% from 2003 (before the deterrent was installed) to 2004 (after installation). The number of serious bird strikes that cause damage to airplanes was 9 in 2003 and 0 in 2004. Th authors report that the system doesn't work on sunny days when luminosity is above 15,000 lux and when birds are flying over the runway


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether birds would avoid a perch treated with a continuous laser beam. Using 2-choice cage tests, they treated 1 of 2 perches with a laser overnight and used the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night as an index of perch choice. As a control, they used the untreated perch without light. They also used previous observations of bird behaviour when exposed to the laser during daylight conditions.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Five cowbirds were randomly assigned to each of 10 groups. Each group was tested once and was tested from just after sunset to one hour before sunrise. Each group of five birds was given a five-hour (1630 to 2130) acclimation period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Mean fecal mass under control and treatment perches did not differ in the experiment. Birds were not repelled from perches treated with the laser.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to determine whether perch preference of birds would be influenced by a larger beam diameter than used in Experiment 1. Using 2-choice cage tests, they treated 1 of 2 perches with a laser that had a beam expander mounted to it which caused a 20X increment compared to Experiment 1. Birds were tested overnight and the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night served as an index of perch choice. As a control, they used the untreated perch without light. They also used previous observations of bird behaviour when exposed to the laser during daylight conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Cowbirds were not repelled from perches treated with the 633 nm laser. Mean fecal mass under control and treatment perches did not differ between treatments.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 3 cowbirds

StudySummary:
The objective was to determine whether cowbirds and starlings would avoid a perch treated with a laser beam moving in a consistent pattern over the perch. For cowbirds, they repeated the procedures used in experiment 1 but reflected the main laser beam in sweeps. Birds were tested overnight and the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night served as an index of perch choice.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Cowbirds were assigned to six groups of five birds each. Each group was tested overnight once, and the fecal mass under the perches was measured at the end of the testing period. Cowbirds were given an acclimation period as seen in experiment one.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 3 starlings

StudySummary:
The objective was to determine whether starlings would avoid a perch treated with a laser beam moving in a consistent pattern over the perch. They repeated the procedures used in experiment 1 but moved the laser beam in sweeps. Starlings were also exposed to the moving beam during six 20-minute periods. Perch preferences were observed by the researchers counting the number of birds on each perch every 20 seconds from behind a blind.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Starlings were randomly assigned to three groups of six birds each. Each group was tested for six 20-minute periods, with data being collected every 20 seconds. The researchers observed from behind a blind and noted how many birds were on each perch. There was a 5-minute interval between each 20-minute treatment period. The starlings were given a one-hour acclimation period after being placed in the test apparatus

DescriptionOfResults:
The 3 groups of starlings did not avoid the moving beam. Instead they may have been attracted to the light source.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 4 starlings

StudySummary:
The objective was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost, using starlings as models. For each of 3 consecutive 20-minute periods, they randomly selected a perch to treat. As 20-second intervals, they moved the laser from the outside of the  cage across and approximately parallel to the selected perch. If the starlings did not move from the perch after one pass, they repeated the procedure or aimed the laser directly at the birds. Once the birds had moved, they turned the laser off until the pre-selected interval for switching sides, or until the birds returned to the treatment perch. For the fourth 20-minute trial period, the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds to create a situation of possible habituation. An observer counted the number of perching birds during each 20-second interval.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Three groups of six birds each were used, and each group was tested for four 20-minute periods. Data were collected every 20 seconds for all trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 3 groups of starlings showed no avoidance of the 650 nm beam.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 4 doves

StudySummary:
The objective was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost, using doves as models. For the first 20-minute period, they randomly selected a perch to treat. At 20-second intervals, they moved the laser from the outside of the  cage across and approximately parallel to the selected perch. If the starlings did not move from the perch after one pass, they repeated the procedure or aimed the laser directly at the birds. Once the birds had moved, they turned the laser off until the birds returned to the treatment perch. For the second 20-minute trial period, the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds to create a situation of possible habituation. An observer counted the number of perching birds during each 20-second interval.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Doves were separated into six groups of four birds each, and were tested for two 20-minute periods per group. Data were collected every 20 seconds for both trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of doves initially avoided the beam, but habituated over the remaining minutes of the first period and exhibited no further avoidance.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 5 geese

StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost with geese as models. Procedure was the same as the starling phase of experiment 4, except that they used test cages divided into two plots rather than using cages with perches. They used a diffuse flashlight beam to measure the movements of geese at night. The counted the number of geese in each plot (treatment and control) at 20-second intervals.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Geese were tested in six groups of four birds per group in separate 80-minute periods. Geese were given at least one hour acclimation period. However, the first group of geese were exposed to only three 20-minute periods. Three groups of geese were also tested  in the daylight as well.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of geese exhibited marked avoidance of the 650 nm laser in each period. On average, 96% of geese had moved from the treatment plot to the control plot at the end of a 20-second interval.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 5 mallards

StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost with mallards as models. Procedure was the same as the starling phase of experiment 4, except that they used test cages divided into two plots rather than using cages with perches. They used a diffuse flashlight beam to measure the movements of mallards at night. The counted the number of mallards in each plot (treatment and control) at 20-second intervals.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Mallards were tested in six groups of six birds, and were given at least a 30-minute acclimation period. Mallards were tested in one 20-minute period where data was collected every 20-seconds, and in a second 20-minute period where the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of mallards exhibited avoidance of the laser, but during the second period, there was no difference in use of control and treated plots.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to quantify the effectiveness of pulsing white aircraft landing lights in stimulating avoidance behavior in captive birds. Experimental groups were inside cages and exposed to an approaching truck fitted with a light treatment. The experiment consisted of 2 or 3 treatments; control, pulse, and steady. Tests were conducted during mornings and afternoons. They recorded the amount of time required for each individual in a group to react prior to the vehicle passing midcage. They defined a response as "any activity that could propel a bird away from  the vehicle or road, and one that was subsequently continued until the vehicle passed mid-cage." Based on the individual reaction times, they calculated the mean distance of the vehicle to mid-cage prior to the initial reaction of each individual (mean reaction distance) and the time between the first and last reaction (ground response time).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the 1st year of the experiment, they randomly assigned 20 groups of cowbirds (six birds per group) to either control or pulse treatments (10 groups/treatment) and each replicate consisted of three iterations (vehicle approaches) per group. During the 2nd year of the experiment they added a 3rd (steady) treatment and randomly assigned birds to six groups per each treatment, with six birds per group. Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage. Data were collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
During the 2000 experiment, mean reaction distance differed between treatments; flock response times differed by a factor of 1.7 (control: 1.1 sec; pulse: 0.7 sec), meaning that birds exposed to pulsed light responded more quickly. The response of cowbirds to the approaching vehicle was generally, as a flock, with flight away from the vehicle. In 2001, there was no difference among treatment groups in consistency of response (all birds reacted) or mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar (control: 0.8 sec; pulse: 0.9 sec; steady: 0.6 sec).


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with geese was restricted to tests of control vs pulse treatment because of a smaller sample size (6 groups/treatment, 3 birds/group). Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Geese showed little reaction to the approaching vehicle. They found no difference between treatments in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were consistent between treatments.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with gulls consisted of a smaller sample size, which prevented the 3-treatment scenario. They exposed 20 gulls to control and pulse treatments (5 groups/treatment, 2 birds/group). Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Gulls exhibited little reaction to the vehicle and no difference was evident between treatments in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with doves consisted of 15 groups of doves (5 groups/treatment, 3 birds/group) exposed to control, pulse and steady treatments over 4 days. Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found no difference among groups in consistency of response, or in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar to those of cowbirds.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with starlings consisted of 21 groups (7 groups/treatment, 6 birds/group) exposed to control, pulse and steady treatments over 3 days.  Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Response to approaching vehicle was similar across treatments, and typically the birds reacted as a flock, with flight away from the vehicle. Mean reaction distance did not differ among treatments. Subsequent flock response times were similar among treatments.


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine if artificial light affects nest site selection in European Blackbirds across an urban gradient, including the city centre with small green spaces,  public parks, and a riparian forest . They systematically searched for nests, and the activity status of the nest was determined by observation of activity around the nest and presence of eggs. The authors compared lamp density at used nest sites to that of randomly selected points. Lamp density as a measure of ALAN was verified by light intensity measurements at 100 random points. The correlation between lamp densities and light intensities at these points and used to estimate the light intensity in lux for all points in the study.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Total number of nests found in 2011-2013 was 1311: 261 in urban areas, 561 in the parks, and 489 in the forest. Lamp density was compared at the nest sites to a random selection of points in suitable patches of vegetation. The number of random points selected were the same as located nests per class per year.

DescriptionOfResults:
The best model included artificial light as a predictor, with a tendency towards higher lamp densities at nest sites than random points. After correcting for multiple comparisons, this tendency was only significant for nests in the park in 2011 (not in the forest and urban centre sites, not in parks in other years). In 2011 in the park, the difference in light level between used and random sites was 0.002 +- 0.03 lux.


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine how night-time habitat use in Burrowing Owls was related to human footprint (infrastructure) and sensory disturbance (artificial light and sound). They tracked adult male burrowing owls with GPS dataloggers and use resources selection models to compare their used locations to random available locations. The available area was defined as the radius around the nest equal to the maximum distance that an individual owl traveled during the period it was tracked. To determine if owl habitat use was more influence by footprint or to sensory disturbances, they compared the performance of a resource selection function containing footprint covariates (distance to compressor station, oil well, paved road, town, and human building) to one containing sensory covariates (light and sound).  The amount of artificial light at each location was extracted from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program images for 2009.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Every spring from 2007 to 2010, 87 male owls were tracked from an average of 3.7 nights per owl, resulting in 8760 locations. Dataloggers took locations every 2 seconds, every 15 minutes, or every hour (varied from year to year).  For each owl location, 5 random locations were generated within the available area. Data from the first night after logger attachment were omitted from analysis, resulting in 6196 locations from 63 owls over an average of 4.7 nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
Owl night-time space use was better predicted by distance to infrastructure on the landscape than by degree of sensory disturbance.


StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects the number of birds foraging in an estuary, the authors conducted bird surveys at sectors near streetlights (treatment) and far from streetlights (control), recording the number of birds foraging in each sector. Counts were conducted using a digital camcorder with night vision capability and infrared laser illuminators, allowing them to observe birds up to 300 meters away. With this setup, there was no difference in their ability to see birds in the illuminated v. unilluminated sites.  Each sector was counted several times during the night and again the following day at the same tidal stage. They calculated a nocturnal preference index (NPI) for each sector, based on the relative number of birds observed in each sector during the night versus daytime surveys. They used GLMMs to evaluate the effect of artificial light on the NPI of three types of foragers - visual foragers, tactile foragers, and mixed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They studied 13 intertidal sectors of 1-7 ha each, with similar sediment characteristics and over 10 birds/ha. 7 of these sectors were close to streetlights, while 6 were far from any direct source of artificial light. Each sector was counted 7-11 times during the night, and again at the same tidal stage the following day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The nocturnal preference index (NPI) was significantly higher in sectors affected by streetlights for visual foragers, but not for tactile foragers, meaning the night-time abundance of visual foragers relative to daytime abundance was higher in illuminated sites than unilluminated sites. There was no effect of illumination on NPI for Avocets (tactile forager) and Redshanks (mixed forager), but there was an effect for Dunlins (mixed forager).


StudySummary:
The authors estimated the effect of anthropogenic light on stopover density of nocturnal migrants. They used Weather Surveillance Radar data from across the northeastern U.S. to estimate the abundance of migrating birds taking off in the evening and determine how artificial light, in addition to landscape and geographic features, affected this abundance. They used two measures of artificial light for each 1-km pixel: the ratio of zenith artificial sky luminance to natural sky brightness (from Falchi et al. 2016) and distance to a bright light source (defined as 1-km pixels with artificial light ratio > 5).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Temporal: a total of 1491 sample nights during 7 autumn migration seasons (August 15 - November 7, 2008-2014) were obtained from 16 radar stations (each night/radar station combo was one "sample night") and used in analysis. For each sample night, an "instantaneous" radar volume scan at evening civil twilight (when the sun is six degrees below the horizon). See manuscript for specific details on methods for spatiotemporal-interpolation. 47% of sample nights were excluded due to the presence of precipitation at dusk.
Spatial: 166,296 1 km^2 grid cells were used for analysis, covering 32% of the northeastern United States.
Variables: Landscape data retrieved from the National Land Cover Databased at 30 m resolutions. Area-weighted means of the ratio of zenith artificial sky luminance to natural sky brightness (742m resolution transformed to the 1 km spatial grid) measured over 6 months in 2014 were obtained from Falchi et al. (2016) and VIIRS satellite data . Distance to the nearest bright light source (rations between 2 and 10) were also calculated based on the 1 km pixels.

DescriptionOfResults:
Stopover density decreased steadily with distance from bright light sources, meaning that density was higher close to bright light sources. This effect was particularly evident beyond 50 km from the light source. At a local scale, artificial light within the 2-km^2 grid cells was negatively associated with stopover density, meaning that there were fewer migrants taking off in areas very close to artificial lights.


StudySummary:
The aim of the study was to explore different components of avian diversity (species richness, functional diversity, and evolutionary distinctiveness) and how they are affected by environmental characteristics in two different types of urban green areas: parks and cemeteries. They used point count data to calculate these diversity indices. Definitions for these indices are given in section 2.3 of the manuscript (p 91-92). They measured covariates such as park size, tree coverage, local vegetation structure, and presence of human-related structures, including the number of street lamps within a 100-meter radius.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They studied 79 parks and 90 cemeteries in Czech Republic, France, Italy and Poland. Each study sites was visited twice per season at an interval of 3-4 weeks. They conducted 10-minute point counts at each sampling site in the early morning (from 6am to 10am), recording all birds seen or heard within a radius of 100 meters from the point count. In larger parks, birds were counted at more than one sampling point, spaced at least 200 meters apart.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found no effect of the number of street lamps on species richness, functional diversity, or evolutionary uniqueness of bird communities.


AlsoReportedIn:
Jong et al. 2016a, Spoelstra et al. 2015

StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects the probability of nest box occupancy by Great Tits and Pied Flycatchers, the authors experimentally illuminated previously dark habitat with white, green, and red LED lights in 2013 and 2014. This experiment was part of a long-term experiment in the Netherlands to test the effects of road lighting of different wavelengths on wildlife.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They conducted the experiment at 8 sites in the Netherlands. Each site had 4 transects, and each transect had 5 lamp posts with LED lights and 36 nest boxes (288 total) with a 32mm hole (*note: only nine nest boxes are depicted in Fig.1.). Each transect randomly received one light colour treatment: white, green, red, or control (poles without lamps). Nest boxes were checked twice weekly from late March until the end of the breeding season (late June/early July) in 2013 and 2014 and their occupancy status was recorded.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light treatment had no effect on nest box occupancy probability for Great Tits or Pied Flycatchers.


StudySummary:
The article describes a long-term experiment in the Netherlands to test the effects of road lighting of different wavelengths on wildlife. They set up transects of lamp posts with white, red, green, or no light treatments. They assessed the effects of artificial light on the bird abundance calculating the year-to-year differences (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) in observations for each species within a 50-meter radius around each transect.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They conducted the experiment at 8 sites in the Netherlands. Bird data was collected at 5 of these sites in 2011, 7 in 2012, and all 8 in 2013. Each site had 4 transects, and each transect had 5 lamp posts with LED lights. Each transect received one light colour treatment: white, green, red, or control (poles without lamps). Bird counts were conducted on each transect 8 times during each breeding season (March - July).

DescriptionOfResults:
For all treatments, the average year-to-year counts of observations/species/transect was positive in the interval 2011-2012, and negative from 2012-2013. Overall, the number of birds increased more (in 2011-2012) and decreased less (in 2012-2013) in treatment sites than in control site, though the relationship varied across species. Table S3 lists the 5 species with the greatest relative increase and decrease in observations between 2012 and 2013 at illuminated transects (colours combined per site) compared to dark control. The "Population" field in this database lists those species.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the relative impact of 33 urban habitat features on songbird communities in 3 neotropical cities. They used limited-radius point counts to survey diurnal breeding birds that were categorized as abundant, moderately abundant, and rare species (61 species total). Non-vegetation habitat features included built cover, housing density, socioeconomic level, hazards, and density of urban infrastructure components. Urban infrastructure components included electric/telephone poles and lamp poles. They categorized birds based on their abundances as abundant, moderately abundant, and rare to determine which habitat features were related to the abundance and species richness of each group.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Morning surveys (07:00 - 11:00) were conducted in 3 cities n Mexico between March 3 and April 30, 2008 at randomly selected points (>/= 250 m apart) in each city. The number of surveys proportional to the city size (Morelia = 204; Uruapan = 80; Zamora = 43). They surveyed each point once; counts lasted 5 minutes and included all birds seen or heard within a 25-meter radius. Habitat variables (33) within a 25 m radius of the point location were measured immediately following the point count survey. One of these measures was the number of lamp poles.

DescriptionOfResults:
The abundance of rare species was negatively related to the number of lamp poles, but positively related to the number of electric/telephone poles. The number of lamp posts was not related to the abundance or species richness for abundant or moderately abundant species. In the Discussion, the authors do not relate these results to artificial light, but rather explain them based on competition. The negative relationship between rare species richness and lamp poles may be related to the presence and abundance of House Sparrows nesting and roosting on lamp poles. The House Sparrows may exclude rare species from those sites. Moderately abundant species are negatively associated with the number of electric and telephone poles, which may allow rarer species to be present where there is less competition from moderately abundant species.


StudySummary:
The author used citizen science roadside point-count surveys to study habitat associations in Common Nighthawks. At each point, an observer spent 10 minutes looking and listening for nighthawks, recording for each minute the number of bird detections. Volunteers counted nearby artificial light sources within 100m of the survey point and rated ambient artificial light intensity on a scale of 0-3. They compared these light pollution variables at points where nighthawks were detected to points where they were not detected.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1,412 surveys conducted at 494 unique points. Each point was to be monitored at three times around sunset during the breeding season, though this did not occur in all cases.

DescriptionOfResults:
The difference in light pollution estimates (based on scale of 0-3) between occupied and unoccupied sites (compared using Mann-Whitney U-test) was not significant. The difference in counts of artificial light sources between occupied and unoccupied sites was significant, with more lights in occupied sites. The author notes that the light pollution ratings may not have been consistent across volunteers and survey times. The author also analyzed habitat associations in a negative binomial GLM, but they did not include either of the light pollution variables in this analysis.


StudySummary:
This study measured European Blackbirds' exposure to light in a rural forest, an urban park, and a business district in Munich, Germany using light-loggers and radio transmitters attached to the birds' backs. The primary focus of this study was to understand the impact of weather conditions, night time light exposure and noise levels on bird activity in the various settings (we exclude this study from the map), but some information about light at bird locations can be extracted. They used data logger measurements to compare the individual birds' light exposure to one recording of light intensity in urban sites (30 m radius from street lamps) and contrasted light exposure with population density in the different sites. Both of these comparisons were made in the discussion section with unpublished data.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study was conducted between February and June in 2009-2011. The number of birds fitted with light-loggers in 2009, 2010, and 2011 combined was 11 in the rural forest, 12 in the city park district, and 17 in the business district. The light-loggers recorded light information every 2 minutes; nightly median light radiances were calculated from data collected between the hours of 10:00 pm and 3:00 am. It appears that the ambient light level in the urban site(s) was only recorded once.

DescriptionOfResults:
Although the urban population, which had a higher population density, was exposed to more artificial light at night than the rural population, the median light-levels experience by the urban birds were  20x lower than the light  intensity measurable in a 30-meter radius from the street lamps in the field study (~0.02 W/m^2, based on unpublished data), indicating that blackbirds may avoid light-polluted areas during the night but overall light levels do not impact second order habitat selection. No statistical analyses were conducted for this comparison. The authors note, "this may indicate that blackbirds try to avoid light-polluted areas during the night, but more research in this context is needed to allow proper interpretation."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if light pollution was a factor in preventing recolonization of revitalized breeding habitats for the European Nightjar. The canton Valais in the Swiss Alps has the last viable population of European Nightjars in Switzerland. Some of the breeding sites there have been abandoned, while others are still occupied. The authors compared light pollution levels at abandoned versus still-occupied breeding sites.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 19 breeding sites were analysed, identified based on various surveys conducted from 1986 -2014, which mapped the locations of breeding males, identified by their churring vocalizations. The 19 sites were checked again in 2015-2016 for nightjar presence finding 12 abandoned and 7  still occupied. Light emissions measured (LEM) were taken in 2015 and 2016, with 10 LEM readings taken within 13-ha of each location where there was formerly or currently a churring male. The LEM was taken five times at two of the sites (one with high ALAN LEM and one with low ALAN LEM) throughout the breeding season to determine if there was variation in LEM levels throughout the year.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light emissions measures were significantly higher in abandoned sites (mean 0.027 lux) than in occupied sites (mean 0.005 lux). Light emissions did not differ between years within these groups.


StudySummary:
The authors studied how songbird habitat associations with urban areas and artificial light changed seasonally (autumn migration, spring migration, breeding and non-breeding seasons). They used eBird data to estimate diurnal occurrence and relative abundance for 40 bird species that are nocturnally migrating, insectivorous, neotropical migrants that breed in forest environments primarily in eastern North America. They measured each species' population level associations with distance to urban areas and ALAN across the annual cycle using quantile regression. The analysis was conducted for non-urban areas, and for urban and non-urban areas combined.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used eBird data from 2004-2014 to estimate occurrence and relative abundance of 40 songbird species estimated over 11 years at a weekly temporal resolution and 3.3x3.3 km spatial resolution. 1000 pixels with a relative abundance >0 were randomly chosen for analysis per species per week (or all pixels if <1000).

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the songbird species were more associated with ALAN during migration than breeding and non-breeding period. The effect was stronger during fall than spring migration, and stronger in urban areas and along urban boundaries than in non-urban areas.


StudySummary:
The magazine article reports on the results of the Tawny Owl Calling Survey (TOCS), which was designed to explore the factors influencing occupancy probability and detectability of Tawny Owls, including vegetation, urbanisation, and light pollution. In the TOCS of winter 2018/2019, volunteers listened for Tawny Owls at a chosen location (typically in their backyard) for 20 minutes between sunset and midnight. They surveyed for one evening/week between the end of March and end of September. A previous survey in 2005/06 followed the same methodology.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
About 9500 volunteers took part in the 2018/2019 surveys, surveying almost 11,000 sites during 130,000 20-minute surveys. About 3500 volunteers took part in the 2005/06 surveys

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors write that "light pollution had a strong negative influence on Tawny Owl occupancy." They did not give any details about how they measured light pollution or how they analysed their data.


StudySummary:
The authors studied how artificial light at night (ALAN), green cover, and noise pollution influenced the occurrence of Mottled Owls in the city of Xalapa, Mexico. They modeled occurrence as detected/undetected - they did not account for detection probability in the occurrence model. They used automatic recording units (ARUs) to detect the presence of Mottled Owls across a gradient of urbanization in the city, ranging from green areas within heavily urbanized sites to peri-urban forests. They measured noise pollution on the ARU recordings, calculated the proportion of green cover within a 50-meter radius of the ARU based on satellite imagery, and took artificial light measurements using a lux-meter at each ARU and 50-meters from the ARU in each cardinal direction.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
ARUs were placed at 61 independent sampling sites across the city and recorded for 3 consecutive days  at each site during the Mottled Owl breeding season in June 2017. If a Mottled Owl was detected at least once, the occurrence at the site was classified as detected. ARUs recorded continuously for 135 min before and after sunrise and sunset and for 5 minute segments every ten minutes throughout the night and day. A total of 2013 hours of recordings were analyzed using a semi-automated recognizer and the resulting spectrograms were reviewed manually.

DescriptionOfResults:
ALAN has a significant negative relationship with Mottled Owl occurrence in a GLM that included noise, green cover, and light (with detected/undetected as the response variable). They did record owls in several sites with high values of ALAN, indicating that this species does not entirely avoid light polluted areas.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether ducks can detect and avoid wind turbines with red lights during the day and at night. They sought to determine if birds were able to detect and avoid lighted wind turbines, thus reducing mortality. The turbines were equipped with steady-burning red lights, or, in the case of the edge turbines, red flashing lights. Using weather surveillance radar, the authors calculated the percentage of passing flocks that entered the wind farm area before and after the turbines were installed. After the turbines were installed, they also mapped the spatial movements of migrating flocks and measured the distance between the flocks and nearby wind turbines.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected both at night (2 h after sunset - 2 h before sunrise) and during the day (sunrise-sunset). Pre-construction surveys occurred during 2000-2002, tracking a total of 1406 flocks. Initial operation began in 2003, during which time 779 flocks were tracked.

DescriptionOfResults:
The proportion of flocks entering the wind farm decreased significantly from about 40% before the turbines were installed to about 9% during initial operation. After installation, the proportion of flocks entering the wind farm was higher at night (13.8%) than during the day (4.5%). When considering the distance of the birds from the wind turbines, there were fewer birds within 50, 100, and 150 meters of the wind turbines than would be expected from an evenly distributed migration pattern, indicating that birds were avoiding the wind turbines. While more birds entered the wind farm at night than during the day than at night, they remained at a greater distance from the individual turbines at night. The authors suggest that "during the daylight the birds were most probably responding to the turbines themselves, and at night to the red warning lights."


StudySummary:
Dr. Doliana, the owner of a building in Lunglei, India, reported that birds frequently died from colliding with his building in September and October. The researches visited him to hear about these observations in November 1976. The building had three “prominent” lights in front of the building, each of more the 100 watt power, and are easily seen at night from “far off distances.” The authors examined specimens in Dr. Doliana's possession and discussed with him the weather conditions under which collisions appeared to be most frequent.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Information was gained from conversation with Dr. Doliana and examination of specimens he had kept. He did not systematically record the collisions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Information was obtained from Dr. Doliana and species were identified based on his specimens. Most of the birds killed were resident species. Collisions occurred only during late September and early October, when the area receives late monsoon rains, during overcast days. A light drizzle of rain is favourable. The birds fly west to east from 7pm - 10pm.


StudySummary:
The study analyzes the lighting proportion and area of surface facades of buildings  to determine if their artificial night at light (ALAN) and polarized light pollution (PLP) levels affect the number of bird collisions with buildings. At 13 buildings with a total of 48 facades, they measured the area of glass emitting ALAN and the total area of glass surfaces. The measure PLP using a manual polarimeter, capturing the maximum, minimum, and range of degrees of polarization for each surface on each facade. The buildings were also systematically monitored for stunned and dead birds during the spring, early summer and autumn migration. Location, date, species and time the bird was found were all recorded. They used a GLMM to determine if ALAN and PLP predicted collision counts.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors analyzed 13 buildings, with a total of 48 facades, from a variety of building types. In 2017 and 2018, the buildings were surveyed every morning at sunrise during the spring migration (15 March to 31 May), early summer (1 June to 30 June), and fall migration (15 August to 31 October). A fixed route was taken and routes began at different buildings each day using a random number generator. Buildings were monitored clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd dates. 768 collisions were located within 5m of a building facade and "the date, time, location, species, and photos" were entered in an ESRI ArcGIS Online form. Direct measurements or photographs of all glass panes were taken at least one hour after sunset but before midnight on 3 separate nights during the migrations. Photos were used to determine the number of windows emitting light, lighting area (the surface area of windows lighted at night, calculated by summing the area of all lighted windows for each night and then averaging across all nights) and lighting proportion (proportion of all glass lighted at night, calculated by the average lighting area divided by total glass area). Several glass variables were also measured such as "glass area (sum of area of all glass panes), glass proportion (glass area divided by the area of each façade), maximum pane area (area of largest individual glass pane), and average pane area (average area of all glass panes)." These variables were used to account for correlations between lighting and glass and to compare their relative importance for predicting bird collisions. PLP was measured during the day between 0545 and 1400 in cloudy or overcast conditions using photos taken by a polarimeter. 3 images were taken for each surface type on a facade (e.g. glass, concrete, brick) with the filter rotated to a different position with the camera lens tilted upwards by ~56 degrees. The polarization index along with "three other polarized light variables for each façade: degree of polarization reflected from the most-polarizing surface (hereafter: maximum polarization), degree of polarization reflected from the least-polarizing surface (hereafter: minimum polarization), and the difference between the maximum and minimum degrees of polarization" were obtained through ImageJ and modified images from Polarworks.

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers determined that the area of windows lighted and proportion of glass lighted (ALAN variables) are strong predictors of collisions of birds with buildings. The top model included positive of effects of lighting proportion and lighting area and no PLP variables. There was no support for a relation between PLP and collisions.


StudySummary:
The author observed the gas flare on Mobil's Beryl Alpha platform and documented bird flight behaviour, how long they spent circling, and mortalities. He made observations during both the day and night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the course of 14 months, the author observed the gas flare for over 100 hours under various meteorological conditions and during both the day and night. This included during peak periods of migration (March to May and September to November).

DescriptionOfResults:
The author did not witness any birds dying as a results of incineration in the flare. No birds were killed by the gas flare but birds showed attraction and circled the platform. In the 38 cases where it was possible to  track an individual or flock, the author reports that the range of circling times is 1-9.5 hours, with a mean of 4 hours. Birds spent more time circling when there was a light to moderate northeast to southeast wind with full cloud cover and poor visibility. In spring and autumn, the general pattern was that birds arrived after 0100 and left within one hour of dawn.


StudySummary:
The author observed "bright specks of light spiralling up and down at all altitudes" in the beam of light from the ceilometer at Sewart Air Force Base, Smyrna at 9pm on October 7th. On the morning of October 8th the author collected and counted some dead birds around the base.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
All observations were from a single night

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds fluttered in the ceilometer beam, "spiraling up and down at all altitudes." The author counted 167 dead birds in what was approximately 1/6 off the area of a circle around the ceilometer and extrapolated to estimate that approximately 1000 birds died. Some birds were found as far as half a mile away.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find lighting color preferences of pullets. The apparatus consisted of a chamber with four identical compartments each with different light color (white, red, green, or blue). This was a free choice test. The time spent, daily percentage of time spent, daily times of visit and duration of time spent were measured. The number of pullets in each compartment at any given time was determined by the weight of the compartment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Three replicate groups of twenty 50-day old domestic layer pullets were used in this study. The 20 pullets were acclimated to the new lighting environment for four days. After acclimation, the birds were randomly distributed into the four compartments and tested for 28 days, divided into four 8-day periods. The color assignment for each compartment followed a Latin-square design in each test period, so each compartment contained all four colors during the four periods. Each day, there was 12 hours of light and 12 hours without light.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds spent the most time under blue light and the least under red light. For blue and white light, pullets spend more time early in the day in blue than under white, then spent more time in white light in the afternoon to evening. The amount of time spent in green light increased from morning to evening, but was still less than time spent under white light, although the average time spent in green light was greater than blue light at 1700 hours.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial lights of multiple colors installed on a bridge affected insectivorous bird abundance and distribution, using the Cliff Swallow as a representative species. The authors counted the number of nests on the entire bridge, divided into sections that had different levels of exposure to artificial light. They recorded the number of active and inactive nests. The lights were installed in 2017 and the authors conducted surveys in 2017 and 2018. The total numbers of Cliff Swallow nests on the bridge (not divided into sections) were recorded in 2012-2016 (before the lights were installed) by Falcon Environmental Services.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected in 2017 and 2018 for each section of the bridge. Data on the total number of nests on the bridge are available for 2012-2016. Little information is given about how these surveys were conducted. All observations were done from April-August, any time during the day. They categorized the nests as active or inactive by observing each nest and labeling it as inactive if no activity was detected within 30 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total number of nests on the bridge was not substantially different in 2017 (the first year of illumination) than in previous years. In 2018 (the second year of illumination), there was a marked increase in the number total number of nests on the bridge (from 87 to 138). When considering the sections separately, the greatest increases in active nests between 2017 and 2018 occurred in the illuminated section (section 7 - from 4 to 35 active nests) and the adjacent section (section 6 - 3 to 14). "This observation supposes that the illumination had a positive impact on cliff swallow abundance on the bridge."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial lights of multiple colors installed on a bridge affected Peregrine Falcon presence and abundance. Two pillars on the illuminated section of the bridge were observed to detect Peregrine Falcon presence and their behaviours were recorded (grooming, resting, flying, hunting, and communication) to determine if the area was part of their territory. Observations occurred during the year when the illumination was installed (2017) and the year following installation (2018).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations for falcons occurred for three hours, three times each week during the summers (April - August) of 2017 and 2018.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2017, two falcons were seen hunting. In 2018, two falcons were seen at the bridge on a daily basis and, based on their behavior, the bridge appeared to be part of their territory. The authors searched for but did not find a nest. The authors conclude that "it is difficult to precisely determine whether the illumination is responsible for this increased presence of falcons at the bridge since it was only detected once (in 2018)."


StudySummary:
In an earlier study, two-thirds of over 200 full stomachs of birds and bats picked up on airport runways throughout Australia were found to contain mainly insects and spiders, leading the authors to believe that runway lighting may be attracting insects and insectivorous birds. The authors changed out the white airport runway lights for orange lights every-other-night to determine if orange lights could attract fewer insects and thereby reduce the number of birds striking aircraft. They did not systematically monitor the birds, but report observations that the runway was visited by a "wide variety and large numbers of insect-eating birds" that were feeding on insects and spiders attracted to the lights at night and that remained near the lights in the morning. The authors estimated the average total daily weight of all birds seen feeding on the runway in the morning to be 6 lb.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The insect study ran for 20 days, Nov 30 - Dec 20 1967. The orange filters were inserted on the runway lights every-other night. There is no information on how birds were monitored, or whether there was any difference in bird activity on nights with orange v. white runway lighting.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors observed birds foraging on the runway during the 20-day study and noted many species foraging on insects around the lights at night and in the morning, when the insects and spiders that were attracted at night were still present. Birds seen feeding around runway lighting at night included Oriental Dotterels (Charadrius veredus) and Australian Pratincoles (Stiltia isabella). Birds seen feeding on the runway in the morning included Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus), Brown Falcon (Falco berigora), Oriental Dotterel (Charadrius veredus), Mongolian Dotterel (Charadrius mongolus), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Australian Pratincole (Stiltia isabella), and Black-faced Woodswallow (Artamus cinereus). The total daily weight of birds foraging on the runway was estimated to be about 6 lb. Another indication that birds were foraging on insects attracted to the lights was that 2/3 of the stomachs of birds or bats collected on runways throughout Australia were mainly comprised of insects.


StudySummary:
The researchers studied how building features, including artificially lit area, affected the number of  bird collisions and the number species colliding during migration. 21 buildings were systematically monitored daily for bird collisions during the spring, early summer and autumn migrations. Trials were conducted to account for human and scavenger removal of the carcasses, surveyor detection of carcasses and other factors that may bias mortality estimates. The GLMs modelled a total of 11 response variables (including raw collisions, bias-adjusted collisions, number of species colliding, and species or season specific analyses). They included lighted area, total glass area, proportion lighted, building height, and the interaction between the building and characteristics of the surrounding environment (e.g. amount of vegetation) as predictor variables.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
21 buildings were selected for monitoring based on collision data from 2007 and 2016 from Project BirdSafe. Constraints placed included ground level perimeters that were >50% accessible and captured a "broad spatial representation of the downtown area." Daily collision monitoring took place at all 21 buildings during the 2017 and 2018 spring migration (15 Mar-31 May), early summer (1–30 Jun), and fall migration (15 Aug- 31 Oct). In spring 2017, buildings were split into two fixed routes, and the order in which they were surveyed was shifted by one building each day. In June 2017, the routes were merged and a random number generator selected the start building daily. The direction of building surveying was clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd dates. Surveys began at sunrise and were 1.5-4hrs long. Midday monitoring (1000-1500 h) and evening surveys (1600-1800 h)were also done on some days. Birds were located 5m of all publicly accessible building exteriors. For all building facades, they used ImageJ to measured glass area based on daytime digital photos. The used ImageJ to estimate the area of each building's windows that emitted light ("lighted area") based on at least three photographs of each building's facade during nighttime hours, with at least one photo taken on a weekday and one taken on a weekend. They averaged lighted area across all photographs for each building. They estimate the proportion of building glass lighted ("proportion lighted") by dividing the lighted window area by total glass area.

Carcasses: Carcass locations were marked on a building map and the remains were stored in a freezer for species identification. Staff were requested leave carcasses but if necessary, was submitted to other staff to be stored in a freezer. 

Variables: All building facades were located and photographed 3 times during the night with minimum one photo taken on a weekday and one on a weekend. "Photos were taken at least one hour after sunset between 2045 and 2345 hr from 5 Sep 2017 to 5 Sep 2018." Images were then input into ImageJ to measure glass area and therefore area of windows emitting light at night. Lighted area estimates were averaged across all dates for each building. 

Covariant: Building height and horizontal ground area were characterized either through a public online source or using a 3D buildings layer and path ruler in Google Earth. 

3 variables were calculated to represent building interactions with the surrounding environment. "We used ArcGIS 10.1 and 1-m resolution 2015 land cover data for the Twin Cities region [43] to estimate the distance of each building to the Mississippi River based on building centroids. We used this same land cover data to estimate the proportion of land covered by vegetation—including grass, shrubs, and deciduous and coniferous tree canopy; and excluding bare soil, other buildings, and roads and other paved surfaces—within 50 and 100 m of the outer edge of each building."

DescriptionOfResults:
1000 non-fatal and fatal collisions were recorded without adjusted fatality rates. Four buildings (3 high-rise offices and U.S. Bank Stadium) caused the majority of collisions (74%). Four times more collisions were present in fall (758) than spring (209) and summer (33) with 5 species accounting for 48.9% of collisions. The GLMs modelled a total of 11 response variables (including raw collisions, bias-adjusted collisions, number of species colliding, and species or season specific analyses). The top model for most response variables included only glass area and proportion of vegetation cover within 50 meters. In all cases, these factors had positive effects on collisions. Proportion lighted was in the top model and had a confidence interval not overlapping zero for only two of the response variables tested: the number of species colliding in all seasons and the number of species colliding in Spring.


StudySummary:
To determine if airports are a threat to biodiversity (increased homogenization) in the surrounding environment, the authors compared bird community metrics (species richness, abundance, and Beta diversity) at airport sites to control sites. Birds were monitored using mist-nets and automatic recording units (ARUs). They characterized the study sites based on their landscape structure, noise levels, and light levels to demonstrate the types of environmental changes that occur around airports.

Species richness was measured using Chao 2. Beta diversity was measured using the Sorensen-based multiple-site index. Abundance was inferred from ARUs using the Vocal Activity Rate Index (VAR) - the number of files (1 min) in which a species was detected (records). 

For a restricted pool of widespread species, they compared abundancies in airport vs. control sites. They estimated each species abundance by summing all records of that species at each site. They estimated total abundance by summing all records of those widespread species at each site. Based on those abundancies, widespread species were characterized as airport adapters or airport avoiders.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They selected 3 airports and 3 control sites. Each airport site had a matching control site within 8-17 km with a similar vegetation structure. Using mist-nets, they sampled 10 mornings at each airport site and each control site. Each site had 5 mist nets, open for 5 hours per morning, for a total of 500 hours/site. ARUs were placed at 10 points at each site and remained in each spot for 2 consecutive days. Recorders were turned on between 120 before and 60 minutes after civil twilight (sun 6 degrees below the horizon). They were set to record for one minute followed by one inactive minute, totaling 91 minutes per morning. The species in the recordings were identified by human listeners.

DescriptionOfResults:
For all three paired sites, mean darkness was higher in control sites than airport sites but these levels were not proven to be statistically significant. Many other environmental variables differed between the control sites and airport sites, making it impossible to determine the effects of artificial light alone. Species richness was higher in control sites than airport sites. The Beta diversity results showed that geographic location drives species presence within the study airports, while the abundance data showed that there are airport adapter and airport avoider species. 10 airport adapter species were responsible for 38% of total abundance in airport sites and 17.2% in quiet control sites, while 11 airport avoider species are responsible for 8.1% of total abundance in airport sites and 30.9% in control sites.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to assess lighting preferences of Jingfen chickens between dim and bright environment. This free-choice test was performed in a four compartment apparatus divided into two pairs of testing chambers. Chickens were given free access to two compartments and chose to spend their time in the dim (<1 lux) or bright (30 lux) environments. Chicken preferences were measured using cameras.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Two groups of sixteen chickens were tested with each group of sixteen being split into two groups of eight. The chickens were given a one week acclimation period, followed by a four week testing period where they were continuously monitored.

DescriptionOfResults:
Pullets spent, on average, 14.2 ± 0.6 h under the light and 9.8 ± 0.6 h under the dim lighting options each day. Pullets generally preferred to spend their time in the brighter environments. A pullet traveled on average 75 ± 5 and 74 ± 5 times to the light and dim lighting options. Within a single trip, a pullet typically spent 18.9 ± 2.2 min under the light and 9.8 ± 2.2 min under the dim lighting. Pullet were distributed throughout the light and dim environments during each hour of each day.


StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects stopover distributions of nocturnally migrating birds, the authors used weather surveillance radar data from two radar stations on the Yucatan Peninsula to estimate the number of birds taking off at dusk in Spring and Fall. They used boosted regression trees to model how artificial light at night, land cover, and distance to coastline affected stopover density. They used two measures of ALAN  based on VIIRS nighttime light products - distance to bright light source (defined as areas where night-light radiance is >= 26 nw/cm^2sr) and light intensity at the stopover site.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used radar data from spring (01 Mar- 30 May) and fall (15 Aug - 15 Nov) 2011-2012 and 2014-2015 from 2 radars (Sabancuy and Cancun), calculating bird density within 100 kilometers of the radar. They discarded some nights and some areas because of various sources of interference with the radar, resulting in 58 usable nights in the Spring and 39 in the fall. They used one sample from each night, either the peak exodus or 15 minutes after the onset of exodus, whichever occurred first. Night light data was obtained by averaging night light images from April-May and Sep-Nov 2012, with "bright areas" defined as radiance >/= 26 (brightness at zenith 5x natural brightness).

DescriptionOfResults:
Distance - Primary findings: They found a positive relationship between bird density and distance to bright lights in spring around Sabancuy and in both seasons around Cancun, suggesting avoidance of bright areas during broad-scale stopover habitat selection. Distance - Additional Findings: There was a relatively high density very close  (<3 km) to bright light sources in Cancun in the fall but these were not as high as distant densities. Bird densities closer to bright lights were relatively higher in the fall than the spring at both locations. ALAN Intensity: The relationship between bird density and mean ALAN intensity at the local scale was negative in Cancun in the spring, but not in the fall, and there was no clear relationship in Sabancuy in either season.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial light and noise affect birds' local-scale spatial behaviour. They used an array of 8 microphones to determine the bird's locations and determined if the birds were attracted to or avoided a light or noise source.  They calculated the Euclidean distance up to 30m from the experimental disturbance or, for the control trials, the center of the array. They used linear mixed-effects models to test for the effects of noise (present/absent), light (present/absent), and their two-way interaction on the distance to disturbance of the first 5 vocalizations for each species each dawn. To test the effect of light color, they compared the distance to disturbance under the 5 selected light colors in a linear mixed-effects model, with light color as a categorical variable with fixed effects. Analysis was conducted on all passerine species combined as well as on the six most common species individually.

The light treatment involved an LED light hung from a tree branch in the middle of the microphone array. The light turned on automatically near sunset and turned off near sunrise, based on ambient lux. For each treatment involving light, the color was randomly assigned (red, green, blue, cool white and warm white). Lights were placed at an average height of 4.3m, below the forest canopy. The noise treatment involved recordings of traffic noise, with three different levels (7 vehicles/minute, 10 vehicles/minute, and 40 vehicles/minute). The noise stimuli were assigned at random for each trial involving noise.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested four treatments: 1) no light and no noise (control, n=39), 2) light but no noise (n=35), 3) noise but no light (n=17), and 4) both noise and light (n=19). For treatments involving light, the color was randomly assigned. The numbers of trials were as follows: red - 12, green - 11, blue - 9, cool white - 13, warm white - 9. They conducted 110 trials - 68 in 2016 and 42 in 2017, with each trial in a different location distribution across the 50km x 50km study area, with the exception of 20 locations that were used in both 2016 and 2017.  These 20 locations were considered independent replicates because different treatments were applied each year and there was high species turnover. At each location, they recorded for one day and analyzed audio recordings from 12:00 am - 8:00 am. They viewed all recordings as spectrograms and identified any vocalizations that were captured on at least three of the four corners of the microphone array. They annotated only the first 10 vocalizations produced after midnight for each species during each 8-hour period, and used the first 5 in the analysis. Raw data analysis (song identification) was conducted blindly to the disturbance treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no effect of light or the interaction of noise and light on the distance to disturbance of birds when all species were considered together. They conducted species-specific analysis for the 6 most common species, and found no statistically significant effect of light or noise on 5 of the species. There was a statistically significant effect of disturbance on Swainson's Thrush, with individuals being attracted to noise and repelled by light. There was also a significant interaction between noise and light for this species, with individuals being attracted to the combination of light and noise.


StudySummary:
The authors investigated the effect of weather on the frequency of flight calls during nocturnal migration over an unmanned illuminated platform. Their purpose was to determine under what conditions birds concentrate around illuminated offshore structures and run the risk of colliding with them. They assert that the frequency of calls is high during mass mortality events, so high frequency of flight calls is a good indicator of situations with collision risks for birds. They recorded flight calls with automated recording units (ARUs) and identified vocalizations for 3 focal species (European Blackbird, Song Thrush, and Redwing). Calls of single birds or groups of birds passing were stored in separate audio files and the minimum number of birds calling in each file was estimated. For each minute, the audio file with the highest number of individuals calling was chosen for analysis. Weather variables included relative humidity (as a proxy for visibility), wind direction, and wind speed. They calculated the tailwind component (TWC) and crosswind component (CWC) based on the mean autumn migration direction for each species and calculated the change in TWC from 19:00 to 1:00 to indicate improving or deteriorating migratory conditions over the course of the night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The ARUs recorded all year, but the analysis was restricted to the main autumn migration period of the three thrush species: 14 Oct - 13 Dec for European Blackbird (4006 h total, 16357 calls), 25 Sep - 12 Nov for Song Thrush (3344 h total, 3447 calls), and 16 Oct to 13 Dec for Redwing (3790 h, 20 364 calls)

DescriptionOfResults:
Call rates were generally low, with > 100 calls/h only occurring in 2.3% of all studied hours. High call rates always lasted for several hours, indicating that these rare events include large numbers of birds and indicate a high risk of mass fatality. These high call rate events were typically associated with adverse weather conditions, especially if preceded by favorable conditions earlier in the night. While the relationships between weather conditions and call rate were complex, high call rates appeared to occur under different adverse weather conditions, including favorable tailwinds turning into cross or headwinds or rising humidity values, which indicates reduced visibility.


StudySummary:
Data collected from 2012 and 2013 are reported here as the initial findings of the Lights Out Columbus Monitoring Program. Their aim is to reduce the number of birds collisions and determine if artificial light is contributing to these conditions. Systematic monitoring was employed in the spring and fall of 2012 and 2013 at 20 different buildings to locate injured or dead birds. Date, building ID, and species were recorded. They create a light index by photographing the building, calculating the proportion of the building that was illuminated, and multiplying it by the number of floors in the building. They also counted upward-facing lights. They used linear regression to test for a relationship between the number of dead birds found at a building and the building's light index and number of upward-facing lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
20 buildings were randomly chosen in uptown Columbus. Buildings were surveyed at sunrise, 1-4 times weekly, starting from March 15 to June 1 and Aug 15 to 31 October in 2012 and 2013. The perimeter of each building was searched and all injured or dead birds had their photograph taken and data (date, building ID/address and species) recorded. Nighttime lighting surveys were conducted at least once a week from 15 March to 1 June then biweekly 15 Aug to 31 Oct. Pictures were taken at night on the side of the building that faced the street, if multiple sides were facing the street, a random direction was chosen. In following visits, the same side was photographed. Photos were analyzed using AnalyzingDigitalImages to calculate the percentage of illumination for each building. A light index was calculated for each building by multiplying the building's illumination percentage by the number of floors in the building. The number of upward facing lights was also counted.

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers found a significant relationship between the number of dead/injured birds and nighttime light index. More birds were found at building which were both taller and brighter.


StudySummary:
To study the effects of artificial light at night on collision mortality in a small urban area, they authors recorded collision mortality and light intensity at residences and office buildings in a small urban area. Buildings were surveyed for dead or injured birds between April and October in 2015/2016 and in April and May in 2017. Systematic light measurements were taken from Aug - Oct 2017 and May 17 2018. They adjusted carcass counts for scavenger removal and observer detection bias, and standardized them based on search effort. They used kernel density analysis to create a mortality intensity raster around the buildings. Based on their light intensity measurements, they used inverse distance weighting to interpolate a raster of light intensity. They then examined the spatial relationship between ALAN intensity and collision intensity by using the interpolated ALAN value as the predictor variables and the kernel density mortality value as the response variable in a geographically weighted regression.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 buildings were selected through a stratified method based on building size and surrounding vegetation. Buildings included detached residences, off-campus structures, a classroom, offices and other buildings. Surveys were conducted 6 or more days a week at every buildings from 1 Apr to 31 Oct in 2015-2016 and 14 buildings from 1 Apr to 31 May in 2017. During carcass surveys, observers walked a 2m wide perimeter of a building to look for carcasses. Buildings were surveyed daily, clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd days. 3 buildings were entered to look at ledges below windows. Data about the location and description of the carcasses were also recorded. For light measurements, points were systematically chosen 10m from the buildings and 70m apart around the perimeter. Light was measured around the buildings during Aug-Oct 2017 and May 2018 and assumed to be relatively unchanging during the study period. Light intensity was recorded via vector irradiance and a sensor attached to a spectrometer. At each location, 5 directional readings were taken twice, at each cardinal direction and one upwards and were averaged. Several points were retaken on warmer evenings.

DescriptionOfResults:
6069 surveys were done resulting in 322 carcasses from April 2015 - May 2017. ALAN intensity was poor correlate with collision mortality intensity. The authors suggest that the light intensity measured in 2017 may be different from the light intensity in 2015, 2016, and early 2017, when mortality monitoring occurred.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to determine which wavelength of light (blue, green, yellow, or red) attracts the most nocturnal migrants. Zuomeiguo and Jinshanyakou in Yunnan Province were used as sites. A mist net was set up on a mountain facing the direction of migration at two sites: Zuomeiguo (ZMG) of Kaiyuan City and Jinshanyakou (JSYK) of Zhenyuan County. Each of these sites has banding stations and the local forestry departments take advantage of the phototaxis of migratory birds to catch them in the banding nets. The banding nets were set up in the direction of migration and lights were set up behind the nets. Attracted birds were banded, recorded, and then released. The authors used GLMMs to analyze the effect of light color and weather on the number of birds caught.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The research was carried out simultaneously at both sites from 18 Sept - 27 Oct 2017, and was also carried out at JSYK from September 10 - Oct 18, 2018. Each site had one mist net with a directional light source placed 0.5 meters behind the net, shining in the opposite direction of migration. Lights were turned on for 2000 hours each night and ended at 2400 hours. Each colour was shone for one hour before being switched, and the order of colours were rotated every night.

DescriptionOfResults:
Red light captured the fewest birds (32 at JSYK, 3 and ZMG) and the number of birds captured increased with wavelength. The most birds were captured by blue light (294 JSYK, 68 and ZMG). The final GLMM model for bird abundance included light color, weather, wind direction, and site as significant predictors. Foggy weather and headwinds also significantly increased the rate of capture.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to compare three methods of monitoring bird migration - observing birds passing through a ceilometer beam, radar tracking, and mist-netting. Ceilometer and radar observations were made at Rocky Point, Plymouth Massachusetts. Mist-netting observations were made at the Manomet Bird Observatory on Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Using ceilometer and radar, they recorded the number of birds passing per hour and the direction of migratory flight. The authors used the ceilometer technique described in Gauthreaux (1969), which is also included in this map. The authors do not report any flight behaviour that would indicate attraction. They compare the flight directions and bird abundances estimated using the ceilometer to those estimated with radar.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Radar and ceilometer observations were made from 20-29 May 1976. Radar observations were recorded for 1 hour each of the ten nights/mornings from 02:45 to 5:30. Ceilometer observations were made on the same nights for 1 hour between 21:00 and 0:30. The migratory passage rate from these techniques was compared to mist-netting results (bird caught per net hour - BPNH) from the same days. Mist-netting effort was concentrated around sunrise and sunset, and most days recorded between 704 and 784 net hours.

DescriptionOfResults:
The migratory massage rate measured my ceilometer was highly correlated with that measured by radar (Spearman correlation between .81 and .78, p <0.01). Neither radar nor ceilometer estimates were correlated with the mist-netting BPNH. The nightly mean direction of migration was correlated for radar and ceilometer data (Pearson's r = .87, p>0.01), with a mean difference in direction between the radar estimate and the ceilometer estimate being 16 degrees. The authors do not report any circling flight behavior or that birds were flying in non-migratory directions when exposed to the light of the ceilometer.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was the assess the environmental factors associated with the presence of foraging pigeons at night in Argentinian cities. They conducted night-time transect surveys through  streets with car traffic (called "avenues") and pedestrian streets ("city streets"), recording all pigeons seen foraging. In cities where nocturnal foraging was observed, the authors compared used sites (where pigeons were seen foraging) to random sites (random points along the survey route where no pigeons were seen foraging). They analyze with GLM with the following independent variables: the number of passing cars, pedestrians, city, and light intensity. Pedestrian traffic was considered as a possible indicator of food availability, and car traffic was used as an indicator of noise.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
4 cities were surveyed, and nocturnal foraging was observed in 3 of these cities. Surveys were conducted in the downtown area during 1 single night, except for in Buenos Aires where surveys were carried out for 3 nights due to its larger size. The length of the streets and avenues surveyed was proportional to its human population size and ranged from 1.8 km to 10 km. Surveys started between 33 and 80 minutes after local sunset and lasted 36-120 minutes. The authors only analyzed the data for the two cities where active foraging was observed more than two times: Buenos Aires (N = 8) and Salta (N =4). In each city, the same respective numbers of random points at least 100 m away from each other were selected along the survey routes in the "most highly urbanized area of the city". Car and pedestrian traffic data were obtained by counting the number of people and cars passing during a 3 minute interval within a 30 m radius during the survey. Light intensity was averaged from recordings taken from a full 360 degrees at 1 m, measured in lux using the Lux Meter App on a smartphone.

DescriptionOfResults:
Nocturnal foraging by pigeons was observed in 3 of the 4 surveyed cities - Mar de Plata (1 nocturnal foraging site), Buenos Aires (8), and Salta (4). In Mar de Plata, only one individual was observed foraging. In Buenos Aires, between 1 and 16 pigeons were present in each foraging site (mean = 7.5, sd = 6.08, N =8) and in Salta between 1 and 3 pigeons were present in each foraging site (mean = 1.75, sd = 0.96, N = 4). It is unclear if pigeons were present at night, but not foraging, at other sites along the survey route. In the GLM comparing used to random sites in Buenos Aires and Salta, the final model (selected using backwards stepwise regression) contained only light intensity as a significant variable predicting nocturnal foraging. The probability of the presence of nocturnal foraging pigeons increased from 20% and 0 lux to 80% at 100 lux. The highest probability (95%) was found for light intensity above 100 lux (Figure 1).


StudySummary:
This study sought to determine how ALAN affects farmland and forest bird species densities in Poland, using ALAN as a measure of human activity. They used data from the Common Breeding Bird Survey across a 14-year span to model species density for the Black Woodpecker (a forest species) and the European Stonechat (a farmland species). They built the SDMs using a Generalised Additive model (GAM) and Random Forest (RF).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used Common Breeding Bird Survey from 2000-2013 in 970 1 km^2 grid cells, which were randomly chosen from a grid covering all of Poland. On each plot, an observer walked two parallel 1-km transects 500 meter apart and recorded any birds seen or heard within three distance categories (<25m, 25-100m, and >100m). Each plot was surveyed twice in each breeding season: once between 10 April and 15 May, and again between 16 May and 30 June, separated by at least 3 weeks. Their analysis "comprised the maximum number of each species' individuals counted on the study plot in a given year. Next, the values were averaged out for all study years. During the fourteen-year span, each square was controlled on average 6.5 times." They also state that they used the Hayne estimator of species density, though it is not clear if they applied the estimator on each individual count or on the average annual maximum count.

DescriptionOfResults:
For both species and both model types (GAM and RF), the models with ALAN as a predictor performed better than the models without ALAN. The models with ALAN explained more of the deviance (higher D^2 coefficient), had a higher evidence ratio, and better predicted densities in the 20% of the grid cells that were left out of model training to use as a test set. For Black Woodpecker, adding ALAN improved the predictive performance of the models by 18.2% and 14.4% for the GAM and RF, respectively. For the European Stonechat, the improvements were 44.8% and 6.0%. Models that did not include ALAN overestimated population size for both species. It is important to note that ALAN was the only predictor related to urbanization and was meant to represent the effects of human development overall, not artificial light alone. The authors conclude that "Black woodpecker definitively avoids human activity, whereas European stonechat can withstand moderate human activity, especially in open farmland habitats."


StudySummary:
Many House Martin nests were built under lamp shades at Levington, Suffolk in 1978 and 1979. The article confirms that the birds were nesting in the area illuminated by the nests, with the picture showing a nest built next to the light bulb. The article does not report when the lights were turned on each day, only stating that they were turned off at 21:30. The editor of the journal notes that "Although House Martins use all sorts of nest sites and we therefore do not normally publish notes on them, this site seems particularly unusual and worth recording."

DescriptionOfReplicates:
57 nests were discovered under 12 lamp shades in August 1978. 53 nests were discovered under the same 12 lamp shades in 1979.

DescriptionOfResults:
Observers recorded 57 nests in 1978 and 53 nests in 1979 underneath the lamps shade, directly adjacent to the light bulb. The article does not report when the lights were turned on each day, only stating that they were turned off at 21:30. The editor of the journal notes that "Although House Martins use all sorts of nest sites and we therefore do not normally publish notes on them, this site seems particularly unusual and worth recording."


StudySummary:
Using VIIRS night-time light data as a proxy for urbanization, they authors assessed how ecological and life history traits influence species' adaptability to persist in urban environments. They used eBird data from throughout Australia, filtered by type and extent of survey, and calculated the average radiance value within a 5-km buffer of each checklist. For each species, they created a distribution of average radiance values for each occurrence record. The median of this distribution for each species was used as the response variable in a linear regression. The regression included 22 ecological and life history traits as predictors, including physical (e.g. brain size, body size) and behavioural (e.g. diet, feeding strategy, nesting preferences) traits. This was model was fit with and without controlling for phylogenetic effects and weighted in favor of those species with more observations in unique locations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used eBird observations made in Australia between 1 Jan 2010 and 28 Feb 2018, including 580 species - about 80% of Australia's bird species. They only included complete checklists (where the observations included all birds seen or heard) that traveled <5 km and covered <500 ha, resulting in 637,482 eligible checklists. They only included species with >100 observations and omitted seabirds.

DescriptionOfResults:
The most urban-tolerant species (with urban tolerance calculated based on species' association with artificial light) had large niche breadths - they were generalists in terms of their breeding habitat, feeding habitat, and diet. They also had large clutch and residual brain sizes and were more likely to be migratory species and/or associated with agricultural habitats. The least urban tolerant species were those with specialized feeding strategies (i.e. granivorous and insectivorous diets), association with grass/shrubland  or forested habitats, and solitary nesting and feeding patterns. The phylogenetically controlled models revealed similar patterns of urban tolerance within groups of similar species, as well as additional factors such as large body size, and small range contributing to a higher densities near urbanized areas. The authors do not interpret their results in relation to artificial light alone, but used artificial light as an index of urbanization.


StudySummary:
The authors quantified the relationship between trait specialization and urban tolerance for European bird species using eBird data. They used VIIRS artificial light at night estimates as a proxy for urbanization, calculating a relative urbanness score for each species.* This relative urbanness score was used as the response variable in their linear model. The predictors in the model were specialization scores for five categories: diet, foraging substrate, habitat, nesting site, and foraging behaviour. They also fit a separate model with relative urbanness as the response variable and an overall specialization index as the only predictor variable. The ecological specialization metrics were created following the methodology in Morelli et al. (2019).

*They used eBird data to map species occurrences and extracted radiance values for each occurrence from the VIIRS night-time lights data. For each pixel in the night-time lights imagery, they used the median value of the monthly averages from January 2014 to January 2019. For each species, they created a distribution of radiance values where the species occurred and defined the median of this distribution as the species-specific score. They then calculated the range of urbanization that the species could have experienced, based on the species' range and the bias of sampling in regards to urbanization. Each species' relative urbanness score was defined as the log-transformed species-specific urban score subtracted from the range-specific urbanness value.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They included eBird checklists from between 1 January 2010 and 31 May 2019. They only included complete checklists which recorded birds for >5 min and <240 min, traveled <1 km or covered at area <100 ha, and were recorded during the breeding season (May - August). They included a total of 207,935 checklists from 75,238 locations, representing 1,878,490 observations. They included 256 species in the analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
All but 9 species had a negative relative urbanness score, suggesting that most (96%) species are found in relatively non-urban areas. There was "moderate evidence" that species' overall specialization score was negatively related to relative urbanness (as measured by VIIRS artificial light data) (p = 0.0557). In a GLM including the 5 trait specialization indices, only nesting site specialization had a significant relationship with relative urbanness, and the relationship was negative. Using a model averaging approach, they found that nesting site specialization was in every top model, and habitat specialization was also consistently in the top models with a negative relationship.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of LEDs as a multi-taxa bycatch reduction technology (BRT) in small-scale coastal gillnet fisheries. It specifically investigated the effect of gillnet illumination on the probability of catching non-target species. They equipped gillnets with LEDs on small-scale fishing vessels. For each fishing set, they had paired experimental (illuminated) and control (not illuminated) nets and counted the number of birds captured in the nets.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They performed tests at three Peruvian fishing ports, and replicated the experiment in 864 fishing sets (140 trips) in total.

DescriptionOfResults:
46 seabirds were captured during the experiment, with 44 captured in control nets and 2 in illuminated nets. Based on these counts, bycatch per unit effort was reduced by 84 % in the presence of LEDs. Seabirds were only captured in surface drift-nets, and 60.9% of bycatch events occurred in 3 sets (net setting events). 99% of sets had zero seabirds recorded, so the GLMM measuring the effect of light treatment on bycatch did not converge.


StudySummary:
This study makes observations of Thick-billed Murres, whose night-time foraging behavior is typically constrained by brightness, foraging under artificial lights at a fishing port. They were observed foraging several taxa of zooplankton by swimming and diving at the Hiura fishing port in Northern Japan at around midnight on May 17th and 18th, 2010.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The observations occurred during two consecutive nights in May, 2010. On May 17th from 23:57 to 00:41, and on May 18th from 22:22 to 22:57.

DescriptionOfResults:
This observation was to record the impact artificial light had on Thick-billed Murres, as their night-time foraging behavior is typically constrained by brightness. They were observed foraging several taxa of zooplankton by swimming and diving at the Hiura fishing port in Northern Japan at around midnight on May 17th and 18th, 2010.

The observations occurred during two consecutive nights in May, 2010. On May 17th from 23:57 to 00:41, and on May 18th from 22:22 to 22:57.

The authors commented that the birds were likely taking advantage of the attraction that the taxa of zooplankton have to the artificial light, as well as the benefit of being able to see at night with increased brightness in the area. It was also mentioned that this behaviour is common in other species of birds, including gulls.

Weather and moon phase was not mentioned in the article.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to improve the already effective method of night spotlighting sage grouse by using binoculars to locate the birds. In Idaho, leks and surrounding areas were scanned with a high intensity hand-held spotlight to find sage grouse from a truck bed. In 1987 they used the naked eye and in 1988 they used binoculars to help them find the grouse. Once a grouse was observed, it was attempted to be captured with a long handled net. It is unclear if they kept the spotlight fixed on the bird while they capture it, as is described in other articles. They do not report on any behavioural responses of the birds, only that spotlighting was effective for capturing Sage Grouse

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study occurred during the months of March and early April in 1987-1991. In 1987, 272 birds were captured over 41 nights (6.6 grouse/night). In 1988, 381 birds were captured over 40 nights (9.5 grouse/night).

DescriptionOfResults:
In 1987, 272 birds were captured over 41 nights (6.6 grouse/night). In 1988, 381 birds were captured over 40 nights (9.5 grouse/night). The addition of binoculars in 1988 appears to have increased trapping success >40%. The authors did not mention the behavioural response to the spotlight, only that it was effective for capturing Sage Grouse


StudySummary:
King observed a pair of Spotted Flycatchers foraging on moths (appeared to be Yellow Underwings) using artificial light in Saltford, Somerset. This was in an attempt to feed newly hatched chicks in a nest 7 ft above the ground. This behaviour became more common after the nestlings grew near to fledglings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This occurred in July 1954. The instances occurred as late as 22:20 (20-30 minutes after dark).

DescriptionOfResults:
The author observed a pair of Spotted Flycatchers foraging on moths (appeared to be Yellow Underwings) using artificial light in Saltford, Somerset. This was in an attempt to feed newly hatched chicks in a nest 7 ft above the ground. This behaviour became more common after the nestlings grew near to fledglings. This occurred in July 1954. The instances occurred as late as 22:20 (20-30 minutes after dark). The author commented that this was an extremely easy source of food for the Spotted Flycatchers, and that they caught the moths with ease.


StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to deter birds from predating on blueberry and sweet corn crops. They used portable, electrical scarecrows that emitted a beam of light that moved across the field to repel birds as a new technology for agricultural bird control. They measured the percent of bird damage to the crops (crop consumption) and the number of damaged ears of corn in fields with sweet corn crops. In blueberry fields, they compared the yield differences between protected and unprotected fields. Control fields without scarecrow protection were used as a comparison for both types of crops.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Experiments with sweet corn fields using a split-field design took place over multiple harvest dates (five in 2017) from August 2017 to August 2018. Blueberry farm experiments took place at three blueberry farms (although one farm was later excluded), with two fields selected at each farm. One field was protected and one field was left unprotected, and three bushes (one enclosed in netting) were used for analysis per field.

DescriptionOfResults:
Lasers reduced bird damage to sweet corn by 50% in the field experiments. Blueberry yields did not differ between netted and un-netted bushes in laser protected fields on farms where birds consumed 10-30% of the berries on un-netted bushes in fields without lasers. In fields without lasers, un-netted bushes yielded 25% less than netted bushes, while in fields with lasers un-netted bushes yielded 6% more than netted bushes, although these differences were not statistically significant.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to displace grazing geese from farmland pastures. They applied handheld lasers in three experimental areas, and all fields outside the experimental areas were considered as control fields without lasers. Whenever geese were observed inside the experimental fields, operators attempted to displace them with lasers from nearby dikes. The procedure was continued until all individuals had left the experimental field. They measured the duration of each laser treatment from turning on the laser until all geese left the field. They also measured the effect of laser displacement on field usage by geese during the study period using goose droppings as a proxy for goose abundance.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They completed a total of 1206 laser trials. A total of 20 fields received laser treatments. Each replicate had a different duration, depending on the time it took to displace all the birds. Goose droppings in each field were counted on the final day of the experiment. They counted goose droppings in all 20 experimental fields and in 35 control fields. They counted the number of goose droppings in five randomly sampled circular plots in each field (a total of 275 plots).

DescriptionOfResults:
The laser appeared efficient in displacing geese from the experimental fields. It displaced 70% of all flocks within 1 minute and 98% within 5 minutes. A drop in the laser's ability to displace geese appeared around distances of 800 m in cloudy weather, compared to a drop around 400 m in sunny conditions. Time needed to displace geese was affected by time of day, cloudiness, flock size and distance. Displacement was quicker in the morning and evening compared to mid-day and under overcast conditions. Experimental fields had a significantly smaller number of goose droppings per plot compared to control fields. And average vegetation height was higher in fields with laser displacement of geese.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to reduce bird bycatch on gillnets by using illuminated structures. Lights were mounted on the gillnets every 10 m, on small fishing vessels in the Baltic Sea. Vessels deployed nets with green lights attached alongside identical control nets without any lights. They counted the total amount of bird bycatch per trial.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Green lights were tested in four fishing areas, totalling 78 net deployments. Nets were tested over the winters of 2016 and 2017.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total bycatch was 98 birds. Similar numbers were caught in control (55) and experimental (43) nets. The addition of green net lights had no significant effect on bycatch of birds.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to reduce bird bycatch on gillnets by using illuminated structures. Lights were mounted on gillnets every 10 m, on small fishing vessels. Vessels deployed gillnets in pairs, one carrying flashing white lights and one without (control). They counted the total amount of bird bycatch per trial.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
White lights were tested during 39 deployments during one winter fishing season. Lights were tested on nets from three fishing vessels.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total bycatch was 50 birds, 13 in control sets and 37 in sets with white net lights. There was an increase in the bycatch of all birds with flashing white net lights.


StudySummary:
The researchers wanted to determine what types of artificial light would reduce fledgling seabird groundings out of metal halide lights, high pressure sodium or LEDs. The experiment was conducted in a grass field that served as an overflow car park for Phillips Island Nature Park in SE Australia. 5 masts (3-5m tall) held three types of lamps. They turned on each type of light for one hour in a random order each night and counted the number of grounded birds on the lit field. 5 predictors (order of light treatment, quadratic term of fledgling date, wind speed, moonlight and year) were also included in the GLMM, with number of grounded birds as the response variable. They also determined whether body condition of grounded birds varied among light treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the 2014 - 2016, May to April period,  the experiment was repeated nightly. 5 masts with heights of 3-5m held up all 3 (metal halide, high pressure sodium, and LED) lamps. One lighting type was turned on for one hour in a random order every night. There was a 15 minute period of darkness in between treatments. Treatments started 45-60 minutes after sunset and were run in the first three hours of darkness. The nightly experiment lasted 3 hours plus two 15 minute intervals of darkness. This resulted in 33 experimental nights and 99hrs total with 33hrs for each treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
235 shearwater fledglings were grounded during 33 experimental nights. The highest number of groundings was when metal halide lights were on (110, 68 and 57 birds for MH, LED and HPS lights, respectively). The type of light treatment was significant in the GLMM, even after including confounding variables. Significantly more birds were grounded during the MH treatment than the other treatments. There was no significant difference in the number of birds grounded between LED and HPS.


StudySummary:
The author investigated differential vulnerability to building collision among species, trophic guilds, and age classes of migratory songbirds during fall migration. She used data from bird collision surveys conducted as part of the Fatal Light Awareness Project (FLAP) in the core downtown Toronto and from two banding stations - Tommy Thompson Park (TTP) and Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO). During FLAP surveys, volunteers recorded any birds found, the date and time, and whether the bird was dead or alive. She estimated the capture efficiency for all species at TTP and LPBO (assumed to be constant across species and years at each site) and FLAP (assumed to be constant across years) and estimated the catch ratios between each banding program and FLAP as a measure of collision vulnerability. Species with high catch ratios were considered to be the least vulnerable to collision, while species with low catch ratios were considered most vulnerable to collision. She did not include artificial light in her analysis nor emphasize artificial light in her Discussion.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
She used FLAP window collision monitoring data from Toronto from 1 Sept - 31 October, 2000-2018. She used banding data from the same period. From the FLAP data, she only included dead birds found between the latitudes of 43.644 and 43.562 and the longitudes -79.39 and -79.374

DescriptionOfResults:
She found that some species, trophic guilds, and age classes had higher collision vulnerability (lower catch ratios) than others. Granivores and ground-foraging insectivores were at higher risk than insectivores that forage above ground. For some species, age class (hatch year v. after hatch year) affected collision vulnerability, though the direction and significance of this effect varied across species. She did not relate these findings to differential reactions to artificial light.


StudyName:
Buij and Gschweng 2017 nocturnal migrants

StudySummary:
While systematically observing Eleanora's Falcons hunting avian nocturnal migrants (see study named "Buij and Gschwen 2017 foraging falcons"), the authors report on nocturnally migrating passerines that aggregated around upward-facing floodlights on Essaouira beach in Western Morocco. They report on the species observed aggregating around the light source, their flight behaviour, and collisions with floodlights and restaurant windows.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
These incidental observations of nocturnally migrating passerines were made during systematic surveys of foraging falcons over the course of 7 nights. See the study "Buij and Gschweng 2017 foraging falcons" for more details about these surveys.

DescriptionOfResults:
"Numerous passerines appeared disoriented by the bright lights of the boulevard lamps, i.e. their flight paths were circular or erratic rather than straight. Five passerines...were seen hitting the floodlights or the restaurant windows."


StudySummary:
Identified communal roost sites of Rainbow Lorikeets. Compared characteristics of roost trees to non-roost trees within roost sites, and of roost trees in roost sites to randomly-selected trees in non-roost sites. Characteristics included "Composite Light Index", which included a discrete measurements of distance to light source(s), strength of light source(s), and an estimate of illuminated area/total surface area.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
14 roost sites (100-300 m radius; 2,880-110,7550 m^2, mean = 43,199 m^2; >/=4 km apart) and 28 randomly-selected control sites (~2,500 m^2; randomly chosen within 1 km of each roost site; defined as "suitable but unused"). For site selection analysis, trees identified as used for roosting (roost trees) within the 14 roost sites were compared with randomly-selected trees from the control sites. For tree selection analysis, roost trees (used) were compared to non-roost trees (defined "unused" as every tree was observed and communal roosts are conspicuous) within the same roost site. A total of 1,781 trees were surveyed across all 42 sites, with 1364 trees coming from the 14 roots sites. A total of 225 of these trees were used as roost trees. A total of 417 trees from control sites were used for site selection analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
Both measures of anthropogenic light (Composite Light Index and distance to nearest light source) were significant predictors of roost tree selection (roost tree vs non-roost tree) within roosting sites. However, only the Composite Light Index (interpreted as level of illumination) was a significant predictor when selecting overall location of roost trees (roost tree vs. randomly-selected, unused but suitable, control tree). Roost trees had more artificial light than control trees.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Starlings individual laser avoidance

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted on testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam, and then testing at higher intensities using an all wavelength mirror.  They monitored the responses of the birds visually to determine if they exhibited an avoidance response. It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached to administer the entire spectrum between 545.5 and 514.5 nm all at once, and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 30 starlings used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
Laser beams at intensities 0.5 to 1 W did not elicit avoidance responses within 60 seconds when aimed at a feathered area of the birds. If a laser with intensities as low as 0.3 to 0.4 W was aimed at uninsulated portions of the body, it elicited an immediate avoidance response under day and night conditions. The concentrated aimed laser beam at higher intensities (2-3 W), either pulsing or continuous, elicited an immediate avoidance response.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. They looked the  response of groups of three starlings to high-intensity laser light. A large cage was divided into two equal territories and the authors "attempted, through the use of difference laser light ranges, to deny the birds one of these territories." They do not elaborate on how they used the lasers. They recorded how long it took for the birds to leave the treated area of the cage and whether or not they returned to the treated area. They also recorded the movements of birds in the cage when no treatment was applied (control), and described the movement as "random."  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested the starlings in groups of 3 and tested both pulsing and continuous lasers with various beam diameters and light intensity. They do not specify how many groups were tested or how many times each group was tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
The concentrated laser beam (either pulsing or continuous) repelled the birds from the treated half of the room. The mean time it took to move the birds was 11.6 seconds. They sometimes returned to the treated half of the room, but left immediately again when exposed to the laser. After "a few exposures" to the concentrated beam, the birds did not return to the treated portion of the room. In contrast, during control trials when the laser was turned off, there was "random movement" between the two halves of the room. The expanded laser beam (0.5 to 4 in. in diameter) at a power of 2W had little effect on the movement of the birds around the room.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Mallards individual laser avoidance

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted of testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam (Beam diameters were 0.2-0.5, 5, 10, 15, and 35 cm; power settings were 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 2.0 W plus pulsing 144/min).  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 20 Mallards used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found that the greater the light intensity on the target the greater the avoidance response (for detailed results, see Tables VII and VIII). The avoidance responses correlated well with the heart rate data. Under nighttime conditions, the results were similar to those under daytime conditions. The greatest amount of avoidance was with laser beams no greater in diameter than 4 inches.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted of testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). A large cage was divided into 2 territories and they attempted to deny the birds one of the territories. They tested the effect of various laser light ranges on their percent avoidance of the treated area and time to avoidance.  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Mallards were tested in groups of three. The beam diameters (0.2 - 35 cm) and power settings (0.05 W - 3.0 watts) tested are listed in Table III. They tested a continuous beam and a beam that was pulsing at 144 pulses/minute

DescriptionOfResults:
The avoidance responses in groups of ducks were similar to those of the individual ducks, but there was an increase in the amount of distress calling in groups.  The best avoidance response was elicited by a concentrated laser beam of 0.5 W or higher, and a beam greater than 4 inches in diameter had little effect.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Gulls individual laser avoidance test

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. They tested the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam (diameter of 1cm, 2cm, 2 inches, 4 inches, and 6 inches). They recorded the percent of gulls avoiding the laser light and the mean time to avoidance for individuals.  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 9 gulls used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
Individuals gulls responded to intense laser light similarly to starlings; only the concentrated laser beam elicited a significant avoidance response. At beam diameters above 1 cm, the laser failed to elicit an avoidance response more than 37.2% of the time.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. They tested the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam (diameter of 1cm, 2cm, 2 inches, 4 inches, and 6 inches). The cage was divided into 2 territories and they attempted to deny the birds one of the territories. They recorded the percent avoidance of the laser beam and the mean time to group avoidance.  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Gulls were tested in groups of three. The beam diameters (0.2 - 35 cm) and power settings (0.05 W - 3.0 watts) tested are listed in Table III. They tested a continuous beam and a beam that was pulsing at 144 pulses/minute

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no demonstrable group avoidance of the laser. This authors suggest that the size of the test cage may have prevented subordinate birds from following dominant birds into the untreated area because they did not want to get too close to the dominant birds.


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine whether the higher proportion of immature birds typically observed at coastal than inland sites during migration (the "coastal effect") was due to a) Ralph's hypothesis that immature birds concentrate beyond the edges of a species' regular overland migration routes or b)  Murray's hypothesis that adult and immature birds fly the same route, but immature birds stop as soon as they reach land while mature birds continue inland before stopping. The authors examined the ratio of immature to mature mature birds at 3 types of sites in northeastern North America: Coastal banding stations, Inland banding stations (more the 5 km from coastline), and nocturnal kills at lighted man-made structures. They also compare age ratios at three banding stations on Lake Erie operatedd by Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO): one banding station at the top of the 33-km peninusula extending from the North shore of Lake Eirie (Long Point), where a lighthouse was also present, one banding station midway along the peninsulsa, and one banding station 5 kilometers inland. These lakes are not on the edge of migration routes, so the presence of more young birds at the peninsula stations would support Murray's hypothesis that they tend to stop as soon as they make landfall.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Their analysis comparing age ratios at coastal sites v. inland sites v. nocturnal kills included 5 coastal banding stations, 8 inland banding stations, and 7 nocturnal kills. Table 1 shows the years in sample for all of hte data sources. The more detailed analysis using the Long Point Bird Obervatory (LPBO) data included data from 1965 - 1977 at the two stations on the peninsula and 1974 - 1977 at the station 5 km from the shore. They analyzed LPBO's autumn data for 15 species of warbler

DescriptionOfResults:
For most species, the proportion of immature birds v. adult birds was higher at coastal sites than at inland sites (Table 1). The proportion of immatures killed at lighted structures was lower than the proportion of immature birds caught at banding stations. At Long Point, there was a higher proportion of immature birds at the banding station midway along the peninsula than at the inland banding station, while the age ratio at the tip of the peninsula was similar to that at the inland station. The authors hypothesized that adults were attracted to the lighthouse at the tip of the peninsula under certain conditions, explaining why there was a lower proportion of immature birds at the tip of the penenisula than at the other peninsula location (where there was no light source). They examined the proportion of immature birds banded at the tip of Long Point 1-3 days after lighthouse kills compared to all other days (Figure 6). They found that in 9/15 species, the samples caught after lighthouse kills had a significantly higher proportion of adult birds than samples from other time periods. "Our conclusion is that the presence of the ligthouse alters the behavior of the migrants such that adults are more likely to be captured there than at a normal banding site." They also found that a higher proportion of adults were banded at the tip of Long Point during the new moon than during the full moon for 4/10 species (Figure 7), indicating that the influence of the lighthouse is stronger during the new moon.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Article describes the timing of fall migration for various species and describes the nature of aggregation and mortality events. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Reports of birds aggregating or colliding with lantern or found dead on the ground were opportunistically reported by the lighthouse keeper during Fall migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The article does not report specific events. It describes in general terms that many species aggregate and are found dead around the lighthouse.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Article is an exploration of the lighthouse itself, which was isolated and had not been previously reported on. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Author reports in general terms that birds are captured at the lantern during migration. Does not specify a time period or that any regular surveys occur. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Author reports in general terms that lighthouse keeper often catches a number of birds about the lantern during migration. On Christmas Eve (year not reported), "no fewer than three hundred lapwings, with a few larks, thrushes, and plovers, were secured in the course of a few hours." Author does not report that any birds were found dead during this event. This is the only mention of birds in the article


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: This report is primarily concerned with weight loss during migratory flight based on Veeries (Hylocichla Jescecens) and Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) attracted to the lighthouse at Long point, Ontario during nocturnal migration DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: All Veeries and Ovenbirds present at lantern (both alive and dead) were collected at intervals during the night on 6-7 May 1965 (Veeries) and 21-22 September 1966 (Ovenbirds),  and the weight of each individual is reported. Veeries (both alive and dead) were collected each hour starting at midnight. Live Ovenbirds were collected as they arrived and dead Ovenbirds were collected at irregular intervals. Author also describes in general terms how birds aggregate in large numbers and some are killed at the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 80 Veeries were collected on 6-7 May 1965 and 96 Ovenbirds were collected on 21-22 September. It is unclear if these nights represented unusual aggregation and mortality events, or if these numbers were typical during migration. Article also reports in general terms that mortality and aggregation events occur at the lighthouse.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Description of an individual banded bird colliding with light-house DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Flocks of terns were observed flying around the dome of the lighthouse. Single record of banded immature Arctic Tern (Sterna macrura) colliding with Barns Ness Light-house DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: NA


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Investigation into the harm done (in terms of injury and death) by lighthouses to birds, within Ontario and Quebec.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This was a survey; responses were collected from 68 lighthouse keepers throughout Ontario and Quebec. Includes descriptions of bird injuries caused by collisions into lighthouses and number killed (generally per x amount of time). The table also states, for each lighthouse, the weather conditions under which mortality most often occurs. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Table given stating height above water, "amount of destruction" , weather conditions and any additional remarks by the lighthouse keepers.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: A general study on the impact of lighthouses in Southern British Columbia on birds. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This was a collection of opportunistic reports from the lighthouse keepers of 46 total lighthouses from a survey ordered by the Commissioner of Canadian National Parks. The survey asked questions about the characteristics of the light (fixed or revolving), location of lighthouse, estimates for the number of mortalities and conditions associated with mass mortality events. Survey responses are published in detail and recorded in a table on p. 172-173 titled "Tables showing type of light, location, and yearly casualties." DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The article reports in general terms that mortality and aggregation events occur. Most mortalities occurred at 12 stations, and mortalities never occurred or were rare at the other stations.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Simply a report on a new species of bird observed for the area. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistically reported birds by light-house keeper. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: UA


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Reporting on bird mortalities DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This study provides opportunistically recorded bird collisions with the Skerryvore Lighthouse. The keeper recorded observations during both spring and fall migrations, as well as noting the behaviour of the birds flying around the light. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two mass mortality events were described in this article. One describing the mass mortality of hundreds of Meadow Pipits that occurred on the night of September 20. No exact numbers were given as many birds that were killed fell into the sea. Other species observed during this event include a number of Wheatears, 1 Starling, 1 Ring Ouzel, 2 Jack Snipe, 3 White Wagtails, 1 Thrush, and one Yellow-browed Warbler.
The second mass mortality event described notes a massive flock of Redwings, Fieldfares, Blackbirds, and Thrushes that occurred on October 21. Thousands of birds are described to have collided with the lighthouse but only 98 were found on the gallery due to high winds.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose was to observe bird species migrating past the light ship. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Daily and nightly observations of migrating birds from a lightship over the course of two weeks. Odd behaviours and aggregation and mortality events were also reported in addition to daily weather and wind conditions. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two major events described, both under very similar conditions; a stormy night where thousands of birds perched on parts of the ship, circled the revolving light or crashed violently into the lantern. The first was on October 21-22, involving redwings, song thrushes, starlings, meadow pipits, skylarks, and a few other assorted species. The second was on October 31-November 1 involving mostly skylarks and starlings.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Reporting on avian observations at the Flamborough lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistically reported collisions and observations DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On September 7, a large mass mortality of 300 Gulls circling the light, many colliding with the lantern. 11 events of mass aggregation noted on January 9, March 15, April 2, May 13, September 7,  October 14, October 22, October 28, November 15, November 27, December 13


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The primary purpose of this article was to observe and record various kinds of native birds around the Lighthouse, Puyesgur Point, Invercargill, in New Zealand. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  The records of 25 birds that were seen around the area at the time are listed on all three pages of the article (including the specimen name, their habitat, physical features, etc,). Bird collisions with the lighthouse are described at the end of the article. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The mortality events were briefly mentioned on the last paragraph of page 135. The birds that are listed were killed by dashing against the lighthouse panes at night during thic weather. Here are the list of birds: 1 Dove-Petrel, 1 White-winged Petrel, 4 Sombre Shearwaters or Mutton-Bird. 2 White-fronted Terns


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose this article is to provide a record of all the birds observed at the Cay Lobos Lighthouse, Bahamas. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Systematic collection of specimens collected at the lighthouse with the date it was collected, the sex of the bird, and the weather at the time of observation. Observations are organized into a table at the end of the article on page 149. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: No mass mortality or aggregation events reported.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the this report is to record the bird moralities from the Fanthom Bank Lighthouse DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records were opportunistically recorded from collected specimens from lantern collisions. Records are of birds found on the ground and birds found fluttering around the light. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 51 events described, most of a single or a few birds found. The largest record is of 24 Siberian Thrush found dead around the lighthouse.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is to summarize their observations of various birds species during spring and autumn migration seasons,  crossing the Red Sea near Daedalus Reef. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The bulk of this observations were made during the spring migration of 1936 by a British Light-house keeper (Mr. S.J. Beale) while in the employment of the Egyptian government on the Daedalus reef (an island in the middle of the Red Sea, just north of the southern boundary of Egypt). The list of birds that were observed are compiled on page 34, 35(half a page) and 37. These include the specification, description, and number of birds that were recorded. In the passage before the discussion of events, they recorded picking up as many as 60 birds (mostly Quail) that have struck the lighthouse during the autumn migration of 1929 and 1932. Again in September 1934, they picked three birds (water fowl species) in the compound and collected 150 birds of different species (not specified) outside of the compound. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There are two mass mortality events that are discussed in the passage before discussion and conclusions (page 38). The first event recorded was during the autumn migration of 1929 and 1932, while being stationed at the Brothers lighthouse. Around 10 p.m., they picked up as many as 60 birds (mostly quail) that have struck the lighthouse. During this occasion, there was a severe sand storm with wind having come up with the moon. The second event recorded was in September 1934 while stationed at the Brothers lighthouse during similar weather conditions. They picked up three water fowl species in the compound and they also picked up 150 birds of different species (not specified) outside of the compound. They noted for these observations that the birds were flying at a height of 130 feet above sea level (level of the lantern) during a very bad atmosphere with poor visibility during a sand storm. They concluded that it was necessary for birds to descend to pick up the landmarks during a sandy and misty atmosphere.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report was to conduct a systematic investigation into the number of bird mortalities that occur at lighthouses along the coast of California. The investigators wanted to determine if there were certain characteristics of lighthouses that caused more birds to collide. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Report provides an overview of the opportunistically recorded bird collisions with lighthouses along the coast of California. The report covers observations from 37 lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS:  Most of the 10 lighthouses recorded that the number of birds killed is very small, however, two or three stations had more evidently serious reports. As an example, the keeper at Point Arena lighthouse states during calm dark nights, they found 10-30 dead birds found near the area. They record average of six per night and twelve during migration seasons.
At lighthouses near sea level or at the foot of high bluffs, no mortalities were reported. There were considerable mortalities at lighthouses with high elevation. The average elevation of all lighthouses reporting birds killed was 165 feet, while the average elevation of lighthouses reporting no birds killed was 88 feet.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is to document the nocturnal migration of bird species using the collection of wings from birds which struck at the Egyptian lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report consists of description of wings collected from birds which struck at Egyptian lighthouses.  The main interest of these record is not the actual species obtained (all of which are common in Egypt at the time of striking), but what seems more of importance is the information bearing on the movement at night by some species of birds. They were able to collect wing samples of birds such as Flamingoes, Arctic tern, and Skuas which were though not to move at night. The identification of wings were listed on both of the pages, labeling the birds that were found dead by the striking of lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The recordings of dead birds were collected from Rosetta, Borollos, Damietta, Zaffarana, Ashrafi in Egypt. The author states that birds were collected during spring and autumn seasons which is not favourable for striking. They also tabulated their findings on page 643/644 which included the date, wind, weather, species name, number of species found dead, and the length of their wings (mm).


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this article was to summarize the birds killed at the Skadan Lighthouse during the fall of 1976. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds were recorded opportunistically by the lighthouse keeper and summarized into a table. Events were all described from fall migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Three large events were described, the largest one being from the night of October 25/26 where a total of 76 birds were found dead, 63 of them being Redwings. The other large events occurred on September 26/27 describing 15 mortalities and the third one from October 20/21 with 14 moratalities, 11 of these being Redwings. Four other nights were reported, each with 8 or fewer mortalities.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this article is to track the timing of migration of common snipe. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  The authors set up a banding station and note the number of Common Snipe trapped and ringed during each month. They provide information relevant to this map in Figure 2, where they show the distribution in time of Common Snipe killed at lighthouses from 1886-1957. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: No specific events described, only a figure illustrating the relationship between the number of birds killed and the month, using data from 1886-1957. The highest peak occurred at the end of October.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the article was to report the first observed Siberian Chiffchaff(Phylloscopus collybita tristis) for Scotland. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records were of opportunistically reported birds by the light-housekeeper on December 3, 1916. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: One event described with multiple species observed "at the lantern."


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to discover where the majority of mass mortality events involving lighthouses occur. The data was collected through opportunistically report events by lighthouse keepers. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report highlights a number of opportunistically recorded collisions from light-house keepers across the United States. Most collisions were reported during the spring and fall migrations. These reports were from 24 different lighthouses along the East and West coasts of the United States. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The lighthouses with reported mass mortality events include Cape Cod Light, Cape May Light, Cape Hatteras Light, Hunting Island Light, St. Augustine Light, West Rigolets Light, and a large mortality event occurring on the steamer 'Glaucus' off the coast of New York. The mass mortality events described range from 50 birds up to 200 birds depending on the lighthouse. Most of the mass mortality events occurred along the coast of the Southeastern U.S.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report was to describe bird behaviours and moralities around the Seguin Lighthouse.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistic records and general observations made by the second assistant lighthouse keeper over a five year period. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Describes in general terms that birds tend to aggregate towards the light and persistently fly into the glass. Describes specific, notable instances and specific species on pages 3-6.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the recording of birds at different lighthouses around Southern Australia (Melbourne) and Tasmania Island. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The birds were recorded by lighthouse keepers around Southern Australia. The recording of these birds are at different dates and times (these were opportunistically found) where they were able to observe them in large flocks, some that were segregated, and birds that struck the lighthouses (dead or alive). These recordings were conducted at 10 different lighthouses in southern Australia and Tasmania Island. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Here is the list of lighthouses and its description of events that recorded some form of bird mortality: 1. Swan Island, Tasmania: Several Petrels were struck during rainy or cloudy weather on June 16th, at 4:30 am.c 2. Althorpe Island Lighthouse, Southern Australia: One White-faced Storm-Petrel struck in September and was caught alive. Did not specify whether the light from the lighthouse attracted the bird or not 3. North Reef lighthouse, Queensland: Reports of many bird strike the lantern in thick weather and nearly all birds were not identified due to strong wind 4. Lady Elliott's Island: Nine Mutton-birds struck at the lighthouse(four on the 14th, four on the 20th, and one on the 22nd of September) were recorded. 5. Cliffy Island: The superintendent states that many Zosterops Coerulescens struck on 17th April, and 40 dead ones were picked up at the foot of the tower next morning. Additionally, on the 21st and the 30th of April, three Artamus sordidus struck and a Graucalus melanops struck and was killed respectively.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is to keep records of birds observed at the Spurn lighthouse in 1896 from January till December. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this report is to keep records of birds observed (where some were found to be striking the lighthouse) at Spurn lighthouse in 1896. The record starts from January till December and it provides the date, the identification of the dead bird, wind direction, and weather report. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The records of dead birds reported from January till the end of December in 1896 are on page 245-247. The are too many reports to write out but here are some commonalities: Weather during mortality events are usually overcast and/or foggy. Birds found striking the lantern or the tower windows. Slight wind recorded in most of these reports. Mortality events are usually past midnight. Starlings were the most common bird to strike the lantern or other parts of the lighthouse


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to summarize the reports made by the two light house keepers of the St. Catherines Lighthouse between 1905 and 1908. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records consisted of opportunistically reported moralities from the St. Catherines Lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Mass mortality events described for  Whitethroat, Willow Warbler, Starling, and Skylark.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to report on the number of Grasshopper-warblers reported at the Tuskar Lighthouse and to prove that they are more prevalent than previously thought. The author alludes the skulking behavior of the bird as the reason for why it is so difficult to detect. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The author describes many sepcies aggregating around the lighthouse, not just Grasshopper Warblers. The birds were described as fluttering around the lighthouse with a few instances of smaller birds getting blown into the glass by the wind. He describes the flight behaviour of Grasshopper Warblers in detail and describes the weather on 4 nights when grasshopper warblers were trapped. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were no mass mortality events described, largest mortality events described only included a few birds. The majority of the reports were of birds fluttering around the lantern or passing by the balcony.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: It was a report on a mass aggregation and mortality event to demonstrate how potentially dangerous lighthouses an be for migrating birds. At the end of the report the author prompts the R.S.P.B. to take more measures to prevent bird casualties at lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This article only describes one particular night of mass mortality and aggregation of birds, recorded opportunistically by a lighthouse visitor. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Only one event on the night of October 10th (year not specified, likely either 1960 or 1959). Number involved in aggregation unknown, but author describes gathering approximately 400 dead birds and releasing 412 birds that had been injured in this incident.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the report is to study why there were so few Robins recorded during Mr. Patten's 124 day residence at the Tuskar Light Station. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The reports for this article were opportunistically recorded birds that flew near the lighthouse lantern. The records were taken from both the spring and fall, with birds being observed slowly flying up to the glass where they were captured by hand for examination. The author does make note of some instances were birds collided with the lantern, but none of them were from the Robin for which he was studying. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The only mention of a mass mortality event is from a flock of 70 Blackbirds found dead on the balcony of the lantern.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is the observation of birds at the Spurn Lighthouse in 1897 and part of 1898. Some of these birds were found to be striking the lighthouse and found dead at the base of the tower. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Each record consists of date, Bird identification, the wind, and the weather observations during the events. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The are many aggregation and mortaltiy events described (page 345-347). Here are some commonalities with the events: The weather conditions during mortality events were dark and overcast. Slight wind in some of the morality events but not significant. Various species of birds either in large flocks or in small groups were found striking the lantern or found dead at the base of the lighthouse.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this book is to keep records of events in literature form from the Bell Rock Light house, off the coast of Angus, Scotland (from April 1901 to April 1904). DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: They started their observation in April 1901 up until April 1904. Most of their observations involve bird migration and weather forecasts. There are two bird mortality/aggregation events briefly described in the text (one in October 1901 and another in October 1902).  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: First event in October 1901: During hazy moonless night with rain/wind E, various members of birds are airborne during autumn migration flight. Many of these birds such as red wings, fieldfares, blackbirds, larks, starlings, wheaters, finches, and tits were observed to fly straight for the light, hitting against the the heavy plate glass of the lantern. Some ducks have also have gone clean through the lantern, bringing the machinery to a complete shutdown. Second event in October 1902: Compared to events in 1901, the observer noted that there is a substantial decrease in the number of arrivals probably due to the increasing number of lights on coast accounts that are more attractive to the birds. Again, many of these birds were identified dead or in 'fagged condition' by striking the lantern. Fieldfares, blackbirds, and redwings were the most common to be found, whereas some were more noteworthy captures such as, peregrine falcon, large horned owl, small brown owl, kestrels, sparrow hawks, crows, cormorants, corn-crakes, and turtle doves. They didn't specify the weather conditions or the exact time but some birds were found during 'foggy conditions'.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the records of a mass mortaltiy event  at the Casquets lighthouse on the morning of May 13th, 1902. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report is a short account of the author's visit to the Casquets Lighthouse on Tuesday, May 13th, on the morning which a large number of Red-breasted flycatcher (Muscicapa parva in text, now called Ficedula parva) were found dead by the base of the lighthouse tower by striking the lantern. They recorded 200-300 small birds that were either in skeletal form or 'fresh' form. The author also reports that the lighthouse keeper saw Doves passing the lighthouse but very few of them had struck the lantern. The weather during this condition was fairly clear with light haze at times. The wind during this conditions was mainly light E.N.E but it varied during the night they said.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Only one event was described. The mass mortality event happened on May 13th, 1902 where the author found nearly 200-300 dead small birds and a couple of Doves. The author identifies the birds as Red-breasted Flycatchers, but the editor notes that based on the lighthouse's location, they were probably Robins. All the birds that have been recorded dead were found at the base of the lighthouse due to striking the lantern. Overall, the article reports in general terms that morality aggregation events occur.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the report was to fill in missing information on bird migration across the North Sea as observed from the Dudgeon Light-vessel. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were two events of mass aggregation described, one from the night of October 14th and one from the 15th. The event on the 14th described large numbers of Meadow Pipits and Skylarks congregating around the ship. The event on the 15th describes Starlings and Skylarks congregating in the thousands around the ship.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: It is meant to explore ". . . the history of the protection of birds at lighthouses, to give some idea of the present position, and to suggest courses of investigation and action." DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The article reports on the results of a survey sent to 84 lighthouses and vessels. The author compares the lighthouse attributes and identifies attributes and conditions that are associated with bird mortality. He emphasizes floodlights illuminating the lighthouse tower as a mitigation measure. He compares mortalities at lighthouses with and without floodlights, and compares mortalities at St. Catherine's lighthouse before and after floodlights were installed. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Article reports in general terms that mortality aggregation events occur, gives results of survey on paragraph 2 of page 96.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The report documents birds killed at the lighthouse. Changes in the lighthouse were also reported (described under "New Developments at the Light") DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistic reporting of all birds killed by the lighthouse that year given by species on a table on page 49. Changes in the light and lighthouse that could potentially effect birds listed on page 47. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On the night of April 22/23, 30 birds were "taken" and one was killed. Other events not described, only reported in general terms that they occur.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is to record the 317 birds that fell at the Danish light vessel "E.R." in the North Sea, 70 miles West of Jutland. The authors recorded the cause of death for all birds found DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: During 1953, 317 birds fell at the Danish light vessel "E.R." in the North Sea (70 miles West of Jutland). 139 of these birds were said to die from fatigue whereas the other 178 birds had no cause of death recorded in the description. Some birds (that are not included in the 317 count) fell into the sea. For this report they focused primarily on the deaths of 28 Starlings on 23-24 of March and 4-5 of April.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: They concluded that the cause of death was exhaustion from lack of food reserves and breakdown of cell proteins aided by diarrhoea from drinking excessive amounts of salt water from the deck of the lighthouse. There were no reported bird mortalities from striking the lantern or any other part of the vessel. They only reported bird death from either extreme fatigue or from drinking salt water


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: It was to track the migration of bird species using observations from various lighthouses and light vessels. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  They were opportunistic observations of mortality/aggregation events by the lighthouse keepers. There were also systematic observations on the movement of migratory birds as seen from lighthouses by lighthouse keepers. A total of 103 lighthouses participated in this study. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two specific aggregation/mortality events mentioned in article. In October of 1877 at the Skerryvore lighthouse, over 600 birds died, most of which were common thrushes and the ring-ousel. 
On October 7 from 11 pm to 3 am at the Casquets (a light vessel off the coast of Alderney) there was a mass aggregation event where land-rails, water-rails, woodcocks, ring-ousels song-thrushes and swallows were seen. A hundred swallows and a few birds of other species were killed. Larger birds also seen following the light at Casquets but staying clear of the glass.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the report was to report the mortality of Cassin's Auklets at a lighthouse and report on the sex of the birds, 11 of which were female. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: 11 Cassin’s Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) were salvaged by a light keeper after striking a lighthouse on Pine Island, British Columbia at the entrance to Queen Charlotte Strait in April 1976 (3 birds), May 1976 (2 birds), and April 1977 (6 birds). The specimens were sent to the British Columbia Provincial Museum (now Royal British Columbia Museum) in Victoria, British Columbia. There the birds were each analyzed and measured.  The authors also mention other species that struck the light during the same time period. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The 11 Cassin's Auklets were collected over the course of 3 events in April 1976 (3 birds), May 1976 (2 birds), and April 1977 (6 birds). 10 of them were female and 1 male. During 1975 and 1976, other species striking the light included Rhinoceros Auklets and Leach's Storm-Petrels


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The report was an observation of the bird behaviour around the lantern. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: On the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966, Taverner observed passerine migrants as they were singing and circling about 20 feet away from the lantern.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The circling events were observed on the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966. On the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966, passerines were observed circling around the lighthouse and vocalizing. According to Derek Goodwin and K.E.L Simmons birds tend to sing in uncomfortable and stressful situations and in situations where they are in close proximity with other birds (making them aggressive). They also found that the frequency of the singing also increased throughout the night. The results were compared to a similar occurrence on 5th May 1956 where 200-300 swallows (Hirundo mustica)  and Sands Martins (Riparia riparia) circling around a lighthouse (found in the Portland logs).


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The overall purpose of the study was to report the casualties and to survey the affects of these lights on bird populations. (As reported by Stokes, the casualties were too few to be having a significant impact on the populations). DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: "In 1975-76, through the Department of Transport, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service received quarterly returns of bird casualties at Australian lightstations as part of a survey of the effect of such lights on bird populations." Bird species were identified by resident light-keepers and a table was arranged with the species and the number of each found in each month of 1975-1976. There was only one lighthouse (Booby Island) reported in this study. The time if the year when specific species were found are noted in Table 1.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The survey persisted through 1975-1976. The article reports that in general over the two years, 790 individuals of 54 species and 11 unidentified individuals were reported.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To better understand the timing and species composition of bird migration and the conditions associated with aggregation and mortality events at lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Lighthouse keepers were asked to record bird observations (including both live and dead birds) and send deceased specimens. Data sheets included date, number and species of birds, hour, force and direction of wind, direction of birds, weather (clear or fog, rain, or snow etc.), and number of birds striking glass of lantern. Lighthouse keepers did not disclose their observation schedule, and many observations were likely opportunistic. Records appear to primarily refer to Spring and Autumn migration. In the book, Barrington summarizes the records from 1881-1897. For each species, Barrington summarizes the number of observations, dates and first and last observations, and the number of recoveries each year (p 1-262). Barrington also analyses patterns in the observations (p 263 - 285). At the end of the book, annual reports for each individual year (1888 - 1987) are published. These reports are organized by species, noting observations and mortality events for each species in that year. In this map, we include only information gathered from Barrington's analysis of the reports (p 263 - 285). DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: To the best of our knowledge, there is no table in the book that includes all of the mass mortality events. Barrington remarks on several patterns in the mass mortality events, including more collisions during moonless nights, more collisions during autumn than spring, and more birds striking when flying landwards than seawards. He notes that "it is well known that fixed lights are more fatal than revolving or intermittent ones, and white light is believed to be more destructive than red" (p 265).


StudyName:
Irish Light-Stations 1925 - 1930 and 1944 - 1953

StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To study the timing and species of bird migration and document bird mortalities DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Lighthouse keepers reported observations of birds at Irish light-stations, which were compiled into annual reports. Lighthouse keepers were asked to record bird observations and send deceased specimens. Data sheets included date, number and species of birds, hour, force and direction of wind, direction of birds, weather (clear or fog, rain, or snow etc.), and number of birds striking glass of lantern. Annual reports exist for the years 1925-1930 and 1943-1953, published in The Irish Naturalists' Journal. These reports summarize birds observed and carcasses recovered by lighthouse keepers, including notable species and records of nights when a remarkable number of migrants were observed or found deceased around lighthouses. Many of the reports comment on weather associated with "rushes" or migrants around the lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: In each annual report, the author describes "great bird rushes" when birds aggregate and strike, and the weather events and lunar phase associated with these rushes.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Observe migration patterns.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Patten investigated the Wrens that  struck the lanterns on the east coast of Ireland, over the course of several nights and investigated further into the individuals. The author remained on the balcony all night to observe the birds and recorded any wrens approaching or striking the lantern. On these nights "the birds comes along very quietly, makes little, almost no noise at the glass, and straight away settles down to rest in a recess or on a sash of the window pane." "Wrens which appeared at the lantern came flying almost perpendicularly Up from below, ascending to the glass through the spaces between the balcony railings." The researcher also stated  that he "was much interested watching large numbers of Wrens as they crept in and out among the rock crevices during the daytime of April 14th and 15th, and in small numbers on April 16th" of which he collected 6.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Before the author made his observations, there was a record of a solitary example of a Wren as having been taken at the Tuskar, Co. Wexford, the date being October 16th, 1888, and only four examples altogether as having struck the lanterns on the east coast of Ireland, the remaining three being from the Maidens, Co. Antrim. Of these one was obtained on November 19th, 1898, one on May 8th, 1890, and the third on May 12th, 1899. Patten then went on to captured 4 grounded birds on the night of 13th April and 3 on 14th April by the lanterns.  On October 4th he had obtained 2 Wrens from the Tuscan rock. In total he obtained twelve specimens, and saw large numbers on certain occasions during eight weeks' residence at the Tuskar and noted that this is an area of significant Wren migration.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Overall purpose of the study was to observe bird migration in the British Isles during the spring and fall migrations. The migration was observed from the top of a lightship ( Kentish Knock lightship)  that happened to lie near the centre of the migratory stream that the researcher wanted to investigate.   DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: In an effort to observe and study bird migration in the British Isles during the fall migration, Clarke stationed himself atop a lightship (Kentish Knock) that happened to lie near the centre of the migratory stream that the he wanted to investigate in Autumn 1903. His goal was to study the various movements of the birds and the conditions under which they were performed free from the light from other shore light stations and other such distractions. He noted that the character of the light on the ship was  especially likely to attract night migrants. Clarke reported to have measured a variety of different bird behaviours such as circling behaviour around the light, numerous bird aggregation events (especially under "bad" weather conditions) throughout his time on the Kentish Knock. All of these observations were detailed in the article with the exact time that he observed the events occurring along with the specific birds that were effected.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The observations were made in fall 1903. Specific dates are listed in the article along with the specific observations made on each date.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: They were observing the night migrations of these species.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Reports on bird specimens collected from two lighthouses: one on Cay Lobos from August 1900 - May 1901 (12 months), and another on Cape Sal covering spring migration of 1901 and autumn and winter movements of 1901-1902. Data were also collected from "The Bird Rock" from 9-19 Sept 1901. Reports on specimens collected and observations of birds that were observed flying. It is unclear if all speciments were the result of collisions with the lighthouse, or if some were shot or trapped. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 40 species were observed. For each species, the article lists the nights that specimens were collected.There are several events that are described for each location and species- all of which are listed in the article. In these the author lists the date, species, weather, and side of the light that the bird struck on.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the report is to track migration and report on bird strikes. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The dataset contains occurrence records and notes on bird species that struck a lighthouse extracted from "Birds at Danish Lighthouses 1883-1929." The volumes of this book were digitized into PDF files, and relevant data was extracted and compiled into a database. During 1993-1939, there were 45 lighthouses and lightships functioning in Denmark. The database contains occurence and bird-strike records from nocturnal migration at two of these lighthouses: Lodbjerg Fyr (742 records) and Hanstholm Fyr (470 records). While the abstract says that the database contains bird strike records, we could not find these records in the .rtf version of the database. It is not clear if the data at these lighthouses were collected systematically or opportunistically.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: They do not describe any mass mortality events


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To describe bird attraction, trapping, and mortality DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: For the years 2011-2014, the Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory Report contains a section titled "Lighthouse Attractions." Attractions, trappings, and collisions were recorded every night by an Assistant Warden stationed at the Lighthouse in 2011-2014. It is not clear whether the warden was stationed at the lighthouse in previous years. The articles record the number of attraction events, the total number of birds, and the total number of species in Table 1. Table 1 in the report for 2014 includes these numbers for each year between 2005-2014, showing the trends in the number of attractions. In May 2014, they removed the revolving white light from the Lighthouse and replaced it with a white LED until October, when it was replaced by a new red LED. Nearly all collisions that occurred in 2014 occurred before the switch to the red LED was made. The Lighthouse Attraction section is not included in the observatory's annual report in subsequent years, which likely indicates that birds were no longer aggregating around and colliding with the lighthouse in large numbers. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: For the largest mass aggregation events, the annual reports list the cloud cover (in Octas), wind speed and direction (using the Beaufort Scale), and visibility (based on whether or not a distant mountain, peninsula, or lighthouse could be seen), and lunar phase. For each of these events, a table shows the number of each species attracted, trapped, and killed.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Collection of wings from the Red Sea Lighthouse Service DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Wings of any birds which have struck the lights during migration were collected and recorded by the Red Sea Light-house Service at four different locations: Sanyanel Light, Daedalus Light, The Brothers Light, and Shawn Light. The records of species of birds and the total count of them at each location can be found on page 282-283, separated into four sections. The author didn't provide any details of the mortality events that took place at each of the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Article reports in general terms that mortality aggregation events occur. The collective list of recorded birds are separated by where they were found (four different lighthouses), which can be found on page 282-283. Sanyanel Light recorded the highest count in bird mortality and the number of species, whereas Hirundo Rustica (Barn Swallow) was the only species found and had the lowest mortality rate at the Shawn Light.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Examination of a rare species of Skylark DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this report is the examination and identification of a strange species of Skylark that had been procured at the Tuskar Light-Station. In October 1911, the professor went out to the roof of the dwelling house of the lighthouse to find two of these dead Skylarks. Proposition was made for the mortality cause to be striking of the lantern glass during "adverse" weather conditions, at the same time where a great number of dead birds of other species were present, such as, Blackbirds, Song-Thrushes, Starlings, Wheaters, Gold-crests, Redstarts. The professor picked up 39 specimens in total for further examination. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The birds were gathered round the lantern, forming a fraternity, as some outright killed themselves by either striking the glass, the balcony rails, or other parts of the frameworks. Larks were numerous in death count, and considerable amount in all other species listed above except for Wheaters. Although many Wheaters were present during the incident, very few came into actual contact with the glass by the allure of the light, as most disappeared. The professor only picked one Wheater up out of the 39 specimens found.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Collection of responses from 45 lighthouse keepers situated along the Atlantic coast regarding destruction of bird life at their individual lighthouses.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this article is for the collection of responses from light house keepers situated along the Atlantic coast regarding destruction of bird life at their individual lighthouses. 453 questionnaires were sent and 197 were retuned, 45 of which reported birds found dead. The classified species of birds found dead are listed on the first page. It has been observed that most of the fatalities occur on rainy or foggy nights. The cause of these fatalities mostly come from striking the lighthouse framework or the lantern itself. From page 2-8 consists of reports from each of the 45 lighthouse keepers on mortality/aggregation events that took place. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Each of the 45 incident reports are composed of a lighthouse description, weather conditions during mortality event, and the cause of fatality. Classification of bird species are also included in a few reports. For most of the reports, mortality and bird flight behaviour are in general terms. All of these reports are on page 2-8.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: This purpose of this report is for compiling published notes on the periodical movements of birds and related phenomena in northern Denmark. The author states the the records are strictly limited to 1885, but the lighthouse keepers' reports also note bird aggregations and mortalities on other years. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds recorded opportunistically by lighthouse keepers are also reported in this article for the purpose of observations of bird related phenomena in Northern Denmark, strictly limited to 1885. All 107 species are recorded during this year (list on page 552/553) and some were found from bird aggregation near lighthouses. From page 553-593, you can find the location of the birds where they were spotted. From page 594-599, are listed the bird aggregation/mortality events at various lighthouses across northern Denmark. There are 63 reports from 6 different lights, each report coming from a lighthouse keeper on any event that led to eventual death/disabling/striking of birds. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There are 63 incidents that have been described by different lighthouse keepers. Each report varies for their amount of information concerning mortality events. Some reports only consists of the number of birds that were found dead, whereas some contained a much more descriptive analysis of these events, for they have included such things as, flight patterns, classification of birds, time of the event, and lighthouse description. It is often mentioned in these reports that many birds strike without disabling or dying, and many of them were young birds. The reports also show that lights in small exposed points of land that is some distance from shore, attract more birds. On the contrary, in more or less land locked situations, nearly no birds strike. The height of the lantern does not seem to affect bird mortality in this case


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the collection of observational reports from lighthouse keepers. Birds killed on striking the lights were sent to the Zoological Museum of Kjobenhavn. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Bird reports come from opportunistic observations by lighthouse keepers, beginning on May 1st, 1886. The report consists of three main sections: List of lighthouse and the designated keepers of them, general reports on bird sighting separated by date and location, and bird fatalities at lighthouses. For the section where mortality events are recorded, each report varies in the amount of detail where most recorded only the number of deaths and very few recorded flight patterns, bird classification, and lighthouse description. They tallied up these responses from 24 lighthouse stations, receiving 469 specimens of 37 species. Various notes from the light stations start from page 417. "Diary of Birds coming to the Lights" begins on p. 423. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 24 stations out of the 67 reported observing some form of aggregation/mortality amongst birds which are listed from page 417. Most reports include time, weather conditions, flight patterns, and the occasional classification of birds. Almost all reports stated decrease in mortality rate due to the exceptionally continuous snow lasting about March 20th and the great delaying of the arrival of the earliest migrants.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the report was to compile a report on the migration of birds as observed from light stations in East and West Scotland and East England. The lighthouse keepers document birds on migration and birds that aggregate around or strike the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The paper contains the observed bird migration reports from lighthouses in the east coast of Scotland (from 13 lighthouses), the east coast of England (from 25 lighthouses), and the west coast of Scotland (24 lighthouses). For each of these areas, the author summarizes reports for each species (p. 162-169, p. 173-185, and p. 190 - 202) and describes general trends of birds observed on migration and circling or colliding with the lighthoues (p. 169-172, p. 185-188, p. 202-204). All of the lighthouses are listed along with a description of their flashing patterns (fixed, flashing, or rotating), color (white or red), and flashing or revolving rate (p. 161-162, p. 172 - 173, p. 189). DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The light aggregation events are noted for many species in these species reports as well as for all species in the general trends. This information is detailed and often included the wind direction along with the weather and artificial light conditions at the time of each aggregation event. It was also noted the types of light at the lighthouses (blinking vs. continuous, colours, period of rotation, etc). The author also reports the specific times when the birds were found (grounded or dead). On the east coast of Scotland, the other reports on an aggregation even on the 2nd of March at Bell Rock ligthouse and notes that almost all records of birds caught, killed, or striking lanterns occured on cloudy nights with fog on precipitation. On the east coast of England, the author notes that migrants will crowd and circle the lanterns of lightships until the clouds break or the sunrises, or they collide with the lantern and fall into the sea. On the west coast of Scotland, a mortality vent was observed from the 1-6th of October, and the observer estimated that about 1000 birds gathere around the light each night, and the total number killed was about 600.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is to estimate weight loss during migratory flight for 10 species of passerine birds captured at Long Point lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds captured or found dead at the Long Point Lighthouse were weighed for the purpose of estimating weight loss over the course of the night (not for the purpose of recording aggregation events). The samples were obtained on various nights from 1965 to 1972. Live birds were picked up from the window ledges and gallery of the lighthouse as they arrived. Birds killed when they struck the lighthouse provided additional specimens, which were picked up from where they fell. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There was very little specification with any form of mortality events. They briefly mentioned about including dead birds into their recorded specimens for weight estimations. They stated that, "Birds killed when they struck the lighthouse provided additional specimens, which were picked up when they fell or at recorded intervals during the night". Article reports in general terms that mortality aggregation events occur.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were captured as they arrived or picked up as they were killed. Somestimes birds were collected live or picked up at regular intervals, usually less than 1 hour, so the arrival time could be approximated. Samples of birds were obtained on various nights from 1965 to 1972. Species-nights with fewer than 10 birds and those taken with a 2-hour window or less were excluded from analysis. Species with fewer than 50 birds collected in all nights combined were excluded. After these excludsions, they were able to analyze weight loss for 11 species. The number of sample nights for each species is given in Table 2.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The Calf of Man observatory is a location where ornithological work is carried out. They study things such as bird migration, breeding of birds etc. In the migration portion of the study the report reported on timing of various species' migration and breeding activities from March to November of 1976. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The researchers reported on the bird migratory patterns from March - November of 1976 at the Calf of Man observatory.  The data was presented on a month by month basis with general weather trends and with significant bird behaviours around the observatory being noted during each month. Significantly they also noted birds as "being drawn to light", like on 20th October when they recorded a selection of birds (10 Mistle Thrushes, 21 Ring Ouzels, 50 Blackbirds, 125 Song Thrushes, 250 Redwings, some Goldcrests) "attracted to the lighthouse's light" overnight.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: In most of the records, they list the number of each species passing but do not indicate that they were aggregating around or colliding with the light, only that they were passing. On October 20th, Redwings and Song thrushes were "attracted to the lighthouse in good numbers during the night. Goldcrests too were recorded at the light (169)." On October 28th, "There was a large Lighthouse attraction of Thrushes overnight,... including 760 Song Thrushes, c. 1,000 Redwings, and 10 Ring Ouzels." Other aggregation events may have been recorded in the 126-page document, but we did not find them when skimming it.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the article is to report in wildlife and other aspects of the lighthouse, including bird mortalities. The Introduction focuses almost entirely on bird aggregation and mortality DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The records were opportunistically recorded by the lighthouse keeper throughout his time spent at the Smalls Lighthouse off the Pembrokeshire coast. The author only describes records from spring migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The author describes one event at the beginning of the book detailing a night with 20 to 30 small warblers and chats colliding with the lighthouse. Most of the deceased birds were sedge warblers, with a single spotted flycatcher and grasshopper warbler. Additionally, there were 3 live Manx's shearwaters collected by the keeper which were later ringed and released.


StudySummary:
The authors modeled colony-site selection by Yelkouan Shearwaters by comparing colonity to non-colony sites (PA model). Among colony sites, they also compared cavity density (CD), breeding pair density (BD), and proportion of available cavities used for breeding (BO). They determined if the birds selected colony sites or cavities with protection from light pollition by using orientation as a proxy for light pollution. Because the light-polluted mainland was North of the islands, the South-facing colonies were considered protected from light pollution.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They selected 40 sampling plots (10m x 10m quadrates) within known colonies and 80 randomly selected noncolony sites (10 x 10-m quadrats). They noted various habitat characteristics and the measured the orientation of the colonies (it is somewhat unclear how they measured the orientation).


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine if lights from a football club and tennis courts affected abundance of nocturnal birds. They conducted spotlight surveys along transects during three light treatments: lights-on, 20 minutes after lights were turned off (on the same night), and nights when lights had not been used at all.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Three transects, each 300 meters long, were located along the edge of the illuminated area. They surveyed each transect five times for each light treatments (lights on, 20 minutes after lights turned off, and nights when lights had not been used at all), using spotlights to locate and count birds.


StudySummary:
Reports of annual irruptions of quail and button-quail were recorded to observe the phenomenon. Birds "caught using a hand held net and torch" or by hand roughly around 2200hr and 2400hr. Birds were weighed, measured, sexed and potentially photographed before release.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Duration of 8 years (1990-98), 200 birds caught, 6 different species, no data for 1993. For each year there were only a couple months, which varied, where data was recorded.


StudySummary:
The researcher wanted to determine if using coloured rejection filters (spectral filters), can reduce attraction to artificial light. He used a fitler to remove UV and short-wavelength light, making the light appear yellow to humans and 75% dimmer from the shearwater's perspective. Control treatment of no filters took place every alternate night. Number of downed birds was recorded each night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study ran from Oct 4th to Nov 12th (n=40 nights) and alternated between control (no filter) and filtered lights. 10 HID (400W and 1000W) mercury lights and 2, 300W flood lights security lights on a surf resort were filtered with spectral filters (Roscolux Filter no. 10, medium yellow and clear UV-rejection material). 2 people searched the grounds from post-sunset to 6hrs later or until 2 hrs consecutive hours without birds located.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferences of domestic broiler chickens for biologically and commercially relevant light sources at different illuminances and at different ages. Birds were given a free-choice test with a split-plot design between eight different light environments involving four light sources (Biolux, Spectral sensitivity, Incandescent, and warm-white) and two illuminances (5 and 100 clx). Tests were performed in two radial mazes each consisting of a central arena with four attaching compartments. The position and behaviour of each individual bird was measured using instantaneous scan-sampling intervals via video-recordings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested in four groups of six broilers at 1 and 6 weeks old. Each group at each of the two ages was given a two-day acclimation period at each illuminance level (5 and 100clx) followed by a three-day testing period. Birds were studied for 12 hours per day, from 13:00-22:00 and 06:00-09:00. Data was collected using instantaneous scan sampling where the location and behaviour for each individual bird was recorded. The appropriate scan sampling interval was determined by comparing data using 5-, 10-, and 15-minute scan sampling intervals in a randomly selected day.


StudySummary:
DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The records were opportunistically collected by Mr. Patten on his visit to the Tuskar Rock Lighthouse. Mr. Patten was at the lighthouse from August 1911 until September 1911 to compare the movement of migrating species with previous observations collected from the lighthouse. All records were from the one lighthouse. The observations were of birds that collided with the lantern as well as birds that were observed flying around the lantern. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were no mass mortality events described. The only observation of a large aggregation of birds was on August 19th when a misty evening brought in a large number of Swifts and Wheatears. MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the report was to collect observations from the Tuskar Rock lighthouse to compare with prior observations. The author wanted to track the timing of fall migration along the coast of Ireland.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to outline the effectiveness of nightlighting as a technique to capture pheasants, prairie chickens, bobwhites and cottontails (cottontails excluded from map). A 4-wheel drive vehicle with floodlights was used to drive around a specific area. A handheld spotlight was used to shine on birds, which were captured using net. Fields were cruised at night with floodlights, with a driver driving and controlling the flights. The driver also operated the spotlight, switching the floodlights on and the spotlight (directed at the bird) at the same time. The other individual netted the birds once the spotlight was directed appropriately and from the correct distance. The authors reported how different environmental conditions made it more challenging than others for each species.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Pheasants: 1574 pheasants were captured in the autumn. Another 1122 pheasants were captured in the winter. This was done from 1956-1962.
Prairie Chickens: From 1962-1964, 57 birds were captured
Bobwhites: From 1963-1964 on farmland, 127 (51%) of bobwhites were captured successfully. On non-farmland from 1963-1967, 282 bobwhites (34%) were captured.


ArticleCitation:
Harriman State Park (Henrys Fork of Snake River), Idaho and the Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Montana

StudySummary:
- The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of night-lighting as a technique to capture cranes.
- A generator powered 12-V spotlights or aircraft landing lights attached to a football helmet. Large salmon landing nets (3-3.6m handles) were used to catch the cranes. A 2 person crew was needed, where one person would light and capture, and the other would assist with handling once captured.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
- 19 adult whooping cranes out of 84 capture attempts were successfully captured (23% success rate) from 1981-1991 in Idaho, Wyoming and New Mexico. 
- 250 greater sandhill cranes were captured at the Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho from 1969-1971, and continuously throughout the 1980s.
- 53 other avian species were also captured during this study.


StudySummary:
- The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of night-lighting as a technique for trumpeter swan capture, as well as to translocate captured swans to other wintering areas to increase populations in vulnerable areas.
- Either a boat (mostly), snowmobile or ATV was used to capture the birds. An aircraft landing light (250 W) attached to a helmet was used to shine a light onto the swans. Salmon landing nets were used to catch them, or this was done by hand.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
- During the winters of 1990-96, 1,117 trumpeter swans were captured using night-lighting. This happened every November and December, except in 1990 and 1991 where this occurred in January. 
- Catch/night was 15.1 swans during 71 nights from boats, and 4.7 swans during 10 nights
 from snowmobiles and ATVs.


StudySummary:
This study considered the effects of two types of avian deterrents to reduce bird abundance and nesting activity at electrical substations. Noise-makers and sodium-iodide lights were mounted on substations and data involving bird species, abundance, and nest abundance were collected for deterrents as well as control treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
3 treatments (sodium-iodide lighting, electronic noisemakers, and control) were used. 10 substations each of two types were randomly selected for sodium-iodide lighting and electronic noisemakers, and 22 substations were used as controls for a total of 62 substations studied. 2 sodium-iodide lights were mounted at each of the 20 substations.


StudySummary:
- The purpose of this study was to determine an effective night-lighting technique to capture elusive Peruvian Thick-knees. 
- A car was driven over 14 nights in January and February 2009 at a slow speed (30 km/h), where birds were observed in the darkness using the car lights. Once a bird was spotted, the car was moved until they were 15 m from the bird. Then, a modified flashlight (to have a narrow beam) with 6 LED lamps was used to dazzle the birds, where an attempt to capture them with a hand-held net was executed. The engine was kept on to camouflage the approach of the researchers on foot, which occurred around a meter from the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
- There were 24 observations of the birds, 4 of which were captured. The average success rate was 0.29 birds/session, our of 0.64 attempts/session. Birds were exclusively found and captured alone.


StudySummary:
- The purpose of this study is to outline an approach to capturing ancient murrelets using a night-lighting approach.
- The equipment used is one power unit (six volts), two hand flashlights (three volts each), a small hand net and several burlap sacks. The authors searched for burrows along the slopes of Langara Island, BC. Researchers waited for ancient murrelets, which were flying around in the sky, to land on the ground nearby. Once a bird landed nearby, one person would "blind" the bird with the spotlight and another would net and place the murrelet into a sack for banding. This occurred from around 10PM - 12AM.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
- In two hours of operations, 30 murrelets were captured, and another 50 were spotted but missed. So in total, 30/80 spotted murrelets were captured, yielding a 37.5% success rate. This occurred from May 1 - May 3, 1966.


StudySummary:
The authors harassed Double-Crested Cormorants in an attempt to imporve Atlantic Salmon smolt survival. They user various non-lethal harrassment techniques to dispace cormorants from feeding locations, including human approach, throwing rocks, using slingshots, lasers, and pyrotechnics. They considered all techniques to be equally effective and grouped them together for analysis. They monitored cormorant abundance during harassment and control periods using time-lapse photography, comparing abundance on days with harassment to abundance on days without harassment. The also plotted the date and time of each unsuccessful smolt movemeng event and overlaid a plot of the timing of harassment to see if smolt movement was more successful during cormorant harassment periods.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The researchers cunducted daily patrols of the study area. Every time cormorants were observed, they recorded the date, time, location, and number of cormorants. They then harassed the cormorants for 30 seconds or less, and cormorants were observed leaving the site at the completion of harassment. In 2004, there were a total of 334 daylight hours, in which 108 hours of harassment were conducted. 679 harassment events displaced 8132 cormorants. In 2005, there were a total of 274 daylight hours in the study period, in which 104 hours of harassment took place. 1054 harassment events displacd 9303 cormorants.


StudySummary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To describe three mass mortality events; DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: They describe each event and provide a table showing the species killed in each event. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On September 9, 1929, the lighthouse keeper picked up over 600 birds. There was another event on September 10 resulting in the death or injury of at least 171 birds, and another on September 25 involving 250 birds. The lighthouse keeper said that birds were often killed, but not in such great numbers.


# tblB_CONTEXT

SiteArea:
Richmond River Estuary in New South Wales

CloudCover_Description:
Cloud cover recorded as percentage of sky covered. They assessed nocturnal visibility as good, moderate, or poor, depending on how well the could see the quadrat markers.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Weather data was recorded at hourly intervals during each observation period, including air temperature, substratum tempearture, wind direction, wind speed (on subjective scale from 1-4), cloud cover (percentage of sky covered), and rainfall (present/absent). They assessed nocturnal visibility as good, moderate, or poor, depending on how well the could see the quadrat markers. Data were recorded during four lunar phases (new, full, first quarter, and last quarter moons)


SiteArea:
On a lawn of a rural residence 10 km outside of Ithaka, NY

StudyDurationDescribed:
5 nights from October 8th to October 14, 2005

CloudCover_Description:
100% cloud cover all nights, cloud height at or below site elevation so birds were always flying in cloud

WindDirection:
North to Northeast (favorable for migration)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
A cold front had advanced slowly eastward during the first week of October, slowing bird migration because there were no northerly winds to facilitate migration. After the front passed the study site on October 8th, the winds became Northerly and favorable for migration. Study was conducted during the period of favorable winds.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Volunteers recorded weather information, not reported in manuscript


SiteArea:
Edmonton, Alberta, residential yards with bird feeders

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Included the following weather variables in analysis: daily min and max temperatures, precipitation, maximum wind speed


SiteArea:
Northstar Island, Alaska - an artificial oil production island

StudyDurationDescribed:
14 days, 13 - 27 Sept 2002 - gas flare on one night (Sept 24)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Quarter moon on 13th sept, full moon on 20th sept, third quarter on 20th September. "The visibility of the moon appeared to have little effect on the behaviour of birds." There was only one gas-flaring event, and during that night there was a full moon that was visible from the periods 2230-2330 and 0100-0330, otherwise it was below the horizon or obscured by clouds.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Lasers applied for 3 nights (27 Feb - 29 Feb); birds monitored for ~ 2 months (13 February - 5 Apr 2004)


LatLongNotes:
Based on the description of the tower location in the text (3 km West of Lamoure, SD), we located the tower in Google Maps satellite view

SiteArea:
US Coast Guard Omega Navigation Station in James River Valley, North Dakota

CloudCover_Description:
Varied from clear (less than 10%) to partly cloudy (10% - 90%) to overcast (>90%)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Wind speed and direction recorded using a hand-held anemometer and a weather vane.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Incidental collection of grounded fledglings from March 7th to April 23rd in 2006-2008, 2012-2016. Systematic surveys in 2016. Most analysis from 2014-2016 data.

CloudCover_Description:
The MetService data had visibility (m) and were used quantitatively. The public logs from 2015 and 2016 included clear, overcast, and haze/fog

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Moon phase data were retrieved from https://www.etime.zone/moon-calendar-New_Zealand-2016_03.html. Weather condition data from the Meteorological Service of New Zealand Ltd (MetService) archives were used for statistical analyses.  The public logs recording weather conditions at the time of bird recovery were used for qualitative assessment. MetService data included rainfall (mm/h), wind speed (km/h), and visibility (m) per night. For the 2015 and 2016 seasons, weather recording were assigned to the following categories: clear, overcast+dry, overcast+wet, and haze/fog. Weather data from 2014 was only available as summarized data and therefore excluded from the comparative analysis.


AdditionalLatitudes:
Campo de Calatrava: 38.841094; Aranjuez: 40.017163; Bardenas Reales Natural Park: 42.184105

AdditionalLongitudes:
Campo de Calatrava: -3.824907; Aranjuez:  -3.608127; Bardenas Reales Natural Park: -1.531982

SiteArea:
Campo de Calatrava and Carrión de Calatrava in Ciudad Real province, Aranjuez in Madrid province, and Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarra

CloudCover_Description:
Did not trap in bad weather conditions (rain, mist, strong winds) or when moon was obscured by clouds. Otherwise, no cloud cover/visibility information given.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Did not trap in bad weather conditions (rain, mist, strong winds). Average windspeed recorded in km/hr. Moonlight was coded as 0 (new moon +/- 3 days or moon absent or hidden by clouds), 1 (half moon phase +- 3 days), or 2 (full moon phase +- 3 days). Tested the effects of moonlight, season, and wind speed on capture success using binomial regression.


CloudCover_Description:
"Calm and overcast nights were best for spotlighting; trapping on clear nights with a full moon was much less successful."

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Do not report weather or moon data, but state that "Calm and overcast nights were best for spotlighting; trapping on clear nights with a full moon was much less successful. Precipitation, especially rain, decreased visibility and detectability of the grouse, hindering trapping efforts. However, during periods of light snowfall, grouse were reluctant to fly and could easily be captured."


AdditionalLatitudes:
Iron County (46.2855), Vilas County (45.9788), Price County (45.7512)

AdditionalLongitudes:
Iron County (-90.2348), Vilas County (-89.4559), Price County (-90.4622)

SiteArea:
Iron, Vilas, and Price Counties, Northern Wisconsin

StudyDurationDescribed:
13th May - 22nd June in 2005 & 2006. Exclude 2007-2008 as it's not for the spotlighting study.


WindDirection:
0-360 degrees (0 for north, 180 for south)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Wind direction and speed were measured at a nearby meteorological station. Lunar phase was described by the fraction of the moon disk illuminated.


StudyDurationDescribed:
January 1989 to October 1992 for 98 days in total of observation.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Authors describe how wind, rain, and the brightness of the moon could influence observation rate, but not bird behavioural response to light. They do not record the weather or lunar data.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
High-level winds were measured by tracking pilot balloons every 4 h.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Autumn migration in 2003 (September-November)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They categorized data into either greater or less than 50% cloud cover, and also into either less than or more than half moon.


StudyDurationDescribed:
September-March 1996/1997, September-March 2013/2014, September-March 2014/2015

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Surveys were not conducted during full moon periods (full moon +/- 4 days) to maximize calls being recorded. No weather data reported.


CloudCover_Description:
Authors note that lights were more effective during foggy, misty weather, and low cloud.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The authors do no systematically record the weather or lunar phase, but note that the lights were more effective at attracting and confusing the birds during the period of little or no moon. They were also more effective during foggy, misty weather, and low cloud.


StudyDurationDescribed:
October 1 - November 15, 1980; October 20 - November 6, 1981

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Intensity of moonlight was measured in relation to full-moonlight and plotted alongside numbers of recovered shearwaters in 1980 and in 1981.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The experiment ran through one full lunar cycle. Lunar phase throughout the experiment shown in Figure 1. No weather data provided.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather or lunar information provided


SiteArea:
Multiple sawmills near Nelson and Hawke's Bay

StudyDurationDescribed:
Duration not specified for observations of gulls foraging on flying insects. Gulls foraging on beetles on the ground were observed during February 2014 and February 2015.


Precipitation:
Observations on rainy days were not included in study analysis.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather or lunar data provided. Did not conduct surveys on rainy days.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather or lunar description provided


SiteArea:
University of Michigan Biological Station

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
There was no moonlight, moon had set at 10:40 PM, long before observation occurred at 3:00 AM. Weather was not described.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Dec 3rd (mortality event) and Dec 13-14 (carcasses collected), 2010

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Weather on the night of the mortality event was described as follows: "rapid drop in the ambient air temperature from 7C  to -5C(45 F to 23 F) in 12 hr, with a concurrent increase
in relative humidity from 48% to 99%. Those conditions were conducive to the formation of ice or freezing fog"


SiteArea:
Residential neighborhood near Bergen, Norway

StudyDurationDescribed:
1 hour. Data was collected over 5 months, but only one census was used for the habitat selection study.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Sampling only occurred during calm weather. No rainy or snowy days were included.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Surveys only conducted on days with no precipitation or wind


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Observations were made shortly after dusk and before moonrise.


StudyDurationDescribed:
13 October - 16 December 1993, 22 October - 10 December 1997, 11 October - 2 December 1999, 11 October - 8 December 2001 and 13 October - 6 December 2003

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They did not mention any impacts of weather or moon on spotlight capture


SiteArea:
Cedar Creek Natural History Area (Anoka & Isanti counties, SE Minnesota)


SiteArea:
Coastal areas around Southwest Greenland

StudyDurationDescribed:
2006-2009 during the winter months (Oct. 1–Mar. 31). Ship tracking information was used from the 1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The bird strike incident reports included data about wind speed, wind direction, visibility, and precipitation. The article does not include details on how this information was recorded or categorized.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Mortality event occurred on April 15th 2013, rescue operations continued for several days after

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"The downing occurred during a period of reduced visibility due to snow and fog. Snow accumulated to approximately 25mm by 6:00 hr. Between 03:00 hr and 7:00 hr, relative humidity was 100%, the average temperature was -0.9C, and the average wind speed was 27 kmph from the north."


SiteArea:
Cruise liner in the Caribbean Sea (approximately 80 km south of Miami, Florida)

StudyDurationDescribed:
45min between 0015 to 0010 EDT on September 28, 2003

Precipitation:
Rained 3hrs prior to observation period and lasted 1.5 hrs.

WindSpeed:
22 knots/hrs (generated by ship movement)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"The weather condition was overcast with air temperature approximately 23C. About 3 hrs prior to the observation period, it rained hard for about 1.5 hrs. "


AdditionalLatitudes:
Mason County: 38.7 ; Monongalia County: 39.6 ; Tucker County: 39.1

AdditionalLongitudes:
Mason County: -82.1 ; Monongalia County: -80.1 ; Tucker County: -79.6

SiteArea:
Mason, Monongalia and Tucker Counties, West Virginia

StudyDurationDescribed:
12th March - 23rd May 1980 and 5th March - 8th June 1981

CloudCover_Description:
Authors describe lower capture rates on clear nights

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They recorded these descriptions in their field notes, however this is not listed in an appendix in the paper. The writing suggests that the conditions varied on different nights. 

It was noted that on clear, full moonlit nights with a dry groundcover, there was high response rates to vocalization playback but low capture rates. On "half-moon" nights with quiet stalking conditions, there were lower response rates but higher capture rates. This suggests that overall, capture rates were higher in lower moonlit nights.


StudyDurationDescribed:
late April through mid-June 1965 and 1966, and mid-June through mid-August 1066

CloudCover_Description:
Authors note that overcast nights were better for night-lighting than clear nights

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Calm, dark, overcast nights were best for night-lighting attempts. Clear, moonlight nights were most difficult for night-lighting attempts.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
There was no specific data collection on weather and moon description, but it was stated that success was most prominent on calm, warm and overcast nights.


SiteArea:
Murray Lagoon, Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Most Musk Ducks were caught on windless, moonless nights in clear water. A full moon low on the horizon also offered good opportunities for night-lighting as ducks were most active then.


LatLongNotes:
Approximate location based on winter range of Eleanora's Falcons in Madagascar. Not found in text.

StudyDurationDescribed:
three wintering periods (approx. Nov - April), 2003-2006

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather data provided. The moon illumination % was recorded for each movement location.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Grounding event: Oct 6-18, 2004. Authors note that no grounding events were recorded from 2001-2003 or in the 10 days after the 2004 grounding event.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
On the night of the mortality event, no real fog was present, but moonless nights, overcast sky and raining conditions prevailed.


StudyDurationDescribed:
The incident occurred August 30, 2006, and the following days

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
authors note that there were "heavy mists" on the days when migratory bird deaths occurred


StudyDurationDescribed:
The study spanned from January 2011 to July 2013. The nets were deployed everyday in the late afternoon and retrieved the following morning.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Observer watched for over an hour the night from Sept 9-10, mortality event lasted from 12:30am- 4:30am

CloudCover_Description:
The author describes the night as "clearing" after unsettled weather. It is unclear if it was overcast.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Varying cloud ceiling heights observed throughout the event, but clear visibility, 4mph NW wind, and temperature of 67F remained steady. At 12:30 when the birds first began to fall, the ceiling was at 5000ft, lifting up to 9700ft at 4:30am when the birds stopped falling.


SiteArea:
Southwest of Lesser Slave Lake in Northwestern Alberta

Precipitation:
Rain Shower and Drizzle varying from 0.5 to 6.0mm

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Relative temperature fell in a range between 3-9°C and relative humidity was 72 and 100%. Weather records were obtained from the Alberta Forest Service Weather Office for a located 3 km northeast of the flare stack.


LatLongNotes:
Lat/Longs only given for Warner Robins Airforce Base. Other locations ranged from New York to the Southern Atlantic states.

SiteArea:
Warner Robins Air Force Base + (24 other locations)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"The sudden change in weather conditions associated with the advancing front was rather severe: increased winds, decreased temperatures, drizzle or light rains, and lowered cloud ceilings."


StudyDurationDescribed:
7 Spring and 8 Fall migration seasons from Fall 1972-1979. Daily Spring surveys between mid-April and mid-June; In fall, between the first of September and late October.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Weather not systematically reporting. Authors note that in Spring, "Observations have shown that bird mortalities tend to be related to low pressure systems, with migration occurring on the trailing edge of highs in advance of an oncoming cold front, with southerly wind flow. This synoptic weather pattern is often accompanied with warm front-type of precipitation, haze, low cloud ceiling, and poor visibility." In Fall, "Migration mortalities tend to be associated with the occurrence of high pressure. Increased migration of insectivorous birds usually follows a cold front passage, associated with northerly flow of air. Also in the fall, mortality occurs in association with adverse weather conditions."


CloudCover_Description:
They report that they trapped on average 6.7 ducks/hour on "dark nights" (which may mean cloudy nights?) whereas the trapped 2.15 ducks per hour on clear nights.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Operatied in a variety of weather conditions that varied from "calm, clear evenings to windy, rainy, and cloudy situations. Weather had only a "minor influence" on success of capturing flightless birds, but full-winged birds were caught more easily on cloudy nights with little or no moonlight. They report that they trapped on average 6.7 ducks/hour on "dark nights" (which may mean cloudy nights with no moon?) whereas the trapped 2.15 ducks per hour on clear nights.


SiteArea:
La Panchita and La Milena ranches in south-western Cordoba province


CloudCover_Description:
Describe how the most successful catching sessions included a "hazy" night, a "calm night with few clouds," and "clear night" - indicating no relationship between capture rate and cloud cover/visibility.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Weather data is not systematically reported. Two most successful catching sessions in 2014 was a "hazy night with light northwest winds" and the other one "a calm night with few clouds." Two most successful catching sessions in 2015 was "overcast with very light winds" and the other one "a clear night". Sessions with no successful captures occurred during adverse weather conditions such as strong winds and rain. Capturing was only attempted after sunset and before moonrise.


SiteArea:
Ford and McLean Counties near the Village of Sibley, Illinois

CloudCover_Description:
Fog, rain, heavy dew or frost caused pheasants to roost closer together making them easier to capture. The most efficient captures occurred on cold, cloudy nights following rain.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The authors report on how weather conditions affected the ease of capturing pheasants. Strong winds caused roosting pheasants to flush more easily making them more difficult to capture. Fog, rain, heavy dew or frost caused pheasants to roost closer together making them easier to capture. The most efficient captures occurred on cold, cloudy nights following rain. The trickiest captures occurred on bright, moonlight nights with dry vegetation


SiteArea:
Kelp Bay near the Northeastern coast of Baranof Island, Alaska

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather or lunar data given for the nights when spotlighting was attempted


LatLongNotes:
Listed in article as between positions 54.83833 S -36.76833W and -54.50844 S -37.61167 W

SiteArea:
West South Georgia, 15 nautical miles by Annenkov Island

StudyDurationDescribed:
Incident occurred through out the night of January 30/31, 2004 (22:00 - 4:00). The birds were collected at dawn on January 31, 2004.

CloudCover_Description:
The night conditions were reported to be foggy with <1nm of visibility (very poor).

Precipitation:
Precipitation was reported as "persistent rain"

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"Weather was calm with sea states of 0 to 1." Poor visibility (<1nm) with fog and persistent rain.


SiteArea:
King Edward Point Jetty in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
No weather or lunar description provided for this incident


SiteArea:
Tristan da Cunha (Uninhabited islands that includes Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, Gough Island)

StudyDurationDescribed:
Fishing season between 2010-2013 (month not specified)


SiteArea:
a lumber yard within half a mile of Bartram's garden in Philadelphia.

StudyDurationDescribed:
March 27, observer watched from 8pm-11pm but the event continued until at least 12 am

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The fire produced very little smoke. There was mild weather and a clear night.


SiteArea:
Tenerife, The Canary Islands (off the coast of  northwest Africa)

StudyDurationDescribed:
1998-2006 (moon data was used from between Oct 25 - Nov 25)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They calculated the number of petrels collected in relation to the moon phase. Specifically they measured the relation to the moon phase between October 25 to November 25. No weather data was provided.


SiteArea:
Worthington, Minnesota and surrounding towns

StudyDurationDescribed:
The incident occurred during the night of March 13-14, 1904. The official study of the birds began in Worthington and Slayton on March 22-23.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The night-watchman in Worthington stated that on the night of the mortality event there was steadily falling snow and little wind. The residents of Slayton said that there was heavy snow and a gentle breeze from the southeast.


CloudCover_Description:
"In localized areas, we noted heavier fallout on overcast or rainy nights; however, differing weather conditions across the entire island on any given night made it difficult to assess the overall influence of weather conditions on nightly fallout"

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The author notes the heavier fallout on cloudy or rainy nights on a local scale, but also that the differing weather conditions across the island on any given night makes it difficult to assess the relationship between weather and fallout. Moonlight intensity was calculated for each night when fallout occurred, though no details are provided on how this calculation was performed.


SiteArea:
coastal communities in Eastern Newfoundland: Witless Bay, Mobile, Tors Cove, Burnt Cove, St. Michaels, Bauline East

CloudCover_Description:
Visibility was categorized as "good" or "poor" by volunteers. These categorizations were compared to hourly visibility data obtained from Environment Canada's National Climate Data and Information Archive.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Data took into consideration visibility and fraction of moon illuminated. Visibility was categorized as "good" or "poor" by volunteers. These categorizations were compared to hourly visibility data obtained from Environment Canada's National Climate Data and Information Archive.


StudyDurationDescribed:
May 27, 2015, started at 23:30 and lasted 27 minutes

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"unusually foggy", no other detail specified


StudyDurationDescribed:
September 7th 1949, observation of bird presence from 9pm to 10pm, observation for anticipated mortality from 10:30pm to 11:30pm

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"The day had been mostly cloudy with slight wind and a cool drizzle continuing into the night."


SiteArea:
a local baseball field in Washington D.C., the field measuring 400ft across

StudyDurationDescribed:
the events occurred on September 28th, 1949 at 9:30pm, each event lasted 1 minute or less

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
A drizzly evening, the groups of warblers flew in front of the floodlights when the rain began to descend heavily.


CloudCover_Description:
Researchers stated that "cloudy moonless nights were optimal for night-lighting."

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They do not provide weather or lunar data, but researchers stated that "cloudy moonless nights were optimal for night-lighting." Along with "dark, stormless nights with calm seas were best."


StudyDurationDescribed:
1995 control data recorded, treatments in 1996 and 1997


CloudCover_Description:
Clear sky with no cloud cover to full cloud cover

WindDirection:
16 compass direction: N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE,SSE, S, SSW, SW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, NNW

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The wind, cloud cover and visibility variables were gathered from the Met Office weather station. The hourly moon illumination from the moon percentage derived from the oce R package was calculated.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"Weather conditions (wind speed and direction, precipitation, sea state) and visibility were recorded at the onset of transects and every 30 minutes thereafter." Transects were discontinued during fog and high wind. Weather conditions and visibility were also recorded during surveys at oil platforms. Lunar conditions not reported.


SiteArea:
Jasna Góra in Czestchowa, Central Poland and Wroclaw, West Poland


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Temperature was below -10 degrees centigrade.


CloudCover_Description:
"Capture success at night was diminished by moonlight, so outings were best made on cloudy nights."

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Researchers stated "optimal conditions for capturing birds at night or by day were maximum wind speeds of 5-10 kt and a Beaufort sea state of 0-1. Calm conditions were essential for nighttime capture of any species. Capture success at night was diminished by moonlight, so outings were best made on cloudy nights."


AdditionalLatitudes:
Lake St. Francis (45.0333), Cap Tourmente (47.05), National Wildlife Areas at Ile au Grues (47.06667), La Pocatiere (47.36667), Cacouna (47.93333), Pointe aux-Outardes (49.05), Coin-du-Banc (48.56667), Gaspé Bay (48.83333), St. Fulgence (48.45) and St. Ge

AdditionalLongitudes:
Lake St. Francis (-74.53333), Cap Tourmente (-70.81667), National Wildlife Areas at Ile aux Grues (-70.55), La Pocatiere (-70.03333), Cacouna (-69.51667), Pointe aux-Outardes (-68.43333), Coin-du-Banc (-64.3), Gaspé Bay (-64.48333), St. Fulgence (-70.9) a

SiteArea:
Lake St. Francis, Cap Tourmente, National Wildlife Areas, at Ile aux Grues, La Pocatiere, Cacouna, Pointe aux-Outardes, Coin-du-Banc, Gaspe Bay, St. Fulgence and St. Gedeon, Quebec, Canada

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They did not report anything about the weather conditions in their results, however they did mention that they recognize that weather may have an impact.


StudyDurationDescribed:
Between mid-August and mid-late September in 1996 - 2011

WindSpeed:
Operation would be delayed or cancelled when wind speed was > 15 - 20 km/h. Wind speed varied.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Over the experiment period, wind speed and moon phrase were varied. And the crew did not reliably record cloud-cover data or the duration of the capture night where clouds were present. Index for lunar brightness was proportion of moon fullness x proportion of capture period that the moon was above the horizon.


LatLongNotes:
Study area described in reference Dunford and Owen 1973

SiteArea:
Southern Penebscot County in Central Maine

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Nothing was mentioned in relation to weather and moon phase impact.


StudyDurationDescribed:
June-July, October 4-27 of 1993; Summer, October 5-17, October 27-November 12 of 1994

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Autumn surveys for fledgling mortality were only conducted during predicted fallout peaks based on the moon cycle. In 1993, the cycle was in between full moon during October 4-27. In 1994, the authors predicted two peaks: October 5-17 and October 27-November 12. They don't provide details on how they used lunar phase to predict fallout peaks, but cite Telfer et al. 1987, which indicates that fallout does not occur during the 4 nights surrounding the full moon.


SiteArea:
Omega Navigation Station, 3km west of La-Moure North Dakota

StudyDurationDescribed:
The migration periods studies began in 1972 from March 30- June 4 (Spring), and in August 1- November 15 (Fall), and continued into 1973 from April 2- June 2 (Spring), and August 12- November 3 (Fall).

CloudCover_Description:
Four classes of cloud cover were given in the official weather reports: <0.1 sky cover, 0.1 to <0.6, 0.6 to 0.9, and >0.9. These were assigned numbers 0,1,2,3. They took the mean of 13 hourly figures from 1800-0600 each night, called overcast if >= 2.5

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Hourly weather reports were obtained from Jamestown, 72 km NW of the study site. For the 5 largest single-kill nights, all but one were overcast, all with varying wind directions and speeds. The bulk of spring mortalities occurred on nights with favourable (SE) winds.  "Overall, losses on overcast nights were concentrated near the tower," while losses on non- overcast nights were more spread out. Table 3 reports during Spring and Fall, the cloud cover (overcast or not), wind directions, and number of nights with those conditions for all mortalities corresponding to the three most common families observed.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They describe the mean annual rainfall (782,3 mm) and prevailing winds (south-westerly), but don't provide any other weather or lunar details


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Researchers noted that "calmer waters around the island lee also resulted in greater comparability among counts."


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They stated that the preferred weather/moon conditions for capturing with the spotlight method was on very dark, still nights without any moon or artificial (city) lights. They did not, however, report on the weather and moon conditions of their study.


SiteArea:
Northstar Island, an artificial oil production island

StudyDurationDescribed:
Observations made during fall migration each year on 20 nights between late August and mid-October

Precipitation:
classified as no precipitation or precipitation (including fog)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Examined the effects of 1) ice conditions - present or absent, 2) time of day, 3) precipitation level - no precipitation or precipitation (including fog), 4) visibility - good (>= 500m) or poor (<500m), 5) wind direction, 6) wind strength, and 7) lunar visibility (whether or not moon was visible to observer on the ground)


StudyDurationDescribed:
Conducted roost surveys at sunset from August 1992 - July 1994. Took night-time ambient light readings from January to mid-April 1992.

AmbientLightQuantitative:
Nighttime light levels average 6.0 lux +1 0.1 SE at roost trees and 0.4 lux +- 0.02 SE at nonroost trees


SiteArea:
Downtown San Marcos, Texas and a portion of the Texas State University San-Marcos campus

StudyDurationDescribed:
2 nesting seasons (2005 and 2006). Apr 24- Aug 15 in 2005, Apr 23 - Aug 19 in 2006.


SiteArea:
Ponds enclosed in pens, somewhere in the delta region of Mississippi and western Alabama. For the purposes of mapping, we used coordinate for Mississippi State University, the institution of the first author.

CloudCover_Description:
Authors stated that they recorded cloud cover, but they do not report it in the article

Precipitation:
Authors stated that they recorded precipitation, but they do not report it in the article

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Authors state that they recorded ambient light and atmospheric conditions (cloud cover, precipitation etc.) at 20-minute intervals, but they do not report these conditions in the article


SiteArea:
Delta region of Mississippi and Western Alabama. No specific location is given. Coordinate used for the purposes of mapping are for Mississippi State University, the institution of the first author.

StudyDurationDescribed:
Jan-March 2000, between 2 hours before sunset and 1 hour after sunset


Precipitation:
light rainfall during the day, became progressively heavier at night

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"Haze and clouds developed over the area late afternoon of September 15, there was sporadic misty rain which became increasingly heavy as the night wore on. The cloud ceiling was non-existent or very low at best."


CloudCover_Description:
Capture sessions were conducted on both clear and overcast nights, but there is not information about how cloud cover influenced capture success

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Capture sessions were reported to occur in a variety of weather conditions, including: dark overcast and clear moonlit skies, and fog, rain, wind and rough water. Lunar phase not reported.


SiteArea:
SW Victoria, Australia. Various unnamed sites.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They mentioned that they did not capture when it was rainy or above 27°C


StudyDurationDescribed:
Summers (July & August) of 1965-1968 (164 nights total)

CloudCover_Description:
"Immature and flying birds were more easily captured on dark nights, especially foggy or rainy nights…a few hundred adult ducks were captured in Iowa…for experimental purposes, and…it was almost necessary to have cloudy, foggy, or rainy weather.

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Weather conditions changed the reactions of the ducks capable of flight, but didn't alter the catchability of local birds. Immatures and flying adults were more easily caught on dark, foggy and rainy nights, especially compared to bright overcast nights. Wind hindered catch effectiveness. They noted this was found in other studies as well.


CloudCover_Description:
Describe the night as cloudy, with the cloud ceiling rising throughout the night and gone by 11:40 pm. Limited information available for other nights.

CloudHeight:
Cloud ceiling noted at 7:15pm was 700 ft and13000ft at 11:20pm, disappearing completely at 11:40pm.

WindSpeed:
10-15 miles/hour and at 3000ft altitude, was 25 miles/hour

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
During the aggregation event, "temperature was 59 F at 7pm and 60 F at 11pm." "At 7:15 pm when the birds were first noted the ceiling was 700 feet, changing to 1200 feet at 8 pm….3500 feet at 9 and 9:30 with scattered clouds at 1300 feet…13000 feet at 11:20…and gone at 11:40pm." Weather conditions on other days not reported, except when cloudcover interfered with  moonwatching.


QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They did not state the weather or moon phase at the time of writing, however they stated that spotlighting is best done on overcast or moonless nights


AdditionalLatitudes:
Santa Barbara Island (33.475), Anacapa Island (34.004)and San Clemente Island (32.901)

AdditionalLongitudes:
Santa Barbara Island (-119.036), Anacapa Island (-119.399) and San Clemente Island (-118.492)

SiteArea:
Santa Barbara Island, Anacapa Island and San Clemente Island in the Southern California Bight and Channel Islands

StudyDurationDescribed:
26 April - 21 May 1995, 15 April - 17 May 1996 and 10 April - 8 May 1997

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They stated that they worked in a variety of weather conditions, but they had the most success with capture on "dark, overcast or foggy nights with calm seas"


SiteArea:
at fixed-beam ceilometers operated by the US Weather Bureau at Lake Charles and at New Orleans, Louisiana

CloudCover_Description:
Descrive conditions conducive to migration as cloud cover being less than five-tenths. They did not record any aggregation or mortality events.

CloudHeight:
Observations were made when the cloud cover was at 2000ft, 1400ft, and 600ft

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
Orientation of fall flights was determined at night when the "sky was clear and the wind below 2000ft was from north and northeast". Additionally, migration during October 1968 was observed at night when "the cloud cover was less than five-tenths and the wind between ground level and 3000ft was blowing towards the west".


SiteArea:
WCTV tower at Tall Timbers Research Station, Florida

StudyDurationDescribed:
Daily mortality surveys from 1955-1967, surveys with weather data from August 24 - November 15, 1962-1966

CloudCover_Description:
systematically recorded cloud presence/absence and compared cloud cover to mortality data

Precipitation:
varied, nights with cloud and precipitation (rain) are recorded along with nights with no precipitation

WindDirection:
varied, study reports on both North winds and South winds

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
"Weather readings used were at 19:00 and 22:00 the day before and at 01:00, 04:00 and 07:00 the morning of the kill." and were made from local data sheets 33km SW of the WCTV tower at 1h or 3h intervals for each night. Wind direction (North or South), presence of clouds, and presence of rain were all recorded. Numbers of nights with each weather data along with corresponding bird mortality numbers are recorded in Table 1.


SiteArea:
Tembungo Oil Terminal platform in South China Sea

Precipitation:
Not specified, but described as deteriorating due to a developing typhoon

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
30-40 knot Southwest wind produced a rough sea, but visibility is described as excellent. Precipitation is not reported but weather is described as deteriorating as a result from a nearby typhoon developing.


AdditionalLatitudes:
36 (Nashville airport), 36 (Knoxville Airport)

AdditionalLongitudes:
-87 (Nashville Airport), -84 (Knoxville Airport)

StudyDurationDescribed:
Ceilometer mortality was studied exclusively during October 6-8 in 1951 and 1954 (not in between).


SiteArea:
Serlich, Orlické Hory (Mountains), NE Bohemia

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
The researchers recorded the wind direction as SW and wind speed as 3-4 m/s for the night of 14-15 August, 1988. The weather observations for the other nights were recorded, but not reported in this study.


StudyDurationDescribed:
2006 and 2007, detailed dates not listed

Precipitation:
Did not trap on days of precipitation (0 mm)

QualitativeWeatherMoon:
They trapped mountain quail only during the new moon phase to avoid the impact of natural light and on nights with NO precipitation to avoid displacing the quail in adverse weather.


