# tblA_STUDY_BASE

ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Carrie Ann Adams, Hima Patel

StudySummary:
Author observed a flock of about 30 migrating Yellow Wagtails perched at night on a fence or on the ground under light around the perimeter of a compound in Vietnam. He observed bird behaviour for an hour under these lights. This event occurred on a cloudy night where there was enough light from the perimeter lights to be able to identify the birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observed for one hour early one morning (0030 to 0130).

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds remained in illuminated area for the 1 hour observation period. Every 3-5 minutes, the birds would suddenly increase calling frequency and take off, nearly in unison, and fly overhead for a few minutes before landing along the fence again. The birds did not appear to be feeding on insects. When the author returned to the spot at 0230, the birds were gone.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Emily Halajian, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The objectives of this study were to determine: whether laser harassment could cause geese to abandon urban sites, duration of site abandonment, and
dispersal distance of harassed geese if the harassment causes geese to leave an area. They performed nocturnal laser harassment at three treatments sites, which they compared to three control sites where no harassment occurred. Prior to harassment, geese were captured at the 6 sites and banded with leg bands and collars, and some were fitted with radio transmitters. The number of collared, uncollared, and radio-marked geese present at each site was recorded during three periods: the two weeks prior to laser harassment, the laser harassment period, and the two-week period following the last day of harassment. They also calculated the mean distances of the radio-tagged geese from their banding sites during each period. During harassment, the investigator used a night vision scope to locate geese and shown a red later at the ground or water close the geese, moving it in an erratic fashion around the birds. The investigator continued the harassment until the geese departed the area, became non-responsive to the laser, or 30 minutes had past. During the harassment trials, they calculated the mean time of laser harassment and the percentage of birds that left the area during harassment. fand counted the number of geese present at night prior to, during, and after treatment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study had three control and three treatment sites. Laser harassment was conducted at each treatment site during three separate, but continuous, five-day harassment periods. 190 geese were collard and 40 were radio-marked. Any collared and/or radio-marked birds and the total number of birds on the site were recorded prior to harassment. Harassment ceased after 30 minutes of treatment, or if no response was evident. One-day surveys of collared geese were conducted two weeks prior to the five-day hazing period, during the hazing period, and two weeks post-hazing.

DescriptionOfResults:
Over the course of the five-day trial, the numbers of geese counted at the testing sites declined from 92 to 14 over the five-day harassment period, but the numbers of geese also declined at control sites over this period and the difference between the control and treatment sites was not significant. The difference in the number of geese counted during the pre-harassment and post-harassment periods was not significant at the control nor treatment sites. The distance of the radio-marked geese from their banding sites peaked during the five-day harassment period for the control sites and during the two weeks prior to the harassment period at the treatment sites. The mean time of harassment was less than 10 minutes for all three testing sites, but the percentage of geese that abandoned sites during harassment varied between the sites. Laser harassment was more effective in reducing goose numbers at night rather than reducing numbers during the day.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox, Khanh, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to examine the influence of age on the orientation of caged White-crowned Sparrows. The birds were tested at nights with the presence of horizontal glow. The birds' s orientation was measured in circular cages and by monitoring their perch-hopping activity in the cage.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird was tested for a total of four nights for 510 minutes each night (2030 h through 0500 h), with the exception of one immature bird that was tested for an extra night. 8 immatures and 14 adults were tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
Adults appeared to orient in a seasonally appropriate direction, while immatures appeared to orient towards the direction of the most intense horizon glow.


StudySummary:
The preferences of 2-week and 6-week old commercial ducklings and turkey poults for four illuminance levels (<1, 6, 20, and 200 lux) were tested in a free-choice test, using an apparatus divided into four compartments with different illuminance levels. After two days of conditioning, video cameras were used to determine the amount of time spent by all birds in each illuminance level, with the location of each bird recorded at 10-minute intervals. For the lowest illuminance levels (<1 lux), infrared light was added to allow video recording.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
4 replicate flocks, each containing 12 birds, were tested in the apparatus for 6 days per flock (2 days of conditioning, 4 days of testing). Each flock was tested twice (once at 2-weeks old, once at 6-weeks old). The illuminance of each compartment was changed daily in a quasi-Latin square design, so each compartment provided each illuminance once over the four days of testing. Their behaviours were recorded for 22 hours each day.

DescriptionOfResults:
Ducklings of both age groups spent the least amount of time in the dimmest light environment and the most time in the three brighter compartments. 2-week old turkeys spent most time in the brightest environment (200 lux), and 6-week old Turkeys spent the most time in 20 lux and 200 lux.


StudySummary:
A vertical cone of white light was directed into the sky during migration as part of an Optical Electronic Device monitoring system to count the number of birds aloft during different wind conditions (following wind, opposing wind, and calm wind) and observe flight trajectories of birds in the cone of light. The first analysis compared the number of birds observed aloft within the light cone during different types of wind. A second analysis conducted separately for each type of wind category, determined which factors (related to weather, lunar phase, and bird size) influenced the probability of occurrence of birds with non-linear flight paths within the light cone.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 112 nights of observation throughout 3 autumn migratory seasons from 2008-2010. The mean hourly rate of traffic over the entire night was used for the analysis comparing the number of birds aloft near light source under varying wind conditions. Only 2 hours (11 pm - 1 am) each night were used for the analysis of factors affecting the probability of occurrence of non-linear flight paths.

DescriptionOfResults:
More birds were observed passing through the light cone during calm conditions than under following or opposing winds, which the authors attribute to bird attraction by light during calm conditions. The highest proportion of non-linear flight paths occurred under calm conditions, though non-linear flight trajectories did occur under all wind conditions. The occurrence probability of birds with non-linear flight paths was higher for small birds, during high humidity levels, and during overcast conditions. Numbers of birds passing under each wind condition are recorded in Table 1. Numbers of straight and curvilinear flight tracks across the light beam are recorded in Table 4.


StudySummary:
The researchers compared the number of nocturnal flight calls in 16 rural areas with artificial lights to flight calls in areas without lights. They also compared the total number of unique species detected. Illumination measurements were taken at each site after nautical sunset with a light meter and nocturnal flight calls were measured with digital recorders mounted 3.5-4.5m atop steel poles attached to trees or posts. The microphones (4 song meters and 4 microphones) were within 1-5m of the light source.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They recorded nocturnal flight calls at 16 locations, each of which contained a "light site" (close to a streetlight or building light) and a "dark site" (no artificial light nearby). They analyzed one night of recordings from each pair of sites, choosing the night with lowest levels of background noise. Recordings for the 16 pairs of sites came from a total of 15 nights. Vocal calls were "recorded between nautical sunset and nautical sunrise (i.e. when the geometric center of the sun is 12 degrees below the horizon)." Illumination was recorded every 30s for 10 minutes within 2 hours after sunset and then used to calculate an average light level.

DescriptionOfResults:
The average number of nocturnal flight calls recorded at sites with artificial lights was 3 times higher than the control site (31 v. 10.5). The number of species did not differ significantly between sites. Authors hypothesize that the increased detections at sites with anthropogenic light could be due to birds changing the migratory route to pass over lit areas, increased call rate, lower flight altitude, or birds remaining longer in lit areas.


StudySummary:
To determine if birds were attracted or disoriented by artificial lights on a tower, the authors observed bird flight path and vocalizations at a television tower with red lights on the night of May 29-30. Birds were visible through the use of an automobile spotlight, the beam reaching the top of the tower. The authors describe aggregations and flight paths of birds in the area.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 observation periods ranging from 2-10 minutes within the same night from 1:24am-5:03am.

DescriptionOfResults:
Study reports a "great number of bird calls heard in the vicinity of the tower." Birds were seen passing the tower through the beam of a spotlight. Study reports seeing the birds flying quickly through the tower, circling the edge of the lighted area and passing through the power again. Author describes birds in the vicinity of the tower were "obviously confused". Up to 51 birds were seen passing through or near the tower in one minute, but very few were observed striking it. No specimens were found the following morning although several birds were heard to have hit the tower. Study also reports that the birds "entered the beam and the tower structure from every possible direction".


StudySummary:
The purpose was to determine if birds were aggregating around a television tower. This was done by assessing and counting bird calls around the base of the tower when red obstruction lights were turned on and off on November 5, 1957 between 3:30 am-5:30 am. They also observed flight behaviours and assessed bird mortality around the base of the tower. Control observations were made at two sites without towers, 1 and 2 miles from the tower.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observation periods of 4-5 minutes taken 5 times at tower with lights on. Control observations were taken 2 times with lights off at tower, once at a site 1 mile from tower, once at a site 2 miles from tower. Observations were made between 3:30am and 5:45am on November 5, 1957.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors observed that more bird call notes were heard at the tower when the lights were on than when the lights were off. More call notes were counted at the tower when the lights were on than at control sites 1 and 2 miles from tower. They also observed birds "fluttering" around the outdoor lights of a transmitter building. Authors found five freshly killed birds in the morning.


AlsoReportedIn:
Schader 2017, Avian Biology Research 2017

StudySummary:
The authors measured aggregations of nocturnal migrants and changes to flight behaviour in response to the bright lights of the September 11th memorial, comparing periods when the lights were on to when they were off. They counted birds using radar and acoustic metrics. They observed bird flight velocities and circling behaviour using radar and visual observations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Lights turned off a total of 22 times for 20 minutes each during the 5 years that data was collected. Each time the light was turned off was 1 replicate.

DescriptionOfResults:
Detected large aggregations of birds when lights were on, with increases in bird density with decreasing distance to light source. Birds dispersed when lights were turned off. Radar and visual observations showed birds circling and decreasing their flight speed in the light beams. In the simulation model that best fit the data, birds were disoriented as far as 1500 m from the light source, and observations could only be explained in the model by including direct flight towards ALAN for disoriented birds.


StudySummary:
There were three objectives outlined in the study, the first was to analyze if long-term population declines of the Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus newelli) reported in previous studies continued 2 decades after the studies were conducted. Second, was to assess if the Hawaiian Petrels (Pterodroma sandwichensis) exhibited similar declines to the Newell's Shearwater. The final objective was to use recent radar data to construct a contemporary distribution of the two species to aid in future conservation planning.  Data were collected from a combination of long-term radar surveys and fledgling fallout data collected over 37 years by the "Save Our Shearwaters" (SOS) program. Citizens are encouraged to bring grounded birds to the Save our Shearwaters aid stations. An analysis was conducted to examine the population trends of both species based on the number of birds recorded using both the radar and SOS program data. In this map, we only report on the results of the Save our Shearwaters program.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected incidentally over a 37 year period by the SOS program. Over the 37 year period, 30,552 Newell's Shearwater fledglings were collected and results for the Hawaiian Petrel were excluded due to low numbers of fledglings collected.

DescriptionOfResults:
The  data collected by the Save Our Shearwaters Program (SOS) mirrors the findings from the radar data as there have been a decrease in fledglings processed per year, which the authors attribute to population declines. During the inauguration of the program in 1980 they were processing an average of 1495 fledglings per year as compared to the average since 2010 of 146 fledglings per year.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of flashing lights combined with mirrors to deter starlings from nesting in starling nest boxes. They placed mirrors and lights inside the boxes in different configurations and counted the number of nest boxes with nests for each treatment. Boxes either had mirrors without lights, mirrors with red-flashing lights, and mirrors with green-flashing lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used 100 starling nest boxes and randomly assigned 25 boxes to each of four treatments; non-mirrored (control), mirrored (internally placed on the back and 2 sidewalls of nest boxes), mirrored with red-flashing lights, and mirrored with green-flashing lights. All nest boxes were inspected on the same day, seven days apart, from the date of opening (23 April) to early July.

DescriptionOfResults:
Control boxes were significantly more likely to have a nest than any of the treatments boxes. Nest were built in 25/25 control boxes, 10/25 mirrors only boxes, 14/25 mirrors+green light boxes, and 18/25 mirrors+red light boxes.


StudySummary:
At the site of FINO 1 (which is brightly lit at night) the researchers used radar, video, microphone, and thermal imaging to quantify bird migration in the North Sea. Their aim was to determine if birds changed their flight altitude when approaching the research platform using a ship radar system installed on FINO 1 with a vertically rotating antenna (data used from 1st October 2003 to 14 November 2004). A second ship radar rotating on FINO 1 was used to determine the flight direction of the birds (data collected from 1 March 2004 - 31 May 2004). The researchers noted all birds found dead when platform was visited , and noted whether they had injuries indicative of collision through examination in the lab.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Researchers made observations with vertical radar for a total of 226 nights between October 2003 and November 2004. On 44 nights when the illuminated platform was visited by researchers, all bird carcasses found were documented and examined in lab to determine their cause of death. A total of 442 bird carcasses were found between October 2003 and December 2004. Furthermore, information in regards to bird flight behaviour and vocalizations was captured (there was some information that was not salvaged as a result of technical issues with the equipment).

DescriptionOfResults:
A total of 442 bird carcasses were found dead at platform between October 2003 and 2004. Very few were emaciated, and about 75% had outwardly apparent injuries. Over 50% of these mortalities occurred during two nights, both characterized by inclement weather (poor visibility and mist or drizzle). Thermal imaging was active on the second of these nights, and showed birds flying "obviously disoriented around the illuminated platform." The flight altitude data from showed that at least 82% of birds maintained their flight altitude while approaching platform. However, it was noted that the birds tend to fly at lower altitudes over the sea in comparison to over land - therefore the lower altitudes at which the birds flew around the platform were justified in that way. Nocturnal migrants in particular tend to lower their flight altitude on darker nights, in headwinds, and/or precipitation. No comparable mortalities or flight path data is available for a non-illuminated platform or open sea.


StudySummary:
The authors conducted a survey to determine if birds were attracted to a gas flare on an oil rig. They counted birds flying near a gas flare next to an oil platform in the North Sea and observed the birds' flight behaviours. They also observed seabirds which appeared to be attracted to the surface of the sea directly below the flare. Weather and wind conditions for each observation period were recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations were made from 22 September - 25 October 1979. 30 minutes observations of bird numbers, behaviours, and calls were initially taken during the late evening or night. After October 1st, 30 minute observations were done starting at 22:30 hours, 00.30, 02.30 and 04.30. A total of 88 watches were completed from 30 September to 25 October.

DescriptionOfResults:
No bird mortalities as a result from the flare were recorded, as "not one bird was ever seen to fly into the flame". Birds in flight (mostly nocturnal migrants) were attracted to the flare during 16 out of 88 watches. 14 of these 16 incidents occurred during misty weather. Seabirds appeared to be attracted to surface of the sea directly below the flare and their behaviour was observed, including foraging and flying behaviour. Lights from the flare illuminated the water surface around the rig, and the authors report that "obviously the feeding phenomenon was directly related to the effect of the flare," though they do not know whether the prey was attracted to the light or if the light made the prey more visible to the gulls.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox, Khanh Ha, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to test Australian Silvereyes' orientation under varying intensities of monochromatic green light (2.1 mW m–2, 7.5 mW m–2, 15.0 mWm–2). They were tested in Emlen Funnels during Southern Spring, when they would typically migrate southward.  Orientation under low intensity green light (2.1 mW/m^2) served as the control condition. Results were compared to similar study previously conducted in Autumn (Wiltschko et al 2000a).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
13 birds were tested in total. Each bird was tested only once per night, and trials began 30-45 minutes before the lights went off in the housing room and lasted ~75 minutes. Birds were subject to 3 different intensities under monochromatic green light: 2.1 mW m–2, 7.5 mW m–2, 15.0 mWm–2. Orientation under low intensity green light (2.1 mW/m^2) served as the control condition

DescriptionOfResults:
At monochromatic green light of 2.1, and 7.5 mW/m^2, birds oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction. At the intensity of 15.0 mW/m^2, they oriented northwesterly. In a previous study in Autumn (Wiltschko et al. 2000a), silvereyes also misoriented towards the northwest, indicating that this is fixed direction misorientation under the influence of monochromatic green light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of magnetoreception by photopigments and based on magnetite.  Migratory European Robins were tested in Emlen funnel under different wavelengths (white light as control, 571 nm green light, and 633 nm red light). Afterwards, the birds were subjected to a strong magnetic pulse designed to alter the magnetization of single domain magnetite. Their ability to orient was measured in an Emlen funnel.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 European robins(juvenile) were tested. They were tested one at a time in funnel cages with correction paper. The tests started after the onset of the dark period and lasted ≈ 1 hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
European Robins under white and 571 nm green light preferred the normal, seasonally appropriate northerly migratory direction. They were disoriented under red 633 nm red light. After a strong magnetic pulse, 11/12 birds showed either 1) a significant change in mean heading 2) a significant change in scatter (increased or decreased) or 3) both.


StudySummary:
This study compared annual mortality at a lighthouse on Lake Erie from 1960-2002, focusing on comparing mortality before and after 1960 when the lighthouse beam was replaced with a narrower, less powerful beam. Mortality data was collected during a standardized 1 hour observational count each morning along a route that runs past the tower. Additional observations for dead birds were conducted on nights when weather conditions favoured the attraction of birds to the lighthouse.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Mean annual kills were assessed for 1960-1989, excluding spring data from 1965-1973. From 1990 and onwards, carcass surveys were performed at dawn most mornings during spring and fall migration in a standardized 1 hour observational period. Spring migration lasted from 6 April - 10 June and fall migration from 13 August - 20 October. Extra effort was made after nights with foggy conditions or dense cloud cover. Overall, 2,347 spring days and 3,801 fall days were covered.

DescriptionOfResults:
Mean bird kills per season were significantly reduced when beam was replaced with a narrower, lower intensity beam for both fall and spring migrations. The number of nights with kills per year was also significantly higher before the change compared to after. Total mortality counts reported for the entire observation period of 42 years is 6,250 in spring and 11,899 in autumn. More deaths were seen in fall due to the prolonged migration season. A total of 121 species were represented, but most were represented by 1-2 individuals.


StudySummary:
The researchers used a spotlight to study response of nocturnal migrations to all combinations of three factors: light colour (red, yellow, green, blue, or white), intensity (half or full), and flashing pattern (flashing or continuous). All possible combinations of these light characteristics were tested, for a total of 20 treatments and periods of darkness as a control. They used thermal imaging cameras to record flying birds and audio recordings to count and identify flight calls with a directional microphone. Video frames from thermal imaging cameras were combined into 60 second composites, showing images of flight tracks. These flight track images were labeled as bird positive (if a bird was detected) or bird negative. The analysis concentrated on nocturnal passerine individuals, so imaged showing large birds or flocks were not included. For each treatment block, the proportion of bird positive images was recorded. Video and panoramic cameras were also used to determine if stars were visible as a way to determine the cloud cover. The moon was not included in the detailed analysis. They used three separate models for analysis: lights on v. off (pooling data from all blocks when lights were on into one category), light variants v. off (each of the 20 combinations of intensity, blinking mode, and colour given a separate encoding and compared to each other and to darkness); and light specification (compared effects of intensity, blinking mode, and light color in a GLMM with dark periods excluded from model).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During night and astronomical twilight (sun 12 degrees below horizon), the 20 light treatments were applied at random for 15 minutes each, with each light block separated by 15 minutes of darkness. In nights shorter than 10 hours, not all light variants could be applied each night.

DescriptionOfResults:
Fewer birds were detected during the blinking light treatments than during the continuous light treatments, and there was no significant difference between flashing lights and dark treatment periods. The only exception was continuous red light, which did not differ from blinking red light. Light intensity did not influence the number of birds detected. Yellow light resulted in lower bird frequency than green, blue and white but only at full intensity.


StudySummary:
The authors were seeking to find and protect any remnant breeding populations of Newell's Shearwaters or Hawaiian Petrel on Oahu. As part of this process, they searched the historical records for sightings of these two species. The historical records included a literature search, interviews with local biologists, and searching the database of bird records at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. They compared the locations of these historical sightings to artificial light levels (using VIIRS satellite data) to determine if there was an association between the sightings and artificial light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There were 14 historical records of Hawaiian Petrels on Oahu, all grounded due and brought to a rehabilitation center since 1991. There were 45 records of Newell's Shearwaters on the island, 26 of which were birds brought to a rehabilitation center.

DescriptionOfResults:
"Historical sightings of both species appeared to be correlated more with high light intensity (100% of observations) than with suitable breeding habitat…Given the highly vagile nature of both species, it is likely that birds nesting anywhere on the island could be attracted to lights, or fallout, at any locations on the island."


StudySummary:
The authors were seeking to find and protect any remnant breeding populations of Newell's Shearwaters or Hawaiian Petrel on Oahu. They used survey data from Kauai and Maui to model suitable habitat conditions, then applied this habitat model to Oahu to predict where the species may be found. They used the habitat suitability model and historical sightings (see study "Young et al. 2019 historical records") to choose points for an acoustic survey conducted in 2016 and 2017. The deployed automatic recording units (ARUs) at locations with high modeled habitat suitability or where the species were previously recorded. They reported the artificial light levels in the locations where Newell's Shearwaters or Hawaiian Petrels were detected in acoustic surveys. They calculated the viewshed from the ARU points to determine if the presence of Newell's Shearwaters or Hawaiian Petrels was related to artificial light levels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
ARUs were successfully deployed at 13 unique survey locations from April-November 2016 (n=3) and 2017 (n=15, 2 overlapped with 2016, 3 failed recordings). Each ARU deployed data each day from sunset to 2 hours after sunset and from 2 hours before sunrise to 0.5 hours before sunrise.

DescriptionOfResults:
The ARUs deployed at sites of historical sightings (most of which had artificial light) did not detect any vocalizations of Newell's Shearwaters or Hawaiian Petrels. The ARUs detected petrels at one site and shearwaters at two sites. In contrast to the historical detections, the two areas with acoustic detections were among the darkest areas on the island, "with little visible light pollution that can attract and confuse birds as they commute to and from the mountains." The authors do not believe that these detection sites represent breeding areas because there weren't consistent acoustic detections across the breeding season.


StudySummary:
A roosting Indian robin was observed exhibiting unusual behaviour by AMK Bharos inside a control room of a 220 kv grid substation in Raipur, India. The robin was sallying to catch flying insects that were attracted to fluorescent lights of the room. Occasionally, a female house sparrow would join the male robin.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This observation occurred on June 29th 1995 from 19:30-21:30. The Indian Robin was observed on 2 more subsequent days exhibiting this foraging behaviour, however the house sparrow was only observed on the 29th.

DescriptionOfResults:
A roosting Indian robin was observed eating flying insects that were around the fluorescent lights of the room. Occasionally, a female house sparrow would join the male robin. This observation occurred on June 29th 1995 from 19:30-21:30. The Indian Robin was observed on 2 more subsequent days exhibiting this foraging behaviour, however the house sparrow was only observed on the 29th.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to compare orientation behaviour of mature and immature Indigo Buntings during migratory restlessness when influenced by horizon glow from the nearby city. They used an Emlen funnel to record the number of hops in each direction.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird was tested for a minimum of four nights and a maximum of seven nights, and each trial lasted from just before sunset until around midnight. 12 immatures and 12 adults were tested. During each night, 6 birds from each age group were used.

DescriptionOfResults:
The adult Indigo Buntings showed seasonally appropriate orientation while the immature Indigo Buntings were oriented in a direction that was similar to the angle of the most intense horizon glow, significantly different from the seasonal norm.


StudySummary:
The authors tested the UV lighting preferences of 18 species at the Lincoln Park Zoo, and whether lighting preferences were related to species' econiches. The 18 species represented were categorized based on their natural light levels: high light dwellers, patchy light dwellers, and circumpolar dwellers. In a free-choice test, the birds' exhibits were divided into two zones, one with standard artificial light (UV-) and one with supplement ultraviolet light (UV+ zone). The authors recorded how much time each individual spent it each zone. It is unclear if this article reports the same experiment as Ross 2001, or if very similar experiments were conducted at different times.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
67 birds of 18 species were tested in their zoo exhibits and each bird was banded for individual identification. It is not clear how many individuals were in each enclosure. One side of each enclosure was illuminated with UV+ for 21 days, then the other side was illuminated for 21 days. This alteration was repeated for a total of 84 days (each side illuminated with UV light for two 21 day periods). Data on the bird locations were collected every 30 seconds for 15-minute sessions (30 observations per individual per session). A total of 16 hours of data were collected for each bird, with observations balanced between morning (08:00 - 11:00 h) and afternoon (14:00 - 17:00 h) sessions.

DescriptionOfResults:
High light dwellers and circumpolar birds showed a preference for the UV+ side of their enclosure. The patchy light birds did not show a preference.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Amna Akhtar, Megan Diep, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
From Sept 21st to 29th 1888, an observational study was conducted to determine the effect of the electric lights of Milwaukee Exposition Tower on bird mortality, aggregations, and flight pattern. The author compared the number of adults and juvenile bird mortalities by collecting carcasses. He observed behaviours visually. Bird aggregations or behaviour on nights were not studied when lights were not illuminated.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The author reported the weather conditions everyday from Sept 20th to 29th, and collected data about bird behaviour and/or collected carcasses on all nights except the 20th-21st (when the weather was mild) and the 25th-26th (when the lights were off). Carcasses on the roof and eave troughs were only counted/collected during the mornings from Sept 20th to 26th. Flight patterns and behaviours were observed only in the evenings from Sept 27th to 29th. Out of 40 species collected only 4 adult birds were found.

DescriptionOfResults:
Carcasses on the roof were collected from Sept 22-26, and on each of these nights he found "lots of dead birds" around the tower. Out of all of the birds collected, only 4 adults birds were found. From the 27-29th, the weather was rainy and the author did not report large aggregations of birds and none were found dead on the morning of the 29th. On rainy nights, he noted that "they merely circled around the tower once or twice and passed on." While warblers appeared to fly directly at the light, Thrushes "were flying aimlessly around the lights, but never getting very close, nor flying directly at the light." Most birds were killed by electric wires. Others died by flying into artificial lights.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the report was to decrease the number of casualties by attracting birds from the lighthouse beams by drawing them to turf that is lit up by the decoy floodlights, drawing them away from the lighthouse. The decoy floodlights were set up 150 meters east of the lighthouse. Birds have long been known to be attracted to the lighthouse beam and were also attracted to a light shining on a microwave dish on the lighthouse balcony that was installed in 1989. There was no systematic monitoring of the number of birds attracted to the lighthouse before and after the installation of the floodlights, so most of the data were descriptive rather than quantitative. The behavior of the birds was observed in different weather conditions including clear and windy days in the presence of the decoy floodlights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations of birds were collected from 1978 to 1989. Detailed weather reports were collected between 1978 and 1982, and in 1989.

DescriptionOfResults:
Fatal attraction to the lighthouse beam was recorded since the beginning of the century. The floodlights were effective at drawing thrushes and starlings out of the lighthouse beams, but had limited effect on warblers and no effect on shearwaters or waders. According to weather observations recorded for "ten large October/November attractions", in extremely poor conditions such as in the presence of heavy rain and strong wind in the range of 5-8 the number of birds drawn to the floodlights was low across all species. In 1989 the number of casualties went up due to the microwave transmitter dish on the NE corner of the balcony because it was emitting light that "seemed to attract birds (particularly redwings)."


StudySummary:
The researchers compared avian fatalities for 20 day periods during May and September 2005 at towers lit with different combinations of red, and white, continuous, and flashing lights. These systems included: white strobe lights only; red strobe-like lights only; red, flashing, incandescent lights only; and red, strobe-like lights combined with non-flashing, steady burning, red lights. They randomly selected 21 towers from ~150 Michigan Public Safety Communications System towers within the 116-146 m height category. They randomly assigned treatments to each tower and modified tower lights to study specifications. In 2005, the towers were searched for carcasses from 10–29 May and 7–26 September before dawn using transect surveys, which covered a radius that was 90% of the tower height.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Towers with either treatment were searched at dawn during 20 days of spring (May) migration and 20 days in fall (September) migration (total 40 days). Number of replicates for each treatment were as follows. White strobes: 6 towers, 3 with guy lines, 3 without guy lines. Red strobe-like: 6 towers, 3 with guy lines, 3 without guy lines. Red flashing incandescent: 6 towers, 3 with guy lines, 3 without guy lines. Red flashing and continuous: 6 towers, all with guy lines, 3 were between 116-146m, 3 were >= 305 m tall.

DescriptionOfResults:
Towers lit with only flashing lights had significantly fewer mortalities than combinations of flashing and non-flashing lights. There was no significant difference between towers lit with white flashing lights v. red flashing lights. They also determined that the towers with flashing lights had significantly fewer mortalities that the towers that were lit with the FAA lighting systems (combo of red flashing and red non-flashing lights).


StudySummary:
To study the factors influencing mortality of Cory's Shearwater fledglings in the Canary Islands, the authors report on recoveries of dead or injured birds. The authors report on all fledglings found alive or dead in Tenerife and all fledglings found dead in Valle de Gumar in 2009 and 2010.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 2749 fledglings were found on Tenerife over the two year period (984 in 2009 and 1765 in 2010). For Valle de Guimar, a total of 265 fledglings were found with 97 being found during the 2009 season and 168 for 2010.

DescriptionOfResults:
A total of 2749 fledglings were grounded between 2009 and 2010. More than twice as many were recorded in 2010, when full moon did not coincide with mean fledging date. The authors note that this information can be used to predicted periods of high grounding to allow rescue campaigns to prepare for upcoming events.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh, Jacquelyn, Jacqueline, Khanh, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
They studied the orientation responses of birds under 3 different light wavelengths (blue, green, red) at low intensities and then 2 wavelengths (blue, indigo) at high intensities. They also studied orientation responses in the presence and absence of a radio-frequency magnetic electromagnetic field (RF-field) under the five different artificial light conditions. Zebra Finches were put in a 4-arm plus maze with an applied directional Earth-strength magnetic field to determine if they were able to orient in a trained compass direction. Researchers recorded unit vectors, mean orientation, and axial orientation using video and custom tracking software.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Between 2014-2016, 54 birds used in the study. Equal amounts of finches were tested in each cardinal direction for 60 seconds under one intensity and light wavelength. 32 were retrained and tested under a different (higher) intensity. 18-21 tests were performed for each condition.

DescriptionOfResults:
Green light at low intensity and indigo light at high intensity resulted in significant axial orientation along the trained magnetic compass direction. Blue light at low intensity resulted in non-significant axial orientation along the trained compass direction. Red light at low intensity resulted in fixed unimodal orientation ~45 deg clockwise to the trained magnetic direction" Finches in blue light at high intensity were "totally disorientated." The addition of an radio-frequency electro-magnetic field resulted in disorientation under all light conditions.


StudySummary:
Author reports on several mortality events and about mortality at North Sea gas flares (see Description of Replicates for details about these events). Author talked to oil rig workers to investigate the mortality of "migrating birds falling victim to gas flares on drilling rigs". He used eyewitness accounts and collected data on the bird species that died. Author investigated cover ups and rumours by oil companies.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1973 - author looked into the report where "several hundred storm-petrels were incinerated in a gas flare on a drilling rig in Shetland waters". 1973 - "hundreds of birds had flown into the flames of gas flares and had been killed"; author received information from employees working in Ekofisk Field. 1975 - "hundreds of birds had burnt to death on a Shell rig in the North Sea"; author received information from a Shell employee. October 1976 - author received information about "incinerated starlings" and mortality rates of other birds on Mobil's Beryl A platform from employees. 1977 - author received information about the mortality of birds over the North Sea during migratory movements

DescriptionOfResults:
The author interviewed workers and reported eyewitness accounts detailing that a "large number of birds have been killed because of gas flares in the North Sea." Birds were observed circling and flying into the flames. Many were found dead on oil platforms and in the sea. Most of the birds killed were nocturnally migrating landbirds and "80% of birds killed were starlings, redwings and waders." One instance of mass storm-petrel mortality was recorded in Shetlands. The author noted that these events mostly occurred on "moist foggy" nights, and in one instance most of the mortality occurred between 2300 and 2400 hours. 


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Fares Mandour, Megan Diep, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) was observed by the authors and co-observers preying on a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) in Hokkaido, northern Japan, before dawn. There were limited lamps and car traffic near the observation point, and it was not an evenly lit area suggesting peregrine falcons can forage well in non-urban habitats under low light conditions. The light at the observation point was estimated as <1.0 lux and the nearest artificial light was about 12 meters from the observation point.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The observation was made on 13 January 2013 about 40 minutes before sunrise from 06:22 - 06:40. One juvenile female peregrine falcon's foraging behaviour of an adult female mallard duck was being recorded in Hokkaido, Japan.

DescriptionOfResults:
A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) was observed by the authors and co-observers preying on a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) in Hokkaido, northern Japan, before dawn. There was sparse street lamps and car traffic near the observation point, however it was not an evenly lit area suggesting peregrine falcons can forage well in non-urban habitats under low light conditions as well. The lighting was a combination of car lights from the nearby National Route 5, as well as lamp post ~12m away. This area is a more rural setting, so there is some urban light influence but it is much less than a traditional Japanese urban setting. Car headlights and camera flashing did not impact its behaviour, only a truck running through made the falcon stand aside temporarily.


StudySummary:
The authors were observing the end time of European Blackbirds' (Turdus merula) foraging activities in Leipzig, Germany in four sites. They choose four sites that were similar to each other in habitat characteristics, size, and human disturbance, but maximized the difference in artificial light levels. They quantified artificial light levels using an index of street lamp density based on municipal illumination data (including streetlamps and spotlights of historic buildings). They began observations at 30 minute before sunset and counted the maximum number of birds foraging at the observation site per observation day (bird count) and noted the time when last bird left the observation site. They modelled the end time relative to sunset with, habitat (center v. forest), cloud cover, maximum bird count, and Julian date as predictor variables. The authors attributed the effect of habitat (center v. forest) on end time to differences in artificial light levels because the sites were chosen to be as similar as possible in other respects.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They recorded when foraging activity ended in Blackbirds on 35 days between Match and July. Observation periods started 30 minutes before sunset, foraging activity was marked as ended when no more blackbirds appeared in a certain area for 10 minutes. Foraging was defined as any of these activities: 1) digging or pecking for food items on the ground, 2) hurling aside foliage, and 3) observing the surface with head cocked.

DescriptionOfResults:
At the center sites, which had more artificial illumination, the Blackbirds foraged significantly longer than at the forest sites. The authors attribute this difference to artificial light because the sites were chosen to be as similar as possible in other respects. At the beginning of the observation period (March), city birds foraged almost 50 minutes later than forest birds. After one month, as the natural daylength increased, this difference shrank to just a few minutes.


StudySummary:
The authors tested the UV lighting preferences of 18 species at the Lincoln Park Zoo, and whether lighting preferences were related to species' econiches. The 18 species represented were categorized based on their natural light levels: high light dwellers, patchy light dwellers, and circumpolar dwellers. In a free-choice test, the birds' exhibits were divided into two zones, one with standard artificial light (UV-) and one with supplement ultraviolet light (UV+ zone). The authors recorded how much time each individual spent it each zone. It is unclear if this article reports the same experiment as Ross 2013, or if very similar experiments were conducted at different times.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
70 birds of 18 species were tested in their zoo exhibits and each bird was banded for individual identification. It is not clear how many individuals were in each enclosure. One side of each enclosure was illuminated with UV+ for 21 days, then the other side was illuminated for 21 days. This alteration was repeated for a total of 84 days (each side illuminated with UV light for two 21 day periods). Data on the bird locations were collected every 30 seconds for 15-minute sessions (30 observations per individual per session). A total of 16 hours of data were collected for each bird, for a total of 400 hours of observations. Observations were balanced  between morning (08:00 - 11:00 h) and afternoon (14:00 - 17:00 h) sessions.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was an overall preference for the UV+ side of the enclosure for birds in all three econiche categories (high light dwellers, patchy light dwellers, and circumpolar dwellers).


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if young pigeons (less than 12 weeks old) could use magnetic information gathered during transport under artificial light conditions to return to their home location. Pigeons were transported away from homing site in light-tight boxes illuminated by different wavelengths of light (Experimental: red or green, Control: White or darkness). Once released, their orientation relative to home location (vanishing bearings and mean vectors of groups) was measured as well as their time of return.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
All test birds were younger than 12 weeks. Birds were released one at a time and observed until they vanished from sight. The vanishing bearings and time until vanishing was recorded. 35 birds were transported under green light conditions on three different days to the release location. Sample sizes for red, white, and darkness were 44, 25, and 38, respectively.

DescriptionOfResults:
The behaviour of pigeons transported under white and green light is significantly different from pigeons transported under red light or in darkness. Pigeons transported under 565nm green light and white light oriented towards home whereas pigeons transported under 630-660nm red light and in darkness were disoriented in their travels to home. No statistical difference between white or green light samples, nor between red light or in darkness samples. Homing success was generally low among all samples.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacqueline Yang,  Khanh Ha, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
This study tests the orientation responses of migratory robins under 502nm turquoise light during spring and autumn migrations at two different light intensities, in an inverted magnetic field (horizontal or vertical inverted) or under a weak oscillating electromagnetic field. Robins were tested in funnel-shaped cages with coated paper that could record scratches left on it. Orientation (grand mean vector and angle of differences) of the birds were measured.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It is unclear how many birds were tested in total or how many times each bird was used. 64 trials were conducted at each light intensity (low and high), with 16 trials occurring autumn and 48 occurring in spring. The autumn trials were conducted only in the normal geomagnetic field. In the spring, some trials were conducted with the vertical (n = 12) or horizontal (n=12 for low light intensity, n=0 for high light intensity) components of the magnetic field reversed, or in the presence of an oscillating electromagnetic field (n=12).

DescriptionOfResults:
Under low-intensity turquoise light, the birds were able to properly orient during both the spring and autumn migrations. Under high-intensity turquoise light, the birds disoriented to the North regardless of the season (fixed direction misorientation). When the researchers reversed the vertical component of the magnetic field, but not the horizontal component, birds under low-intensity light reversed their orientation, indicating that they were using an inclination-based compass. Birds under high-intensity light reversed their orientation when the horizontal component of the magnetic field was reversed, but not when the vertical component was reversed, indicating that they were using a polarity-based compass. The presence of a broad-band oscillating magnetic field disoriented birds under low-intensity light, but did not affect the birds' fixed direction misorientation under high-intensity light.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Khanh Ha, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study tested the effect of different wavelengths of monochromatic light on directional orientation of the Garden warbler by recording their hops in Emlen funnel with coated paper. Blue, green, red, and yellow lights were used as experimental lighting, with "white" light served as the control. Study's purpose was to see at which wavelength magnetic orientation is no longer possible for Garden warblers.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Experiments were performed from 15 August to 16 October 1994. Tests started at the end of the daylight period and each lasted 75 minutes. 12 warblers were subjected once each to a control (white light) and four treatments (blue, green, red, and yellow lights).

DescriptionOfResults:
There is a wavelength dependency in migratory orientation. Southerly (seasonal) orientation was preferred in white (control), blue and green light, but no preference was seen under yellow-orange and red light. Birds were disoriented under yellow-orange and red light, starting at wavelengths of 590nm and longer.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Riya Mangukia, Jared Randall, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Preferences for combinations of heat and light intensity were tested for 3200 male Ross broiler chicks. They chicks were randomly put into eight rooms that varied based on light and heat distributions (uniform vs spot). They were assessed for the first two weeks of life and then weeks 3-5. The clustering behaviour and preference of location within the room were measured.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
3200 male Ross broiler chicks; total sample was allocated into eight rooms or groups and were measured at 0-14 days and 15-35 days. The 8 rooms were assigned combinations of heat treatments (uniform or spot) and light treatments (uniform or spot) such that each combination of treatments was replicated twice from 0 to 14 days. At day 15, the heaters were switched to off in all of the rooms and the light intensity treatments were interchanged so that they switched from uniform to spot (or vice versa) in 4 of the rooms, but remained constant in the other 4 the rooms.

DescriptionOfResults:
In the control treatment (uniform light and heat), the birds showed no preferences for any locations within the room. In the spot heat/spot light treatment, they clustered around the heater and light source in the center of the room. Birds in other combinations of heat/light showed an intermediate pattern of clustering behaviour. Birds in the uniform heat/spot light treatment initially preferred the center of the room, but showed less preference over time. Birds were attracted most strongly to the spot light and less to the spot heat, and there was no evidence of interaction between the two treatments. The attractive effect of the spotlight weakened linearly with time.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Kyle Tibayan, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if broiler and layer strain chicks at two and six weeks old showed any preferences among a range of different light intensities. The different light intensity treatments used were 6, 20, 60, and 200 lux. A free-choice test in a four-chambered testing apparatus was used. The total time spent in compartments with different light intensities was measured by recording birds' locations for one minute at 15-minute intervals over 23 hours each day.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Four groups of 12 birds for each strain (broiler and layer) were tested. One group of 12 birds of each strain was tested each week, at 2 and 6 weeks old, over 8 consecutive weeks. Each group of 12 birds was kept in the four compartments for 6 days at each age. The first 2 days were for conditioning while the remaining 4 days were for testing. Data was collected for one minute in 15-minute intervals for 23 hours of each testing day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total time spent in the different compartments differed significantly according to light intensity, and the effect of light intensity was dependent on age. The 2-week old birds spent the most time in the brightest light intensity (200 lux) and the least time in the dimmest light intensity (6 lux). The 6-week old birds spent the most time in the dimmest light intensity (6 lux) and the least amount of time in the brightest light intensity (200 lux). The oldest birds (6-weeks old) preferred dim lighting when exhibiting inactive or relatively inactive behaviour.


StudySummary:
The ability of Australian Silvereyes to orient in their seasonal migratory direction was tested under different light conditions, including red, blue, green and white light as control. Their orientation was measured using distribution of scratches on typewriter corrector paper in funnel cages.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
22 birds were tested in this study. Birds were tested one at a time. It is not clear how many times each bird was tested in each condition. "From the 22 birds tested, 11 contributed between 3 and 6 headings to each test condition."

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were able to orient in their seasonally appropriate movements under blue and green light whereas under red light, they showed disorientation. Under 'white', blue, and green light, the birds hopped predominantly NNE in migratory orientation but they were unable to find any clusters in directional preferences under red light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which fledging Cory Shearwater's were attracted to and grounded by artificial light. The research team banded birds at the colonies and banded grounded birds before re-releasing them at the colonies. Grounded birds were collected by rescue campaigns conducted by local governments and NGOs. Some of the banded birds were also tagged with GPS loggers. The light pollution levels at the colonies, at the grounding sites, and in the flight paths of the GPS tagged birds were measured using satellite imagery. To determine if fledgling seabirds were attracted to light, the authors calculated several response variables: 1) the light pollution levels at the grounding site, 2) the light pollution levels at the grounding sites and relative to the bird's colony, 3) the relationship between light pollution level at the grounding site and the flight distance from the colony to the grounding site, and 4) the proportion of banded birds recovered from the dark sky colonies compared to the light-polluted colonies.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 279 fledglings were banded, 110 from natural nests in breeding colonies (first fliers), and 169 from recovered grounded fledglings(second fliers). Of these 269 fledglings, 157 were tagged with GPS data loggers (63 first fliers and 94-second fliers). They retrieved GPS data from 5 of the first fliers and 13 of the second fliers.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors conclude the light pollution attracts fledglings seabirds on their first voyage out to sea, and rarely attracts fledglings at sea back inland. Most of the birds rescued were found in light-polluted areas with light pollution levels greater than 18 nW/sr*cm^2. Light pollution levels were higher at the grounding sites than at the colonies. Flight distance was positively related to the difference in radiance values between the colonies and ground locations; the brighter the grounding location relative to the colony, the farther the fledglings flew to get to the grounding location. They recovered a lower proportion of birds from dark sky colonies than from light polluted colonies, but light pollution within a 3km radius of the colony was not included in the top model explaining grounding rates. All grounded birds were found at lower elevations than their nesting colonies and at locations that were less than 16 km away from their colonies. Because all of the tracked birds were grounded the same night they left their burrows and were found within 16 km of their nesting colonies, the authors conclude that fledglings are not typically attracted back to land by the lights once they reach the sea. Most of the grounded fledglings encountered light pollution at their nesting colonies or on their flight to the sea.


StudySummary:
This article notes the foraging behaviours and territorial displays of various bird species around artificial light in Spain. Robins and Black Redstarts were observed claiming and maintaining territories 90 minutes before sunrise using artificial light. Blackbirds use artificial light before sunrise for territoriality and for foraging food. Pallid and Common Swifts were observed feeding near street lights up to 120 minutes past sunset. Pipistrelle bats were also seen feeding with the Pallids and Swifts. The article focuses on a Spotted Flycatcher was seen feeding on insects near streetlights many times in July and October-November 1998. On July 1st, the flycatcher was observed feeding after sunset but from October 17th-November 11th the bird was observed both before sunrise and after sunset. The author notes that the Spotted Flycatcher was not observed perching or foraging in the area during the day.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On July 1st, the flycatcher was observed feeding after sunset but from October 17th -November 11th the bird was observed both before sunrise and after sunset. This occurred around 60-80 minutes before sunrise and after sunset. The longest amount of foraging after dark was 235 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Robins and Black Redstarts were observed claiming and maintaining territories 90 minutes before sunrise using artificial light. Blackbirds use artificial light before sunrise for territoriality and for foraging food. Pallid and Common Swifts were observed feeding near street lights up to 120 minutes past sunset. The article focuses on a Spotted Flycatcher was seen feeding on insects near streetlights many times in July and October-November 1998. On July 1st, the flycatcher was observed feeding after sunset but from October 17th-November 11th the bird was observed both before sunrise and after sunset, but not observed during the day. The longest amount of foraging after dark was 235 minutes.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if night-migrating birds responded differently to a bright white source depending on background illumination. An Optical Electronic Device (OED) provided bright white light cone pointing upwards and an optical system that detected birds aloft within the cone. They compared the shape of the birds' flight paths (classified linear,  weakly curved, strongly curved, and broken tracks with apparent circling) at an observation site in St. Petersburg (with urban lighting) to an observation site at the Courish Spit (with very little background illumination). 

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In St. Petersburg, they used the OED imaging data on 403 small passerines and 149 thrushes obtained during 56 nights of observations in 2011. At the Courish Spit, they used the data on 3841 small passerines and 2696 thrushes obtained during 93 nights of observation from 2008-2010. At the Courish Spit, they detected birds between 100-1000 meters above ground level, but could only detect birds up to 600 meters agl in St. Petersburg due to light pollution and the quality of the images was lower.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study found that at both sites small songbirds showed a significantly higher response to the cone of light than thrushes. The study also found that both thrushes and small songbirds showed a significantly higher response in the Courish Spit than in St. Petersburg. These results may be due to the "white light beam [being] less apparent against the background of the already light-polluted urban sky."


StudySummary:
Banding stations in the Jinshan Yakou and Niaowang Mountains of Southwest China take advantage of the birds' attraction to lights to draw them into the mist nets. The authors investigated how various factors affected the number of birds caught in the mist nets, including migratory season, moon phase, and two weather condition (mist and wind).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Surveys at Jinshan Yakou Ringing Station used 1 mist-net and 1 yellow halogen lamp facing the bird migratory direction. At the Niaowang Mountain Ringing Station, surveys were conducted using 2 mist-nets and 2 yellow halogen lamps, with 1 net/lamp on the North slope and 1 on the south slope. Surveys were conducted for all 4 seasons from 2006-2009. The seasons were defined as Spring (middle March to early May, when birds migrate North), Summer (mid-May to late August, when birds breed), Autumn (early September to early November, when birds migrate South), and Winter (from early December to early March when birds overwinter). There was one period of 8 nights in August 2006 when no lights were used at the Jinshan Yakou station due to power failure.  A total of 5069 birds, consisting of 129 species, were capture by mist-netting and artificial lights.

Data collected at the Jinshan Yakou station in Autumn 2006 were used to study the effects of the 3 moon phases and 2 climate variables (mist and wind) on bird migration. Additional data on the effects of wind direction were obtained from surveys at the Niaowang Mountain station for 16 nights in Sept 2009.

DescriptionOfResults:
A total of 5069 birds, belonging to 129 species, were captured during four seasons in Jinshan Yakou of the Ailao Mountains. There was a significantly higher number of birds captured in spring and autumn compared to summer and winter where only 1 bird was captured. In 2006 autumn, the majority of the birds were captured during the waxing moon and the fewest number of birds captured was during the full moon. Most of the birds were captured on a misty night with a wind blowing SW. The data shows that nights with a headwind resulted in a significantly higher capture of birds then nights with a tailwind. At the Niaowang Mountain, the results show that most of the birds were captured on the north-facing slope facing the direction of bird migration. "Most of the birds captured on the south-facing slope were netted on the misty nights with a north wind when birds’ migration followed the wind" (see Figure 2). The researchers did not record the effects of the moon phase, seasons, and mist on the bird captures at the Niaowang Mountain.


StudySummary:
The authors observed the attraction of migrant birds to light sources, including car headlights and a spotlight. In October 1980 they attempted to "attract migrants using four 45 W (12 V) vehicle lights on the ENE-facing Erkowit escarpment".  In 1982, two car headlights and a spotlight were used at Erkowit. The authors noted the number and species of birds that were attracted to the lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1980 experiments were conducted in early October and the total number of observations nights is not reported. Authors note that only three birds were caught, and they were caught on four consecutive misty nights, indicating that they conducted the experiment for more than four nights. The 1982 experiment lasted for one night, 17/18 October, and lasted from at least 18:00 on October 17 - 04:00 on October 18. They caught 17 birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
In early October 1980 there were unsuccessful attempts at attracting nocturnal migrants. The authors captured 3 birds in total during four consecutive misty nights. Many more migrants were attracted during October 17-18, 1982, which was a night with thick mist and no moon. 17 birds were caught during the first two hours of full darkness (18:00 - 20:00), and none were caught later in the night. The lack of birds later at night "implies that migrants on flights originating on the Arabian side of the Red Sea were not attracted down, and perhaps flew at a greater height."


StudySummary:
The objective of the study is to record the flight behaviour and orientation of European Starlings under four lighting regimes including "Light" (1400 lux), "dim" (1.2 lux), "dark" (no light), and "reference" (with a luminescent strip midway up the front screen to represent the horizon). Test birds were released into a chamber with full light (1400 lux) and the light regime was changed to the treatment condition 10-15 seconds into the trial. The researchers maintained constant lighting conditions from 15s to the end of each trial. The trials for each regime were videotaped using an IR video camera. The study was conducted in a wind-tunnel laboratory and the birds used in the study were not migratory. The researchers measured the number of times each bird took off during each trial and the method of landing (controlled, crashed, or drifted into walls).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
To acclimate to the chamber, wild-caught Starlings were flown in the tunnel 4 times a week with the full room lighting for 6 weeks. Birds that consistently flew for more than 1 minute were selected for the study. 12 birds were tested in each condition, and each was tested once. Each trial lasted for 60sec.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control "light" condition, the birds flapped and glided and rarely landed. In the "dim" trials, a few birds landed but most continued to fly. In the "dark" condition, all of the birds landed and none took off again. In the "reference" condition, most of the birds landed, and several took off again. Starlings in the "dark" condition (with no horizon reference) differed from those in the "reference" condition (with the luminescent strip as a horizon reference) by an increased rate of flapping and lowered feet during flight, and a reluctance to take off again. In all of the conditions, the method of landing was controlled or drift into walls, with very few birds crash landing.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Carrie Ann Adams, Jacqueline Yang, Khanh Ha

StudySummary:
This study investigated whether dusk-orientation involves a time-compensating mechanism based on photoperiod, the authors manipulated the photoperiod in which the birds were housed, shifting by either 3 hour fast (in 1986) or slow (in 1987 and 1988) with respect to natural day. They tested each bird in both a control condition (housed in natural photoperiod) and treatment condition (housed in clock-shifted photoperiod). They tested the birds' orientation in Emlen funnels on clear and overcast evenings at local sunset on a rooftop, with no artificial light treatment during the orientation experiments and no direct view of the setting sun. An air conditioner in the building caused fluctuations in the geomagnetic field, so the birds could not use magnetoreception to orient.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Spring 1986: 12 birds tested in the control condition (natural photoperiod) a total of 57 times. The same birds were then retrained to a different photoperiod (3-hours fast) and tested again, a total of 56 times.

Spring 1987/1988: 20 birds tested in control condition (natural photoperiod) a total of 112 times. The same birds were then retrained to a different photoperiod (3-hours slow) and tested again, a total of 94 times.
Tests lasted app. 1 hour and ended when stars became visible.

DescriptionOfResults:
The fast-shifted birds oriented NW, 41 degrees anticlockwise compared to the orientation of the same birds under the natural photoperiod. Birds in the slow-shift experiment also changed their orientation to along the Eastern axis, and there was a significant increase in scatter, which was not seen in the 3-hour fast shift experiment. In the control trials, birds oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction on clear evenings, but were disoriented on overcast evenings.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to test European Robin's orientation under monochromatic green light (565nm) in Autumn and Spring. Tests were performed in the local geomagnetic field and with the vertical component of the geomagnetic field inverted. All testing took place in Emlen funnels lined with typewriter correction paper to record the number of hops in each direction . The "spring" tests were conducted in January and February, but the photoperiod was altered to induce migratory restlessness in the birds similar to the behaviours they display in spring. The "autumn" tests were conducted in the month of October, after the birds had had a period of 2–4 weeks to get accustomed to captivity.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Eleven robins were tested in both spring and autumn sessions, each bird three times under each of the three conditions. The tests lasted approximately 75 minutes. The three different conditions are, autumn 2000 with local geomagnetic field, spring 2001 with local geomagnetic field, and spring 2001 with vertical component of magnetic field inverted.

DescriptionOfResults:
The robins preferred their seasonally appropriate migratory direction in the local geomagnetic field. During autumn testing, the robins showed significant directional preference of their natural migratory direction slightly west of south. During the following spring conditions, they preferred their ideal migratory direction slightly east of north. When the vertical component of the geomagnetic field was reversed however, the robins altered their directional preferences by 175 degrees as compared to their preference in the local geomagnetic field, indicating that they use an inclination compass, not a polarity compass.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if altering the photoperiod would stimulate American Crows to migrate North instead of South in Autumn. The "working hypothesis" for this experiment assumed that the day-length controls the reproductive organs (gonads) which in turn produces hormones that affect the inauguration of north and south migratory passages. The caged birds were then exposed to artificial light in the winter to stimulate increasing day-length, and released to determine whether or not they would follow a seasonally appropriate migration pattern (southward). The crows were banded, released, then advertised for Albertan residents to hunt them on Thanksgiving Day and return the banded ones to researchers.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
69 birds and 14 birds were put into experimental and control groups respectively. After releasing the birds, 15 of the experiment group stayed in the release area and 54 left. In the control group, 6 remained in the release site and 8 departed. After the hunting session, 28 were reported killed and 26 remained unknown from the experimental group and 6 were killed and 2 remained unaccounted from the control group.

DescriptionOfResults:
The crows receiving artificial light treatment may have migrated Northward (seasonally inappropriate direction), but most of the birds were never recovered. Of the 52 experimental birds that left the release area, 28 were recovered. 12 were found locally, 8 south or Southeast, and 8 North or Northwest. Of the 8 control birds that left the release area, 6 were recovered. 2 were found locally and 4 were found in the Southeast. Because few of the experimental birds were found in the South, where hunting efforts were concentrated, the authors believe that most of the Experimental birds must have gone North, which was relatively undeveloped. A Flock of 15 crows was observed in Peace River, North of Edmonton, 9 days after the release, and it remained there through the winter. No one was able to shoot any of these birds to confirm that they were the experimental birds.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jared Randall, Kyle Tibayan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to conclude the light type preference of 14 weeks old Lohmann white chicks. There were 3 different rearing treatments: 8 hours of incandescent and 16 hours of darkness (A8), 16 hours of incandescent and 8 hours of darkness (A16), and 8 hours of natural light and 16 hours of darkness (N8). These treatments were used in a previous study, which was excluded for the purpose of this study. This was a free-choice test. The test pen contained a compartment with natural light and a compartment with incandescent light. The number of birds in each compartment were counted using video cameras and scan sampling. Gunnarsson et al. 2008 also reports on this study, but does not report on the A16 treatment

DescriptionOfReplicates:
126 14 week old chicks were tested in 18 groups of 7. The data was recorded every 5 minutes using video recording and scan sampling. They were habituated for 16 hours in darkness and the first 2 hours of test periods before observations. Observation periods were from 9:05 to 10:45. Then, the light conditions were swapped and tested from 1:05 to 2:45.

DescriptionOfResults:
All birds entered the natural light compartment at least once. The incandescent group was more likely to choose natural light over the natural light group. The incandescent group had a preference for natural light, but the natural light group did not have a preference. There was no information given about the group that received 16 hours of incandescent light prior to this experiment.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Riya Mangukia, Emily Hajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study was conducted to assess the preferences of peahens in roosting under artificial night lighting ('direct light') or way from the light ('low light') in a free choice test. Two roosts were provided on opposite sides of the pen, both with LED lights directly above the roosts. One of the roosts was illuminated during each trial, while the other remained dark. The birds were recorded continuously throughout the night using infrared camcorders to record the amount of time spent at each roost.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Eight trials were conducted with eight different birds, with each trial lasting one night. Which roost was illuminated was randomized across trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a strong preference to roost away from artificial lighting. All peahens chose to roost under low light rather than high artificial light.


StudySummary:
The study assessed whether Peahens preferred to roost under low levels of artificial light v. darkness. Their cage was divided in half by black plastic, with a small opening allowing birds to move between the two sections. There was a wooden sawhorse roost on each side of the cage with a light source suspended from the roof 4.5 meters away from the roost. One of the lights was turned on during each trial (randomized across trials).  The birds were recorded continuously throughout the night using infrared camcorders. The birds did not move throughout the night, so the authors determined where each bird spent the whole night (in the 'no light' v. 'low light') areas. They also determined whether this choice was consistent across the two nights within each trial.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested 16 different peahens in individual trials that lasted 2 nights each.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no preferences between roosting under low light and no artificial light at all. They found that most birds chose to roost in the same location the first and second night of the study.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh Ha, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study was run to determine if different UV light conditions can activate the magnetoreception of European Robins allowing them to correctly orient in the migratory direction. Birds were tested in an Emlen funnel with a monochromatic LED light source attached to the top of the funnel. Treatments involved varying intensities of UV light (0.3, 2.8 or, 5.7mW/m^2) alone and in combination with yellow light (585nm). The birds were also tested under three control light conditions in which they are known to orient appropriately (5W white light, turquoise light, and green light). The birds' orientation was also tested with radio frequencies added, with their beaks anesthetized, and with the vertical component of the magnetic field inverted.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In Autumns, 32 birds were tested in each treatment (control white, UV 0.3, UV 2.8 mW/m2) and 12 were tested in control green. In Spring, 24 birds were tested in each treatment (UV 0.3, UV 2.8mW/m2), 12 birds were tested in the UV 5.7mW/m2 treatment, and 12 birds were tested in each control condition (white, turquoise, and green). 12 birds were tested under UV lights at 0.3 mW/m^2 in each interference treatment (vertical component of the magnetic field inverted, radiofrequency added, and beak anesthetized). For the combination treatments of UV and yellow light, 12 birds were tested in each condition (control green, UV 0.3 mW/m^2 + yellow, UV 2.8 + yellow, UV 2.8 + yellow + radiofrequency added, and UV 2.8 + yellow + beak anesthetized). Each bird was tested 3 times in each condition. It is unknown if birds were reused between treatments. 

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control treatment and under low-intensity UV-light (0.3 mW/m^2), the robins correctly oriented north in the spring and south in the autumn. The birds whose beaks were anesthetized continued to orient correctly in the low-intensity UV-light treatment, indicating that magnetite-based receptors in the beak were not involved in orientation. Under higher intensity UV light (2.8 mW/m2), they showed axial misorientation along the North-East axis in both spring and autumn. At 5.7 mW/m2, they oriented along the North-South axis in the spring. Under the combination of UV with yellow light, they misoriented West in a fixed direction response. When their beaks were anesthetized or a radio frequency was added, this fixed direction response changed to disorientation.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Riya Mangukia, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if European Starlings and Blue Tits showed a preference for UV-present or UV-absent environments. There were four treatments in this study: a UV+ environment (300-700 nm), a UV- environment (400-700 nm), a neutral density 1 environment (300 - 700 nm, intermediate intensity), and a neutral density 2 environment (300-700 nm, low intensity). They added the intermediate and low intensity treatments to determine if the bird displayed a preference for light intensity. This was a free-choice test that used an apparatus with 4 different compartments for each of the four treatments. This study measured how much time was spent in each treatment compartment and was videotaped.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Eight starlings were originally used, but three were later excluded. Eight Blue Tits were originally used as well, but one was later excluded from the analysis. Each bird was tested individually for four hours, with the first hour being an acclimation phase and the remaining three hours the experimental phase. Each bird was tested once in the morning and once in the afternoon with one to seven days between trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
Both bird species did not significantly prefer any single light environment and did not show a general preference for UV+ or UV-. There was considerable variation in the percentage of time spent under each filter type for both bird species. Blue tits spent the most amount of time under UV- light, but there was considerable individual variation.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to test if pheasant chick displayed a preferred magnetic alignment under control conditions (natural light) and under monochromatic blue light. The study observed pheasant chicks while drinking at a circular dish under blue light by using cameras.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Six aviaries were studied, 5 being controls using natural light and 1 being experimental using blue light. The study lasted 100 days, from 30 May 2015 to 8 September 2015, when the chicks were two weeks old. The camera used to record the data took a snapshot of the water dish every five minutes. Each aviary housed 200 chicks, but sample sizes did not include all the chicks and are recorded by type of position and treatment in Tables 1 and 2. Overall, 1071 drinking chicks were observed under control conditions and 622 were observed under experimental blue light.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under all conditions, the majority were drinking in radial rather than in "a tangential orientation with respect to the drinking dish". "Under all the tested conditions, the “right-sided” chicks preferred the north-eastern sector of the dish and headed preferentially about south-eastwards. The “left-sided” chicks gathered preferentially in the south-eastern sector and headed mainly northeastwards"

Radial birds' orientation was random under control condition. Under blue light, they preferred NNE-SSW axis.

Under control,  “right-sided” chicks showed a preference along NNE axis and headed southwestward while “left-sided” chicks oriented mainly towards the south sector of the dish and headed northeastwards. Under blue light, "tangential" birds spent more time at the eastern edge of the dish and also oriented along the north-south axis.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to document a bird behavior that the author found interesting while camping with the army. Lights with "prick through holders on a mains cable" were strung in front of the author's tent and the blue bulbs were replaced after being broken by a House Sparrow pecking at them over the duration of 4 days. There were other coloured bulbs, but the House Sparrow only broke the blue bulbs. This study may be considered a preference test: several coloured lights were presented, and the bird pecked only at the blue lights. 

DescriptionOfReplicates:
After the blue bulbs were broken, they were replaced by the author. This occurred over 4 days.

DescriptionOfResults:
A House sparrow pecked at the blue light bulbs outside the author's tent, even after the bulbs were replaced, ignoring other colours. The sparrow was unharmed by the hot lit bulbs. There are no explanations for these findings.


StudySummary:
While reporting on grounded seabirds (Raine et al. 2007 Seabirds), the authors also report on other species that were brought to BirdLife Malta in 2007 with injuries consistent with collisions with buildings, which the authors attribute to disorientation during nocturnal migration.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 15 non-seabirds were reported in 2007, representing 4 species.

DescriptionOfResults:
15 non-seabird individuals were reported in 2007 with injuries consistent with building collisions from 12 locations in Malta and 1 in Gozo. These locations were not compared to sources of light pollution.


StudySummary:
Data on grounded Yelkouan Shearwaters, Cory's Shearwaters, and European Storm-petrels collected by BirdLife Malto members, members of the public, and other NGOs receiving injured birds on the island of Malta from 1978- 2007. The authors mapped and visually assessed the grounding locations to identity areas where groundings were concentrated. They also conducted a survey of light pollution to determine the main sources of light pollution visible from the Rdum tal-Madonna breeding colony, which has the largest number of Yelkouan Shearwaters in Malta (approximately 500 pairs). The observers surveyed from three high vantage points near the colony to look for signs of light pollution and took photographs of any visible bright lights. Where possible, the source of the light pollution was identified and mapped. The major sources of light pollution were compared to the locations where groundings were concentrated.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Between 1978 and 2007, there was a total of 86 grounded birds reported to BirdLife Malta. The light pollution analysis was conducted four times from September to December 2007 between 18.00 and 22.00. For practical reasons, only light pollution sources within 7 km of the colony were considered.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors analyzed data collected between 1978 and 2007 on grounded fledglings and found 86 birds grounded during this time. Grounded birds were found at a total of 35 locations with the majority being found at five major locations, Hal Far (including Ghar Hsan), Cirkewwa, Ghadira and Delimara Lighthouse. 3 of these locations were also areas identified as the main causes of light pollution for the Rdum tal-Madonna colony.


StudySummary:
The study investigated migratory orientation of juvenile European Robins tested in funnel cages exposed to three different lights: green, green-yellow, red and at three different intensities. The monochromatic light they used had a narrower wavelength range compared to other studies (half bandwidth of 9 - 11 nm compared to 30-70 nm used in other studies) in order to explore the transition zone between oriented and disoriented behaviour around 565 nm light. Orientation under full-spectrum light was used as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 36 juvenile European Robins were tested. Each bird's orientation behavior was recorded one to three times under full-spectrum light to allow the birds to become accustomed to the experimental situation. After this period, the trials began, with each bird tested once under each colour and intensity. Each bird was tested only once each night, with trials lasting 60 minutes after the birds were given 5-10 minutes to acclimate to the funnel. Some individuals were tested twice in a given treatment if their activity levels were too low to produce valid results in the first test. The order of the colours under which each individual was tested was random. The control experiments under full-spectrum light were performed at the end of the experimental series.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under green light (560.5nm), robins were oriented in the expected migratory direction SW at 1mW/m^2, but axially misoriented SW-NE under higher intensities. Yellow-Green light (567.5nm): robins were disoriented under all intensities. Red light (617nm): robins were misoriented, displaying a 62 degree clockwise shift W under the two lower intensities, and disoriented under the highest intensity. When first tested under full-spectrum light, before the color experiments, the birds were disoriented at all but the highest light intensity. At the highest intensity, they were misoriented in a westerly direction. After the colour experiments, the birds tested under full-spectrum light were disoriented at all intensities. These results contrast with other experiments in European Robins oriented appropriately under full-spectrum lighting. The authors note that their xenon arc lamps emitted more light in the 400-450 nm spectrum than the incandescent lighting using in other experiments, and a magnetoreception mechanism dependent on these wavelengths may have misoriented the birds.


StudySummary:
The authors made systematic observations to determine the extent of nocturnal hunting by Eleanora's Falcons during the breeding season in the city of Essaouira, Morocco (where artificial light was present) and on Isola di San Pietro, Sardinia, Italy (where artificial light was absent). In Essaouira, they conducted point count observations on two nearby beaches - one was illuminated by large, upward-pointing white floodlights and the other was not illuminated. Observers used visual scanning and night-vision binoculars. The number of falcons counted at each point were averaged to calculate a index of hunting activity. They also collected prey remain along foot transects at night as another index of nocturnal hunting activity.

In Sardinia, night observations were conducted during full moon conditions. Falcon activity was acoustically evaluated using contact calls and food begging calls. A male contact call indicates that the male is returning from hunting. If the hunt was successful, the female will produce a food begging call.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In Essaouira, observations of foraging falcons were made from 19-23 September 2014 and from 20-23 September 2015. Observation periods lasted from 19:30 - 00:00 (4.5 hours after sunset). Observations were made on 2 beaches (one illuminated and one unilluminated) and each beach had 4 point count locations (for a total of 8 points) spaced 300-meters apart. On survey nights, each location was visiting 4 times between 20:00 and 22:00, and once more between 22:00 and midnight. Based on Table 1, it appears that the illuminated beach was surveyed 5 times and the unilluminated beach was surveyed only once. At the illuminated beach, all falcons within visual range were counted during a 20-sec scan made by one observer, followed by an additional 20-second scan of the night sky made by the other observer using night-vision binoculars. Five 20-second scans were made at intervals of 1-minute by each observer at each point. At the unilluminated beach, observations were only made with night-vision binoculars. Prey remains were collected on foot transects along the beaches and the adjoining boulevard on 22-23 Sept 2014 (20:45 to 22:30) and 20-22 Sept 2015 (22:00 - 01:00). Searchers used flashlights to search the area 20-26 meters on either side of the transect and counted any prey remains that appeared to have been killed that night.

In Sardina, observations were made from 19:30 on 11 August 2003 until 07:30 on 12 August 2003 in full moon conditions. Observations were made by listening to the falcons' acoustic activity (contact calls and food begging calls).

DescriptionOfResults:
In Essaouira, the first falcons began arriving to hunt at the beach between 19:35 (around sunset) and 10:50, generally flying over and through the floodlit area. Hunting activities continued well after dark and into the early hours of the morning. On average about 90 falcons were simultaneously hunting over the 33-ha artificially lit beach, while almost no falcons were observed foraging at the unlit beach (Figure 3). The number of falcons hunting at the lit beach was higher on the overcast than clear nights, and the amount of avian prey on the beach was higher on overcast nights. More prey remains were found on the illuminated beach than the unilluminated beach (Table 1). In Sardinia, where the falcons were observed for only one night, limited nocturnal hunting occurred on a night with bright moonlight. The authors observed one male making a contact call between 01:15 and 01:30 and another male making a contact call between 05:00 and 05:15, indicative of nocturnal hunting activity. Their hunting attempts were evidently not successful, as no females responses with begging calls. Between 05:30 and 05:45, shortly after the start of nautical twilight, two different males made contact calls and were answered by female food begging calls, indicating that the hunt was successful. More contact calls and begging responses were observed just before sunrise between 06:00 and 06:20. The authors conclude that "the first successful hunt took place without daylight, but with moon illumination of 98%."


StudySummary:
One male Goshawk was observed hunting by Rutz after sunset under artificial light conditions on 12 separate occasions in Hamburg, Germany. The hawk was observed hunting Feral Pigeons as they were roosting.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This Goshawk was observed ranging after sunset on 12 separate occasions, and made 3 unsuccessful hunts & 4 kills. These hunts occurred between March - June 1998. 2 March at 18:13 a Feral Pigeon is attacked roosting, 26 May at 21:54 & 12 June, 22:23 Feral Pigeons were tail-chased in residential areas.

DescriptionOfResults:
One male Goshawk was observed hunting by Rutz after sunset under artificial light conditions in Hamburg, Germany. The hawk was observed hunting Feral Pigeons as they were roosting on rooftops, as well as engaged in tail-chase hunts with the pigeons. At sunset, the hawk was observed behavioural changes where the hawk would perch on human structures (balcony, chimney or a rooftop). This behaviour was never observed in this specific bird during the daytime, this only occurred at night. No other hawk (of the 3) in this study was observed exhibiting this night-time ranging behaviour


StudySummary:
The purpose was to document bird mortalities at turbines on the Buffalo Mountain Windfarm and estimate bird mortalities per turbine, comparing it to mortality rates made in 2000-2003 when only three turbines were installed. Three turbine/lighting combinations were included in the study: V47 turbines with 2 white strobe lights, V80 turbines with 6 red strobe lights, and V80 turbines with no light. Authors gathered data by systematically searching 50-meter circular plots around each turbine from April-December, 2005.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Carcass searches were conducted from April-December 2005. Searches were conducted weekly from April - November, except from 23 August - 13 September, when they were conducted ever 2-4 days. Searches were conducted every two weeks in December. A total of 9 fatalities were found. There were 3 V47 turbines, each lit with 2 white strobes. There were  15 V80 turbines, 6 of which were lit with 6 red strobe lights each.

DescriptionOfResults:
There were 9 bird fatalities overall and all birds were passerines (songbirds). "4 birds were found at the turbines with lighting, while 5 birds were found at turbines without lighting." The authors concluded that there was no association between bird mortality and turbine type. The number of bird fatalities was too small to determine if artificial lights affected the mortality of the birds.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find out if European Starling groups prefer light environments that contain UV, and if the familiarity of the group members with one another or sex affects their preferences. The four treatment groups included (1) mixed-sex, unfamiliar with each other, 2) mixed-sex, lived in the same aviary, 3) males that were unfamiliar with each other, 4) females that were unfamiliar with each other. Binary choice chambers were used, which were two aluminum chambers connected by a tunnel.  This was a free choice test. Lee filters covered the light source in one of the chambers, removing UV light. This experiment tested group preference by placing 4 birds into the chamber, with two in each side. They were habituated for 1 hour, then data collection began. A camera recorded the number of birds in each chamber every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Four treatment groups with ten replicate groups of four birds in each group with for each treatment. Each group was tested once, for 2 hours, with data collected every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds preferred the UV+ chamber over the UV-. Preference was consistent across all four familiarity/sex treatments and across time blocks.


StudyName:
Greenwood et al. 2002 Intensity Preference

ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jared Randall, Kyle Tibayan Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
This experiment sought to find out the light intensity that is preferred by European Starlings. Two sides of a binary choice chamber were lit with UV+ lighting, however one of the chambers had decreased quantal flux by 25% through the use of neutral density filters. This was a free-choice test. The birds were allowed to habituate for 1 hour before data recording begun. A camera recorded the number of birds in each chamber every two minutes

DescriptionOfReplicates:
10 groups of four birds were used. Each group was tested for 2 hours and data was collected every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a significant preference for higher light intensity. There was no difference in the time blocks.


StudyName:
Greenwood et al. 2002 Individual Preferences

ContributorsToMapRecord:
Kyle Tibayan, Jared Randall, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to test the individual preference of European Starlings for either a light source that emitted UV or one where the UV was filtered out. This was a free choice test where the birds were placed in a binary choice chamber which was a two aluminum chambers connected by a tunnel. For one chamber, there was a light source that had UV Lee filters that covered it to simulate an environment with no UV present while the other chamber had no filter for UV. Each subject was placed in the chamber individually and the preference for which light they preferred was video recorded every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There were eight subjects that were tested for the individual preference study with 4 females and four males. Each bird was placed in the chamber individually and tested for 2 hours and data was collected every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no significant individual preference for UV+ or UV-, with no significant difference between time blocks.


StudySummary:
The study purpose was to determine the effect of housing on European Starlings light preference. There were two groups present, with one group living in artificial light and the other in natural light for 6 months prior to the experiment. A free choice test was performed in an apparatus that consisted of two chambers connected through a tunnel. One chamber had a light source with a UV filter and the other had no filter. The outcome that was being measured was the time spent in either of the chambers during a 2 hours testing period which was video recorded with 2 minute intervals.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 20 groups were tested with 4 birds in each group. Half of the groups were housed in artificial lighting and the other half was housed in natural lighting. Each group was tested once, for 2 hours, with data collected every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a preference for the chamber that had the lighting with UV+ present regardless of the housing that the birds were in 6 months prior to the experiment.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to see the preference of European Starlings for UV+ or UV- light when quantal flux was equalized. This experiment used a binary choice chamber, in which two aluminium chambers were connected by a tunnel. This was a free choice test. The birds were allowed to habituate for 1 hour before data recording began. The number of birds in each chamber was counted every two minutes using a camera.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
10 mixed-sex groups of 4 birds were placed into the chamber and allowed to habituate for 1 hour. Each group was recorded for 2 hours, with data being collected every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
No preference was found for UV+ or UV- light when quantal flux was balanced. There was no significant difference in preference between time blocks.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Emily Halajian, Riya Mangukia, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if starlings had a preference for feeding in UV rich or UV deprived environments and to determine if any of these preferences changed over time. The experiment was carried out in a preference chamber with a free choice test over a six day period with each day being a new trial. There has a two trial acclimation period. Birds were given an option to feed in an apparatus with four channels, two with UV and two without. The total time spent in each channel and the time spent specifically feeding in each channel was recorded through video analysis for each bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of eight birds were initially used with one being excluded as it did not enter any of the channels on two days. Each of the birds were tested over a six day period with one trial on each day. The first two were an acclimation period while the last four were experimental trials. Each trial lasted a total of eight hours and all eight hours of footage was used in their data.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a change in preference over the study duration from preference for UV+ environments to no preference. The strong preference was present for Trial 1 and continued to decline until trial 4, when no preference was present at all. The authors suggest that familiarity rapidly leads to no preferences between the UV light environments.


StudySummary:
The study investigates whether pigeons can use a piloting system if released from familiar locations after a being exposed to constant bright light, preventing them from using their internal clock to calibrate their sun compass. There were 5 test releases with 3 treatment groups: control birds (C pigeons), T birds rendered unable to smell (TA pigeons), and olfactorily unimpaired T birds (TS pigeons). All the releases were done in the morning. A direction recorder was used to record the sequence of a bird's headings in a given amount of time and to measure the general activities and circadian rhythm of the pigeons.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In the first release, 13 birds were released for the C(control), TS (olfactorily unimpaired T birds), and TA (T birds rendered anosmic) group each. 
In the 2nd release, 12 birds were released for each group.
In the 3rd release, 13 birds were released for each group.
In the 4th release: C group (n=15), TA (n=13), TS (n=12)
In the 5th release: C group (n=12), TA (n=14), TS (n=11)
The first 3 releases used the same batch of pigeons (n=59). The other 2 releases used a different batch, never previously used.
All the releases happened in the morning: the first three between 0600 and 1100 h,  the other two between 0800 and 1300 h.

DescriptionOfResults:
The initial orientation of the pigeons in the control group was significantly different from random and was close to the home direction. The pigeons in both treatment groups showed orientation not significantly different from random, with the exception of one trial. The birds that were not olfactory impaired showed less dispersal than pigeons who could not smell.  These results indicate that the sun compass, calibrated using an internal clock, is used for initial orientation at release sites in homing pigeons. Most of the control and treated birds successfully returned home on the same day of release, showing that they were able to use other orientation and navigation techniques to find their way home after initial disorientation.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to assess whether turkeys had a preference for UV+ or UV- environments when reared under fluorescent lamps with or without an additional UV source. Two groups of turkeys were raised in environments lit with fluorescent light; one group was raised with an additional UV light source. The preference apparatus consisted of three adjacent chambers with end chambers lit by a fluorescent lamp. One of the end chamber was also illuminated by a UV source. The central chamber was not lit directly. The experiment was a free choice test and measured the frequency of group preferences. A group preference was recorded when all three turkeys in a group where in the same chamber. Preferences were observed at 30 min intervals through observation.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Thirty turkeys were used, split into two groups of fifteen to be raised in different lighting environments (UV+ or UV-). Each group of fifteen was divided into five groups of three to be tested together. They were tested a total of ten times, four for an acclimation period, and six experimental tests. The acclimation period consisted of six hour tests between 4-5 weeks of age. The experimental tests consisted of six hour periods with a 30 min acclimation period and a 5.5 hour experimental test period with observations recorded every 30 minutes. Experimental tests were conducted at weeks 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 13 of age.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, turkeys significantly preferred UV+ environments over UV- ones, indicating that supplementary UV is not aversive to the birds. This preference was significant for turkeys raised in the UV+ and for turkeys raised in the UV- environments. The experiment found no difference in preferences between the unlit chamber in the middle and the chamber lit with fluorescent light but no UV source.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this test was to test Australian Silvereyes' orientation with respect to the earth's magnetic field under 565nm monochromatic green light at varying intensities (0.0002 W/m2, 0.0021 W/m2, 0.0075 W/m2 , and 0.0150 W/m2). The conditions were labelled S, M, L, and XL, respectively. They were tested in Emlen funnels during Southern autumn. Results were then comparable to similar study conducted in Southern spring (Wiltschko et al 2000b).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
10 birds total were tested. Each bird was tested only once per night, with the test conditions alternating until all birds have completed each of the three conditions. The test units were changed to condition L (0.0075 W/m2) afterwards, and each bird was tested twice again. Trials lasted ~75 minutes. The total number of times each bird was tested in each condition is shown in Table 1.

DescriptionOfResults:
At intensities of 0.2, 2.1, and 7.5 mW/m^2, birds preferred seasonally appropriate direction. At intensity of 15.0 mW/m^2, they mis-oriented NW. Birds had lower activity levels in the lowest light intensity.


StudySummary:
The study investigated whether geomagnetic and sunset cues were used for migratory orientation by Savannah sparrows at high geomagnetic latitudes in Northern Canada. The birds' ability to orient in the correct migratory direction was tested in Emlen funnels under clear and simulated overcast skies after being housed in control conditions (natural photoperiod). The same birds then underwent a 4-hour slow clock shift and their orientation was tested again. The scratch marks in the Tipp-Ex paper in an Emlen Funnel were recorded to measure the mean direction and mean vector length/scatter to determine their orienting behaviours.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
21 sparrows were tested, and the same birds were tested in the control and the clock-shift experiments. Before being exposed to the clock-shift, each individual was tested 1 or 2 times between the 12th and 15th of August 1999 under control conditions (natural skies) and once under simulated overcast conditions. The 4-hour slow clock-shift started on August 15th, following that, the same 21 birds were each tested 3 times under clear skies between August 21st and the 1st of September.

DescriptionOfResults:
During control conditions (before the clock shift), some birds oriented NW (towards the setting sun) while others oriented SE (towards their preferred migratory direction). The birds initially oriented towards NW misoriented about 70° clock-wise shift relative to their preferred control direction (as would be expected if they were using a sun-compass), while those originally oriented towards SE misoriented about 110° counter clockwise. The authors discuss various explanations of these results but do not make any conclusions about the type of compass that the birds are using.


StudySummary:
This study used a spatial orientation assay (food reward in a four-arm "plus" maze) to test avian magnetic compass orientation under two different polarized light conditions. Zebra Finches were trained and tested in combinations of magnetic field treatments (normal or vertical, with vertical fields having no direction information) and light polarization treatments (unpolarized light, polarized light axis parallel to the horizontal component of the magnetic field, and the polarized light axis perpendicular to the horizontal component of the magnetic field). During the trials, the birds were allowed to search the maze for 90 seconds and movement was tracked with a video recording system. The orientation of each bird was calculated as the time spent in each of the four maze arms.  Control experiments did not involve magnetic or polarized light cues.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
14 -21 birds were tested individually in each magnetic cue/polarized light combination. Each bird was trained repeatedly under the same condition then tested under different experimental conditions. Birds passed training trials proceeded to testing. They were given 90 s to search the maze.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were able to orient along trained magnetic compass when trained and tested with the polarized light axis aligned parallel to the magnetic field, but were disoriented when polarized light axis was aligned horizontal (perpendicular) to magnetic field. The control group tested under unpolarized light was oriented along the trained magnetic field axis. Birds trained in the presence of both cues were not significantly oriented when tested under either cue presented alone during the test. Birds tested in the presence of the overhead polarized light axis in a vertical magnetic field showed a tendency to orient along the trained polarized light axis. 

Summary of orientations of birds with all tested magnetic fields and polarization of light and are presented in Figures 1,2, and 3.


StudySummary:
The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of artificial lights from offshore oil platforms on the Ashy Storm-Petrel and Scripp's Murrelet, though other species were also recorded. The study used a combination of nocturnal radar and audio-visual monitoring surveys during the spring, summer, and fall of 2013 to detect the presence of birds at the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf offshore oil platforms. They used the radar surveys to estimate nightly light attraction rate (birds/hr/km) and characterize their flight speed and direction. They also made visual observations of seabird interactions with the platforms lights and conducted nightly surveys for grounded birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Surveys were conducted nightly during the spring, summer, and fall of 2013. Two 10 day spring surveys were conducted on platform Grace in March and April. The summer and fall surveys were conducted on platforms Grace and Hermosa over four 10-night surveys. The surveillance radar ran throughout the night beginning 45 minutes after sundown until 45 minutes before sunrise. Three 2-hour radar surveys were conducted a night where the observer would monitor the radar screen for the presence of avian targets. The identification of species was made by the radar observer stepping out onto the deck to scan the night sky to make a visual observation of the species. During the radar surveys, the number, flight speed, and flight directions of each radar target were recorded. Radar targets were classified as light attraction targets if they were within 650 meters of the platform, they had a bearing that would intersect the platform, and they had a speed and echo size indicative of a bird. They were excluded if they were flying away from the platform or if they changed course to divert around the platform. Additionally, three 30-minute observation periods per night were conducted on the platform deck to record birds interacting with the platform lights, and the deck was searched twice night (~1 hour per night) for any grounded seabirds that may have collided with the platform.

DescriptionOfResults:
The results of the study indicate that there are a relatively low number of birds attracted to the lighting on offshore oil platforms with an average of 1.23 events per night. In the Spring, a total of 48 avian targets were documented as light attraction events (flying within 650 meters of the platform with a flight bearing that would intersect the platform), with 20 of these events occurring on a single night (April 8). The light attraction event rate was 0.13 targets/hr/km. 9 light attraction events were recorded in the Summer (0.02 targets/hr/km), and 12 were recorded in the Fall (0.03 targets/hr/km). It was typically not possible to identify the species of the radar detections, but when they were identified by the outside observer, almost all observed light attraction events were gulls, "indicating that a proportion of the light attraction events recorded were local birds using the platform for roosting or foraging." The majority of nocturnal migrants appeared to avoid the platform, flying to the east or west of the platform. The authors note that "this avoidance behaviour was likely due to artificial light being emitted by the platform." No detections of grounded birds were recorded on Platform Grace and 4 were found on Platform Hermosa. During the visual observation periods on the platform deck, the authors observed one bird collide with a platform, and two other birds flying erratically above a platform. The research team also found that artificial light from oil platforms may be used as a foraging opportunity for some birds. They observed Brown Pelicans feeding in the water off the side of the platform, and 12 Kingbirds feeding on insects on the top deck of the platform.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether high-intensity short-wavelength light could deter wild, free-flying raptors from colliding with aircraft. They conducted the study at a banding station, using lures to draw in Red-tailed Hawks. They examined the relative frequency of Red-tailed Hawk captures and aborted approaches to illuminated vs. unlit lures at a test and a control raptor banding station during fall migration.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Hawks' reactions were tested and recorded for seven consecutive days at a testing and at a control station. Three custom lighting units were used at the testing station and lights there were activated throughout station operation, from ~0900 to ~1600 hours.

DescriptionOfResults:
The abort-to-capture ratio was much higher at the treatment station (0.74) than at the control station (0.08). Of the individuals documented, 31 were captured and 23 aborted (changed direction) their approach at the treatment station, whereas 74 were captured and 6 aborted their approach at the control station.


StudySummary:
The main purpose of the study was to develop an integrated strategy to curtail Ibis population growth and minimize the negative impacts arising from overpopulation in the Gold Coast Region. The primary objective was to reduce hazards to aircraft. To test the effectiveness of various measures, they conducted a study at the Corrumbin colony. This colony was located in the CHCP (Corrumbin Hill Conservation Park) and Corrumbin Sanctuary (an adjacent tourist wildlife park). The program was based on four main initiatives, one of which consisted of bird dispersal from the roosting sites in the nonbreeding season. To disrupt the normal roosting patterns of the Ibis, spotlights were shone on the birds soon after sunset and "vocalised noise" (we are not sure what type of noise this is) accompanied the spotlights. Success was monitored in three ways. The CHPC staff performed monthly overnight roosting counts.  Airport Safety Officers performed 12-14 birds counts per month at the Coolangatta Airport. The Currumbin Sanctuary Staff conducted foraging counts at least three times per week at the Currumbin Sanctuary.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It seems like it was a multi-year project ongoing at the time of this publication. Roost counts were conducted at the Currumbin colony in the Currumbin Hill Conservation Park monthly beginning one hour prior to sunset, adding the incoming and subtracting the outgoing birds until last light. Airport staff conducted 12 to 14 bird counts per month, which involved traversing 8 sectors within the perimeter fence and recording all birds observed. Staff at a local sanctuary found foraging counts at least three times per week.

DescriptionOfResults:
They observed significant reductions in the three years of the program: on average a 75% reduction compared with the baseline year of 1995. Numbers at the airport were lowest in 1997, the year when Ibis were least populous in the Currumbin colony. Between July and November 1996 the program maintained the population below 555 birds: a 53% reduction on the previous year’s October count. The population was maintained below 140 through the second season of the program (1997/8), a reduction of 89% on the October 1995 count. Ibis numbers increased through the third breeding season (1998/9), averaging 395 between September and March. In October 1998, 435 birds were counted, a 63% reduction from October 1995. Foraging counts also diminished over successive years following the introduction of the program against a trend of increasing numbers prior to the program. At the peak in January 1995, 650 birds were counted. This compares with an average count of 88 birds in January 1998, a reduction of over 85%. However, it was found that Ibis populations appeared to become resistant to the effects of spotlighting over time.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to examine bird mortality as a result of tower collisions at a wind resource area (WRA) in north-central Iowa from 2003 to 2004. The towers in the study area were lit with the following 3 light regimes: non-pulsating red beacons; pulsating red beacons; a combination of pulsating white beacons and non-pulsating red beacons. The researchers measured mortality through carcass surveys, collecting carcasses along transacts under the towers. They estimated the total number of mortalities by adjusting for search probability, scavenger efficiency, search efficiency, and proportion of towers searched.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
46 towers had non-pulsating red beacons, 37 towers had pulsating red beacons, and 6 towers had a combination of pulsating white beacons and non-pulsating red beacons. Carcass surveys were conducted at 26 of the 89 wind towers in the area during April-Dec 2003 and March-Dec 2004 and searches were conducted every two or three days. They searched 6 randomly placed 3-meter wide transects under each tower, which they kept free of vegetation using herbicides and manual weeding. The average total area searched under each tower was 1742 m^2. Carcasses found at other times were collected but not used to estimate total mortality at the wind farm. In 2004, they also searched under 2 meteorological towers with the total search area being 881.76m^2 (under each meteorological tower). They conducted search efficiency and scavenger efficiency trials in the spring, summer, and fall of 2003 and 2004 (a total of 6 times).

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2003 2 bird carcasses and 5 carcasses in 2004 were collected in the designated search area. Additionally, 5 birds in 2004 were found incidentally. The majority of these carcasses showed signs of collision trauma attributing mortality to tower collisions. The study states that both resident and migrant birds were found under meteorological and wind towers. Corrections for search efficiency, scavenging and search probability estimate 0.38 and 0.76 birds/tower/year in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The small number of fatalities, specifically for the raptors and Canada Geese, found at the top of the Iowa WRA indicate that impact of WRA on avian mortality is minimal and precludes any tests for the relationship between lighting type and mortality.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the bird's ability to orient in the correct migratory direction under various wavelengths of artificial light. European robins were tested under 443 nm blue, 590 nm yellow, and 565 nm green light (the green was served as the control). These birds were tested in the local geomagnetic field and in a magnetic field with North deflected 120 degrees under monochromatic green light. Their orienting behaviour was recorded by Emlen funnels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 birds were each tested in a pseudo-random sequence through all four conditions until they had produced three usable recordings under each condition (recordings with fewer than 35 scratches were excluded). It is unclear if tests occurred consecutively on the same night, or if the same bird was tested on multiple nights. The test period lasted approximately 1 hour, but it is unclear from manuscript whether each treatment lasted 1 hour, or if all treatments were conducted within the same hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds oriented in seasonally appropriate direction under blue and green light. They were disoriented under yellow light. Under a 120° shift of magnetic North, the birds' orientation correspondingly shifted.


StudySummary:
The authors document the flight patterns of birds in the collision-risk zone and the abundance of birds at various sites in a wind resource area. The authors determined the avoidance behaviour of birds by recording three response variables during point counts: abundance, distance from the observer, and flight height. They conducted point counts at 4 types of sites: tower sites within the wind farm that were not used for carcass surveys (Type A), tower sites within the wind farm that were used for carcass surveys (Type B), non-tower sites within the wind farm (Type C), and off-windfarm sites (Type D).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The total number of sites selected for point counts is not clearly reported in the article. Point counts were conducted from May-Dec 2003 and Mar-Dec 2004 at windfarm and off-windfarm sites. During each 10-minute survey, the researchers identified all birds seen or hear within 100 meters of the observer and recorded 1) the number of birds using binoculars, 2) distance from the observer (0-30m, 30-60m, or 60-100m) using range finders and 3) estimated flight height above the ground. Flight height was categorized relative to the sweep of the rotor as low (below), medium (at the same level), or high (above).  The researchers collected data during all 4 periods of the day (morning, mid-day, evening, and night) and each site was visited every 6 days.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study concludes that no clear significant difference was observed in avian activity between the tower and non-towers sites or between the windfarm and off-windfarm sites due to the homogeneity of the sites and low bird count. The proportion of birds flying in the collision-risk zone(0-30m) around the towers was very low (0.043%). During the fall of 2003 and 2004 (but not summer 2003), there were significantly fewer birds using the collision-risk zone around the wind towers and the same air space in the non-tower sites, indicating that birds may have been avoiding the collision-risk zone. No conclusions can be made about the effects of tower lighting on bird abundance or flight behaviour separately from the effects of the towers themselves because all sites with towers also had lights, and the different lighting types were not distinguished in the analysis.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop a method for observing the passage of low-flying nocturnal migrants with a ceilometer. In the course of testing this method, they recorded few instances of birds hovering or otherwise attracted to the ceilometer. Observations were made with one and two 100-w ceilometers which shone a cone of light directly upwards and a telescope/binoculars used for viewing. Observations were made during the time period from 19:00-20:30.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The observations were conducted during the spring and fall of 1969 and 1970 at Athens Georgia, and in the fall of 1969 at Lake Charles Louisiana. 20X oculars were used for all observations except for in spring 1969 where 15X oculars were used. Observations were made over many nights each season (total number unspecified, see Table 1), and lasted 15-50 minutes/hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors note that bird attraction to the ceilometer was a "decidedly rare occurrence," and was typically limited to nights of mist, fog, or low overcast. Birds attracted to the light would frequently "hover in the beam for several seconds."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the ability of migratory Australian Silvereyes to orient in the correct migratory direction under monochromatic light at wavelengths of 424 nm blue and 565 nm green light at two different intensities and under different magnetic conditions (local geomagnetic field, vertical component inverted or magnetic North shift 120° counter-clockwise). Tests were conducted in Emlen funnels to count the number of hops to determine their orientation.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
24 Australian silvereyes were captured and divided under each wavelength (12 in green and 12 in blue light). Under green light, birds were tested in all of the following conditions: 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the local geomagnetic field, 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the magnetic vertical component inverted, and 42x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 with the local field. Under blue light, all birds were tested under the local geomagnetic field and in a magnetic field with vertical component reversed in 7x10^15 quanta m-2s-1 and under the local field, with the vertical magnetic component inverted and magnetic North shifted 120° ccw under 42x10^15quanta m-2s-1. Birds were tested under each condition until they produced three recordings with sufficient activity. Tests lasted 1 hour and 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
At a lower intensity of 7 x 10^15 quanta m-2 s-1, birds showed seasonally appropriate orientation under blue and green light. Their headings reversed when the vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, indicating a normal use of the avian inclination compass. The birds were disoriented under both wavelengths at a higher intensity of 43 x 10^15 quanta m-2 s-1  (green: W-NW, blue: E-W axis). The direction of this misorientation was not reversed when vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, indicating that they were not using an inclination compass. Under bright monochromatic green light, the birds' misorientation shifted direction with a shift in the horizontal component of the magnetic field (magnetic North shifted 120 degrees counter clockwise).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox , Jacqueline Yang , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test geomagnetic orientation ability of European robins to orient in the correct seasonally appropriate direction under the influence of dim red light, green light, and total darkness. All tests were conducted in Emlen funnels and performed in local geomagnetic fields.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment was conducted in Autumn 2005 and Spring 2006. There were 28 test birds, each was tested three times under each light condition. Each test lasted about 75 minutes. 16 birds were tested green and total darkness conditions while 15 were tested in dim red in Autumn 2005 (n total = 47).  12 were tested in Spring 2006 in each condition (n total = 36).

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds oriented in seasonally appropriate direction under 566nm monochrome green light. Fixed direction misorientation (westwards) was displayed under dim red light and total darkness in both Spring and Fall sessions. The authors concluded that birds were using inclination-based, light dependent compass under green light, and magnetite-based compass under dim red light and darkness that generated a fixed response towards the West.


StudySummary:
To determine if artificial light was contributing to bird-building collisions, the authors compared data on the amount of artificial light at buildings to the number of collisions. Volunteers patrolled downtown Toronto to collect live and dead birds. The species and location of each bird with respect to the nearest building were recorded. Photographs were taken of buildings at night to determine proportion of windows lit, which was multiplied by the number of floors of the building to calculate a light index.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each night two to three volunteers surveyed the route between midnight and 9:30am. The search effort was constant across nights. On nights when fewer volunteers were searching, they searched for a longer time. The total number of nights of volunteer activity varied between seasons and years and is not reported. 8-10 times per migration season 16 buildings in downtown Toronto were photographed from 4:30 and 5:45 am. A seasonal average light index was calculated for each building in the spring and fall of 1997-2000 and in the spring of 2001.

DescriptionOfResults:
More dead and live birds were found at buildings with higher light emissions and at taller buildings. When both building height and light index were taken into account simultaneously, the influence of building height was no longer significant. When weather variables were included in the model of bird mortality, the light index was no longer significant. Total cloud cover was found to be the most important variable in predicting bird mortality, followed by total rainfall. Wind was the most important factor predicting the number of birds found alive.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study is to examine the mortality of long-distance migratory birds as a result of collisions with communication towers. The study was conducted during spring and fall migration seasons in Arkansas and carcasses were counted. The influence of 4 tower attributes on bird mortality was analysed: physiographic region (Delta or Highlands), tower height (greater or less than 150 meters AGL),  colour of aviation safety lights (Red or White), and guy wires (presence/absence). Technicians searched for carcasses at sunrise in a circular transect around the tower. The modeled the effects of tower attributes on carcasses per day (a more conservative estimate) and feather piles per day (may have included both collision mortalities and other mortalities).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
28 towers were included in the study. The number of replicates for each combination of tower attributes is listed in Table 4.1 (p 83). Towers were simultaneously sampled daily within 15 minutes of local sunrise for 20 days during each migration season, for a total of 160 sampling days. The search radius at each tower extended out to a maximum of 90% of the tower height not to exceed 75 meters. A total of 337 individuals comprising of 70 species were recovered.

DescriptionOfResults:
The author concludes that there was "significant but inconsistent evidence that towers with red lighting systems at night were associated with significantly more fatalities than towers with white lighting systems." Of the 337 carcasses and feather piles recovered, most were from tall tower sites and were collected during fall migration. For carcasses/day, only tower height showed a significant difference between treatments, with more carcasses removed from tall towers. For total birds/day (carcasses and feather piles), there was a significant three-way interaction between physiographic region, height, and lights. Most birds were killed by short towers with white lights in the Delta, tall towers with either light color in the Delta, and short towers with red lights in the Highlands. The tall, red-lit towers in the Delta had the greatest number of total bird mortalities per day. Looking at only short towers in the Highlands region and considering carcasses/day, towers with guy wires had five times as many fatalities than with the absence of guy wires, and more birds were recovered from red-lit towers. In a mixed model ANOVA, both factors were significant, and there was no significant interaction between lights and the presence/absence of guy wires. When the same analysis was applied to total birds/day, none of these predictor variables were significant.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference between high frequency and low frequency flickering of fluorescent lighting for captive European Starlings. The European Starlings were captured as juveniles, approximately 7-9 months old. They were habituated to indoor lighting prior to the experiment. This was a free choice test. The birds were put into a binary choice chamber, and each side had a different flicker rate, although both chambers were each illuminated with a Durotest Truelite fluorescent lamp that was 0.60 m above the chambers. The birds were habituated for one hour, and then the observations began. The number of birds in each chamber was recorded every 2 minutes using video technology.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Fourteen groups of four birds were placed into the apparatus, split equally between the two chambers. The birds were allowed to habituate for 1 hour, then the observations began for 2 hours, with data recorded with video every 2 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a significant preference for high flickering over low flickering, with no significant difference between timeblocks, and no side bias (preference for one chamber over another).


StudyName:
Wiltschko et al. 2014a Australian silvereyes

ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh Ha, Jacqueline Yang, Khanh, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study was run to determine if Australian Silvereyes could orient under different UV light conditions. Birds were tested in an Emlen funnel with a monochromatic LED light source attached to the top of the funnel. The birds were tested under monochromatic UV light at two different intensities (0.3 or 2.8 mW/m^2) in the local geomagnetic field. They were also tested under 2.8 mW/m^2 light with the vertical component of the magnetic field inverted. Their orientation was tested under monochromatic green light in the local geomagnetic field as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Australian Silvereyes were only tested during Spring 2003. The authors list the sample size as 12 for each condition (Table S2) (green control, UV 0.3mW/m2, UV 2.8mW/m2 and UV 2.8mW/m2 with an inverted magnetic field), though it is unclear if N refers to the number of birds in the experiment or the total number of trials. Each bird was tested three times in each test condition.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control (green) and 0.3mW/m^2 UV light conditions, the silvereyes were able to orient, preferring their spring migration direction (south). Under 2.8mW/m^2 UV light, they were misoriented, preferring 30° north of east. When the vertical component of the magnetic field was inverted, their misorientation changed to 30° south of east.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings at different developmental stages showed different preferences for the presence/absence of artificial light by measuring phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with only one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box. The weight and wing length of the birds was recorded to determine if each developmental stage created a different phototaxis response.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
118 nestlings were each tested once. Each test occurred for as long as it took for a nestling to choose which side of the compartment to enter, and the time it took for the nestling to enter a side of the compartment was recorded.

DescriptionOfResults:
As wing length increased and weight decreased, the nestlings became increasingly likely to switch from a negative to positive phototaxis response. Individuals that developed the fastest changed their responses the earliest. This switch in phototactic response also occurred when the nestlings acquired weak flight ability.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings showed preferences for different relative light intensities by measuring their phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with each half of the box having a different light intensity. The relative light intensities between the two sides of the box were 1:1, 1:3, 1:7, or 1:15. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested at 25 days old with the choice of two different light intensities. Replicates were not explicitly stated for this study, but it is stated that 12 birds at 25 days of age were tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
When given a choice between two different light intensities, young positively phototactic birds preferred the brighter light if the difference between the two light intensities was large. The latency of response was also the smallest when the difference in light intensities was the greatest.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate how magneto-reception (ability to orient in the correct migratory direction) in European robins is affected by varying wavelength and intensity of light. They tested varying monochromatic lights (green, blue, yellow, turquoise) at two intensities of 7 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 and 43 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2. The birds were caged in Emlen funnels lined with typewriter correction paper for testing orientation in Autumn and Spring.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 European robins were each tested in 1999 and  12 different birds were tested in 2000 (n total = 24). In 1999, Each birds was tested under the eight different light conditions (green, turquoise, blue, yellow at 7 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 or 43 x10^15 quanta s-1 m-2) in a pseudo-random sequence until they produced 3 evaluable recordings in each. In 2000, the tests were repeated under green, turquoise, and bright turquoise conditions, using the same protocol. The tests began in the evening at the time when the lights in the housing cages were turned off and lasted for approximately 75 minutes per bird.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were well oriented in their migratory direction east of north under blue, turquoise, and green lights at quantal flux of 7×10^15 quanta s−1 m−2. However, birds were disoriented under yellow lights in both intensities. Under 43 x 10^15 quanta s-1 m-2 monochromatic blue and green light, birds misoriented along the East-West axis and under bright turquoise light they misoriented slightly West of North. Results are interesting because the peak wavelength of "yellow" light (590nm) was only 24nm more than that of "green" light (565nm), and their bandwidths showed considerable overlap.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether starlings at different ages showed preferences for different light intensities by measuring phototactic responses. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box. The three light intensities tested were 38, 2.4. and 0.036 µ/m^2/s. The phototactic response and the latency of response to each absolute light intensity was measured through visual observations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
54 nestlings were used. The birds were tested at 15, 18, 21 and 24 days of age three times each, once at each light intensity.

DescriptionOfResults:
22 of the 24 birds tested were consistent in their phototactic responses within each day and over all of the ages (15, 18, 21, and 24 days). The phototactic response appeared to be the same at all light intensities and the latency of response did not differ between light intensities on any of the testing days.


StudySummary:
This study examined migratory orientation of juvenile Australian silvereyes using an Emlen funnel with coated paper under three conditions: white (full spectrum) light (control), green light (571nm),  and red light (633nm). In a fourth condition, birds were tested under white light after receiving a magnetising pulse that was sufficient to remagnetise and magnetic material found in the beak or head region of the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each test began directly after the lights had gone out in the holding room and lasted approximately 1 hour. 14 Silvereyes were tested under white, green, and red light in a pseudo-random order, with each bird being exposed to each treatment 4-7 times.   19 birds  were tested under white light before and after pulse magnetization.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were able to orient in the seasonally correct migratory direction under 'white' (full spectrum) and 571nm green light, with no significant difference in behavior between the two. The birds displayed disorientation under 633nm red light and their mean direction was significantly different from that under the 'white' and green light. Intense brief magnetic pulses did not have any effect on birds' orientation compared to before the treatment.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preference and phototactic responses of starlings would differ based on hunger and weight. Birds were either not fed for three hours or fed for three hours, weighed, and were then tested for their phototactic response. This study was a discrete choice test, and the testing apparatus was a box divided halfway down the middle, with only one half of the box illuminated. Phototaxis was measured by visually observing which side of the box the bird chose and the latency to move into either side of the box.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested at age 20 days, using 20 nestlings divided into two groups. The first group of 10 birds (A) was not fed for three hours, while the second group of birds (B) were fed. After the three hour period, each individual in both groups was tested. After testing, the groups were then reversed and the testing was immediately repeated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Hungry birds responded to the light/dark choice faster than satiated birds and hunger had a significant effect on the latency of response. The order of testing had no effect on the latency of response to light, and there was no significant interaction between the factors hunger and order. There was a significant and positive correlation between weight change and the change in latency of response. In group A (hungry, then satiated), the nestlings that gained the most weight had the greatest increase in latency of response between the first and second trails, while in group B (satiated, then hungry) the nestlings who lost the most weight had the greatest decrease in latency of response. No birds in group A changed their phototactic response, but 2 out of the 10 birds in group B changed from a negative to a positive phototactic response.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the lighting preferences of male turkeys. This was a free choice test. The birds were put into two groups of 15, and each group was raised in a separate room. Both rooms had a light intensity of 120 lux for 14 days, after which the intensities were changed. One room had a light intensity of 12 lux, and the other had an intensity of 4 lux. The test apparatus had 4 chambers in a line, each connected by doorways. An incandescent bulb was suspended into each chamber, providing light intensities of <1, 5, 10, or 25 lux. The turkeys were placed into the apparatus and were observed at 30-minute intervals to see which chamber the turkeys were in.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
15 turkeys were housed in a room at 4 lux and 15 were housed in another room at 12 lux. The turkeys from each room were divided into 5 groups of 3, and marked with leg bands. In order to habituate the turkeys, they were placed in the apparatus for 6 hours on 3 occasions prior to the experiment. During the experiment, 3 turkeys from the same room were tested together. They were placed into the chamber and observed every 30 minutes for 6 hours, from 10 am to 4 pm.  This was repeated 8 times for each group at 1 or 2-week intervals when the turkeys were between 6-19 weeks old.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a preference for lighting options in both the 4 lux and 12 lux group. When tested in the experimental apparatus, the group housed in 4 lux group spent the most time in the 5 lux chamber, and the group house in 12 lux group spent the most time in the 25 lux chamber. Both groups avoided the <1 lux chamber, as none were seen to enter this chamber.


StudySummary:
The study involved trapping and exposing caged American Crows to artificial light in the winter to simulate increasing day length. The birds were then released to determine whether or not they would follow a seasonally appropriate migration pattern (southward). The birds were banded and advertisements were made in papers in Alberta and surrounding provinces and states asking residents to hunt crows and return banded crows to researchers. Crows in the experimental group had yellow marks painted on their tails. Those that were not subject to artificial light served as the control group

DescriptionOfReplicates:
155 experimental birds were released and 75 were recovered. 53 control birds were released and 34 were recovered.

DescriptionOfResults:
The crows receiving artificial light treatment may have been more likely to travel North or Northwest (seasonally inappropriate directions) after release. Of the 155 experimental birds released, 75 birds (48%) were recovered. 50% of the recovered birds were killed in Hackett or near (the town of release). Of the birds recovered outside of Hackett, the weighted mean direction of flight was 32 degrees North of West. If more birds travelled North, they were unlikely to be seen because of the small human population in that area. 53 control birds were liberated and 34 (64%) were recovered. The mean flight direction is not reported, but based on maps provided it appears to be consistently Southeast for control birds that travelled long distances. The authors believe that had more of the experimental birds travelled Southeast (the seasonally appropriate direction), they should have been captured at a higher rate than the control birds, as the experimental birds were conspicuously marked with bright yellow paint. The lower recapture rate for the experimental birds suggests that a lower proportion of the experimental group travelled southeast than the control group.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if personality (in terms of exploratory behaviour) had an effect on the birds' responses to artificial light at night (ALAN) based on if a bird chose to roost in a nest box with ALAN present. This study specifically looked at roosting decisions of wild Great Tits when confronted with ALAN.  On the first night, the birds slept in dark nest boxes. On the second night, an LED light was added to their nest box. A video camera inside of the nest box recorded whether the birds chose to sleep inside of the nest box when confronted with the light. The authors analyzed whether this choice was related to an individuals' personality, which was measured in a prior study for each individual using a novel object test.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected from around 150 nest boxes over two nights (first night without light, second night with light). For determining if exploration behaviour was associated with the likelihood to roost in a nest box with ALAN inside, data from 68 individuals were used.

DescriptionOfResults:
71% of individuals returned to roost in a nest box after ALAN was added. Neither personality nor sex differences influenced the likelihood of returning to the nest box.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preferences of turkeys when presented with incandescent light or fluorescent light. There were two sets of the preference apparatus, which consisted of 3 adjacent chambers. This was a free choice test. The middle chamber contained 1 lx of light in the form of either incandescent or fluorescent light, depending on the rearing treatment of the birds. In the side chambers, light with an intensity of 10 lx was provided with either a fluorescent light or incandescent light. The turkeys were placed in the middle chamber, and their locations were observed in 30 minute intervals by a researcher.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
30 male turkeys were divided into 2 groups of 15 and placed into two rooms. These groups of 15 were divided further into 5 groups of 3. During the experiment, groups of 3 were tested from 10am to 4pm (6 hours), and observed by a researcher every 30 minutes. Each group of 3 was tested 6 times between the ages of 8-18 weeks. The turkeys were habituated in the apparatus 4 times for 6 hours each in their groups of 15 before the experiment began.

DescriptionOfResults:
The turkeys showed a preference for fluorescent over incandescent lighting. Turkeys raised in incandescent lighting chose the fluorescent chamber almost 4 times more often and turkeys raised in fluorescent light chose fluorescent twice as often as incandescent. As for group selections, fluorescent birds chose fluorescent light 74 times and incandescent 41 times, while the incandescent birds chose fluorescent and incandescent 84 and 17 times respectively.


StudySummary:
Research to quantify bird mortality was conducted at an unguyed USCG Rescue 21 communication tower. It was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top level and mid level and also with non-blinking, red lights at the midpoints between the top-level and mid-level strobes and between the mid-level strobe and the ground. They collected and recorded bird carcasses from around the tower in May and September of 2008 and 2009 on early mornings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The tower was searched for bird carcasses on 7-26 May and 11-30 September  2008 and 7-26 May and 11-30 September, 2009.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was a low level of avian fatalities recorded with 1 unknown sparrow found in spring 2008 and 3 and 5 birds found in spring and fall of 2009 respectively. It is noted that some of the locations under the tower were inaccessible due to poison ivy, so for the analysis they multiplied the numbers for each season by 2.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to assess the preferences of broiler chicks between white and yellow LED light. The experiment was conducted through a free choice test in a test apparatus of two distinct chambers connected by an access tunnel. One of the chambers had a white LED light and the other a yellow. Both chambers were equipped with feed and water. The outcome was measured using video recordings for 15 minutes at 08:00, 13:00, and 20:00. The video assessed the location of each chick, noting gender and the number of males and females in each chamber.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 136 chicks were used, 68 males and 68 females. They were all divided into 4 groups of 34 with 17 males and 17 females. The test was continuously applied from 7 - 40 days of age with data recorded 15 minutes at 08:00, 13:00, and 20:00. There was no time for acclimation or conditioning.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no significant preference found between occupying either of the two possible light environments (white vs yellow LED lights) for male or female broilers.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Tak Michael Cox, Jacqueline Yang , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Australian Silvereyes were tested in an Emlen funnel to determine how green, red, dim red, and no light (total darkness) affected their ability to orient in the correct migratory direction in the Spring under three conditions: the local geomagnetic field of Armidale, the vertical component inverted but unchanged intensity with magnetic north, and horizontal component deflected so that geographic north was shifted to 270 degrees geographic west. To test the birds' ability to orient using their vision alone, the authors anesthetized their upper beaks in some trials, which are thought to have iron-containing receptors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 test birds were used each year, each tested 1-3 times in each condition. In 2003, the conditions were: green-geomagnetic field, dim red-geomagnetic field, dim red-vertical component inverted, dim red-horizontal component inverted, and red-geomagnetic field. In 2006, all tests were conducted in the local geomagnetic field, and the conditions were: green-untreated, green-beak anesthetised, dim red-beak untreated, dim red-beak anesthetised, and darkness-untreated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Oriented in seasonally appropriate direction in green light. Oriented towards NW in dim red light and in total darkness when exposed to local geomagnetic field and when vertical component of geomagnetic field inverted. When in dim red light with horizontal component of magnetic field shifted 90 degrees, the birds shifted their orientation 90 degrees. In more intense red light (2mWm-2), they were not significantly oriented in any direction. When their upper beak was anaesthetised, the remained oriented under green light but not under dim red light. These results lead the authors to conclude that in the absence of their light-based inclination compass, the birds relied on a polarity compass based on magnetite in their beaks that led them west, regardless of season.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to record the species composition and patterns of flight-calling behaviour of vocal nocturnal migrants in the Gulf of Mexico. They made audio recordings of flight calls of migrants at the Viosca Knoll oil platform off the coast of Alabama during fall migration using a pressure zone microphone (PZM) and video cassette recorder. They also made visual surveys of the platform during the day to count the abundance of landbird migrants on the platform.  They categorized the weather into 7 types of synoptic weather patterns and determined how the two most common weather types affected the call counts and the number of birds landing on the platform. They do not provide much information about the lighting on the platform, but they note that the rig is artificially lit and that lights were turned on to illuminate the rig approximately 8 hours after sunset.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 2762 calls were detected during 30 nights from September to November 1999. They recorded calls for an average of 7.9 h per night between 21:00 and 05:00 (CDT).  Due to continuous noise in the 1-4kHz range, most of the calls were recorded between 6-11kHz. The author classified the synoptic weather conditions into 8 categories (gulf front, east coast low, midwest continental high, east continental high, Bermuda high, Gulf high, tropical low, and not determined) and included the two most common weather types (east coast low and midwest continental high) in the analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
They recorded 2762 calls in the 6-11kHz during 30 nights. The greatest number of calls across all nights was from 04:00 to 05:00 CDT, 8hr after sunset and 2h before sunrise. The authors note that this timing "may have corresponded to" turning on the lights to illuminate the rig in the morning, but they did not record the lighting on the rig and do not seem confident in this relationship. The increase in call counts during dawn may have resulted from migrants re-forming flocks. The author notes that most birds landed on the platforms when the weather type was MCH (northeasterly winds) resulting in lower call counts. In contrast, higher call counts are recorded during increased cloud cover, lower cloud ceilings, headwinds, and ECH weather conditions.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if male and female Hooded Warblers had different light intensity preferences. However, only one female was available for testing. The testing room had four 200-watt bulbs arrayed over the length of the room, with 6 perches. A light-intensity gradient was created by unscrewing some of the light bulbs and clocking the side of the remaining lights that faced the "dark" end of the room. The time spent by each bird on the 6 perches was observed through a one-way window.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Four males and one female were each tested 12 times each for 20 minutes per trial. At least one week elapsed between each trial.

DescriptionOfResults:
Males showed no difference in preference for any of the light intensity treatments. The preferences of the sole female studied seemed similar to those of the four males.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the hens preferred high-pressure high-intensity sodium light or low-intensity incandescent light. This experiment was conducted in a three-chamber apparatus, consisting of a left, middle, and right chamber with the two end chambers each housing a light treatment. This experiment was a free choice test and recorded the location of the hens every four minutes within a six-hour trial period using a video camera.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Twenty Leghorn hens ranging from 20-23 weeks of age were tested together in pairs and each bird was only tested once. Tests lasted from 9:30 - 15:30 for three days; the first day was an acclimation period and the last two were experimental days. Birds were observed using videotapes for their location every four minutes during the testing period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the hens displayed no preference for either incandescent or high-pressure sodium light. Without considering time spent in the central dark compartment, hens on average spent 52% of their time under high-pressure sodium light and 48% of their time under incandescent light. Seven pairs of hens spent more time under the high-pressure sodium light and three pairs spent more time under the incandescent light. The birds spent the least amount of time in the central compartment where no light was present.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the light intensity preference of broiler chickens using a free-choice test. The chickens were raised and monitored in four experimental pens. Each experimental pen consisted of a lighting area (LA) and a non-lighting area (NA), with the two areas separated by a silver shade cloth. The NA had an intensity of less than 2 lux. The LA was divided into three subzones based on distance from the light source: high intensity (HI), medium intensity (MI), and low intensity (LI). The maximum intensity in the LA was 90 lux in two of the pens and 60 lux in the other two pens. The birds' positions in the pens were video recorded and sampled every 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 120 two-week old female broilers were tested, 30 in each of 4 pens. 2 pens had a maximum light intensity of 90 lux and two had maximum light intensity of 60 lux. The article states that the test period lasted for eight week, but also that distribution data recorded at 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 72, and 77 days, so it is unclear how long the test period lasted. On these days, data recorded by video and the birds' positions were manually identified 15 minutes.  An analysis of their distribution was conducted for all hours together and separately for daytime hours (0600 to 1700) and nighttime hours (1700 to 0600 the next day).

DescriptionOfResults:
Between the light and no light areas, the overall results for both the 90 lux and 60 lux groups should a significant preference for the no light area (NA) during the day. During the night, there were no significant preferences for the 60 lux group and the 90 lux group showed a preference for zones MI and NA. Among the three light intensity treatments, the birds had a preference for the lowest intensity (LI) during the day. At night, they preferred medium intensity (MI) but only if they were of older age.


StudySummary:
Bird migration intensity was recorded non-stop day and night from the research platform F1N01, recording the number of birds passing and their flight altitudes with a vertical marine radar. A second horizontal radar was used to detect deviations from the expected main migration direction. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It was in continuous operation from 2003 to the time of publication (2014)

DescriptionOfResults:
Migration intensity was highest below 200 meters, and birds had lower flight altitudes on nights with weather conditions unfavourable for migration.


StudySummary:
A BirdScan fixed beam radar installed on F1N01 was used to monitor migration rates every night inside and outside the Alpha Ventus windfarm from October 2010 until the publication date (2014). They calculated the migration traffic rate inside and outside of the windfarm and used three different radar angles to detect birds at different elevations. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Nightly monitoring was "continuous" from October 2010 through the article's publication in 2014.

DescriptionOfResults:
Data from the pencil beam radar shows that in a migration season, the migration intensity is higher inside the alpha ventus wind farm than outside. This was especially true for <200m altitudes. It was noted that wind conditions, visibility and the operational status of the wind turbines can play a role in the night-to-night variation in the bird distributions.


StudySummary:
A camera system called VARS was mounted on the nacelle of the AV4 wind turbine. The camera automatically records the day and night-time activity of birds moving trough an areas of the rotor blades. The VARS system operated both day and night. Birds quantified inside the rotor-swept zone and compared to the overall migration rates determined by radar. They combined the information from the VARS with the information from the radar to make and estimates of phototaxis and micro-avoidance. A second VARS system mounted on the base of AV4 recorded the bird activity in the area above deck (20m above sea level). They compared the number of birds on the platform to the number of birds in the rotor-swept zone. The illumination on the deck was "considerably stronger" than that in the rotor-swept zone.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Detection of birds using VARS from the AV4 nacelle started in late September 2010, while measurements from the platform deck started in early March 2012. Around 130 birds were recorded within the rotor-swept zone through to the end of December 2012.

DescriptionOfResults:
5.6 times as many bird events were recorded from the deck in the 20-meters above the platform deck than were recorded from the nacelle in the rotor-swept zone. The reason for this marked difference may be the greater attractiveness of the platform deck as a potential resting place for terrestrial species and the considerably stronger illumination of the deck and the tower base with white light. More bird events were registered from the nacelle when the rotor was standing still than when it was rotating. While the authors explain that "by comparing the frequency of birds measured in the rotor-swept size with the extent of migration measured with radar...it has now become possible to quantify micro-avoidance on site." However, they do not report the results of this comparison.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to record a mass mortality event on the night between Nov 1-2, 2010 on the alpha ventus wind farm. Information from various remote sensing devices regarding bird activity on the nights preceding the mortality event was used to elucidate the factors leading to the avian collisions with the illuminated structures and the rotating blades. These remote sensing devices were installed in and around the alpha ventus wind farm on the F1NO1 research platform, on a transformer station, and on one of the turbines. They included: a pencil-beam radar to estimate the migration traffic rate (MTR) across a fictive horizontal line 1kilometer in length; a rotating marine radar to record migration patterns flight tracks within the wind farm; a Visual Automated Recording System (VARS) that used infrared light to automatically detecting flying birds day and night; acoustic recording; and a thermal imaging camera system to monitor the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbine and the area around the F1NO1 research platform. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The data were mainly collected from the remote sensing devices on alpha ventus on the night of Nov 1-2, 2010 and also some days leading up to it. Remote sensing technologies were set up on the FINO1 platform west of the platform, on the transformer station in the SE and on one of the turbines. Data was gathered up to a max height/distance of 1500m.

DescriptionOfResults:
88 mortalities were recorded at platform on night of 1-2 Nov, 2010 (birds found on Nov 5th). On that night, BirdScan pencil beam radar detected similar number of birds inside and outside of wind farm. The birds in the beginning of the night started with the normal high altitudes, however as the night fell, the deteriorating weather conditions concentrated an increasing number of nocturnal migrants in the <200m ASL area (as confirmed by the pencil beam radar). Deteriorating weather conditions are also noted to increase phototaxis in nocturnal migrants. On that night, marine radar recorded birds flying in all directions, especially near the platform and wind turbines. Similar numbers of echoes were recorded inside and outside the wind-farm. While many birds were evidently attracted to (and collided with) the illuminated research platform, no birds were visible at the time at the rotating wind turbine AV4 equipped with the VARS automatic camera system.


StudySummary:
The study investigated orientation behaviour of European robins under four intensities of blue, turquoise, green, and two intensities of UV light recorded in a funnel cage similar to an Emlen funnel lined with coated paper.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 birds were tested in each condition Each bird was tested several times under the various conditions until they produced 3 recordings with sufficient activity in each. Experiments were performed during a six week period each from the first week of January to mid-February. Birds were tested one at a time. The experiments began in the evening when the light went off in the housing cages and lasted 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds showed seasonally appropriate orientation under all colours except UV at low intensities (8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2). Under blue light (424nm), they showed N/S axial orientation at all higher intensities. Under turquoise light (502nm), they misoriented along E/W Axis at 36x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2) but showed seasonally appropriate orientation at all other intensities. Under green light(565nm): birds were disoriented at 36x10^15, misoriented along E/W Axis at 54x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2), and along N/S Axis at 72x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2). Under UV light (373nm): they showed seasonally appropriate orientation at  0.8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2), E/W axial misorientation at 8x10^15 quanta/(s*m^2).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The researchers tested the domestic chicken's ability to orient in a correct trained direction under monochromatic red and blue light. About 2h after hatching, each chick was isolated and imprinted on a red table-tennis ball as its "mother". The test arena was a small square white pen, with white screens positioned perpendicular to the diagonal 15 cm from the side of the walls of the arena. Chicks were trained to locate the red ball behind on of the four screens during visual displacement trials under full spectrum white light. After the chick was trained, it was tested between 12 and 22 days old in the same arena with no red ball present and the magnetic field shifted to the East. If the chicks search behind the screen in the axis of the magnetic direction in which they were trained (N/S), they were considered oriented. The chicks were tested under white, blue (465nm) and red (645nm) monochromatic lights to test for wavelength dependency.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird was tested 5 times in each light condition (white, blue, and red). A total of 6 chicks were tested. The tests done under the  control magnetic field under white light were used as a control.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under white light and 465 nm blue light, 73% of chicks chose the correct direction or 180 degrees from the correct direction (axial misorientation). Under 645 nm red light, they showed no significant orientation (disorientation) with 50% of the choices being correct. However, because of the small sample size, none of the distributions statistically differed from random or from each other. Though, the study reports that "under white and blue light 5 chicks performed above chance level while only 2 chicks did so under red light". Directional choices of chickens under the monochromatic lights are summarized in Figure 2.


StudySummary:
Researchers monitoring bird migration from oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico recorded birds circling around platform lights at night that "clearly occurred due to the lights on the platform." The weather, flight direction, number of birds and species involved were recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations of circling events reported 73 times across 5 platforms. The number of nights on which observers were present but no circling events were observed is not reported. Observations were made on a total of 9 platforms, and circling events were never observed on 4 of the platforms.

DescriptionOfResults:
73 circling events reported on 5 platforms. No circling events observed on 4 other platforms. Number of individuals circled ranged from 1 to 800+. The vast majority of circling birds flew counter clockwise. Circling birds were frequently observed on overcast or foggy nights, rarely on clear nights  Circling events usually began shortly after the onset of darkness and peaked in the first two hours. "Once an individual or flock of migrants began circulating, it typically continued to do so rather uniformly for an indefinite period of time. Passerines typically stayed close to the platform and circulated at nearly constant rates, while flocks of herons and shorebirds often deviated considerably in their circular flight paths."  Birds dispersed at the first appearance of daylight on the horizon. More details on behaviour of particular bird guilds provided in report. In spring 1998 and 2000, massive circulation events resulted in 112 and 49 collision deaths, respectively. Refer back to table 16.1 for more details on each event. Tables 17.4 and 17.5 list the sources or mortality, including collision mortality.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to study how urban areas affect the altitude of nocturnally migrating birds. The authors hypothesized that birds would be attracted to the artificial light in the urban areas and fly lower. They used artificial light data from DMSP satellites to categorize pixels as "urban" or "non-urban". Using data from 9 weather surveillance radar stations in the eastern US, they estimated altitudes at five quantiles of vertical distribution of birds flying at night. They used GLMMs for each season and each of flight altitude to determine if there was a difference in flight altitude between urban and non-urban areas.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They quantified bird flight altitude based on vertical profiles of reflectivity (VPR) using weather surveillance radar in spring and august 2008-2012. They used data from four radars in Spring (March-May) and seven radars in autumn (mid-August to early November). At each radar, they used data only from nights dominated by bird migration. For each sampling night at each radar station, VPRs were estimated at up to four time points during the night. In total, they sampled 318 radar nights in the spring (ranging from 52 -118 nights per radar) and 419 nights in autumn (ranging from 9 - 105 nights per radar).

DescriptionOfResults:
The effect of urban areas on flight altitude depended on season and site, but the general pattern was that birds flew higher over bright urban areas than dark non-urban areas. The effect of the urban/non-urban variable on the five quantiles of the VPR modeled by GLMMs was significant in Spring for all quantiles, but only significant in the middle quantiles in August.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the magnitude of bird mortality from collisions with buildings in urban downtown Toronto. Volunteers collected dead, alive, and injured birds by hand or with a net. They recorded the species and location with a handheld tape recorder or paper. Injured birds were donated or taken to rehabilitation centers, and uninjured birds were placed in paper bags and released. The authors attribute these collisions to disorientation and attraction to the artificial light of the buildings, but they do not measure artificial light levels or compare light levels to collision rates.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data was collected from 1993-1995. Volunteers captured birds between 3:00 am-9:30 am, sometimes as early as 11:00 pm. In bad weather collection sometimes continued into late morning or early afternoon. Time spent collecting varied from 30 minutes to 3 hours. The collection was not possible every day and depended on the volunteers' schedules.

DescriptionOfResults:
The number of bird deaths is greater in autumn than in spring which may reflect the greater number of juvenile birds following the breeding season. Additional factors include migration routes in spring and fall and seasonal differences in the speed of migration. The average annual number of deaths from 1993 to 1995 is 732, with 300 in spring and 432 in fall. Due to the inconsistency in collection the number of deaths was likely greater than stated.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to test the ability of European robins to orient in the correct migratory direction under white, red, green  and high intensity red light following pre-exposure to either red light, white light, or total darkness. Their orienting behaviour was recorded in Emlen funnels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
11-12 birds tested in each condition. Birds were tested 3 times each in conditions involving red or green light. In control condition (pre-exposed and tested under white light), birds were tested up to 5 times each. Treatments involving pre-exposure to red light or darkness had exposure to their respective lighting conditions 1 hour prior to testing in Emlen funnels. Tests began around the time when the light in the enclosure went off for the night.

DescriptionOfResults:
Green light: oriented under both conditions (pre-exposure to red light or darkness), but increased scatter when pre-exposed to red light. 
Red light: disoriented when pre-exposed to darkness, oriented when pre-exposed to red light. However, this red light response was later shown to be a ‘fixed directional’ response, likely involving magnetite in the beak, and not seasonally appropriate (birds head westward in both autumn and spring) (Wiltschko et al. 2008)


StudySummary:
This study sought to test the preferences of hens for fluorescent lighting over incandescent lighting. This was a free choice test. The testing apparatus was a two-roomed chamber, connected by a central compartment, in which one side contained incandescent lighting and the other contained fluorescent lighting. The chambers were connected through a central compartment so that the birds could move freely. The birds were tested for 6 hour periods on 2 subsequent days. Overhead video cameras recorded the duration of time the birds spent in either the fluorescent, incandescent, or central compartment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 mature hens were used in this experiment, and they had previous experience with both the compact and the fluorescent lights. The preference of the birds was measured individually. The birds were allowed to acclimate for 6 hours on the first day, and were then tested for 6 hours on two subsequent days. Data were collected every 4 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds spent significantly more time in the fluorescent lighting than in the incandescent. The birds spent on average 73.2% of their time under fluorescent light and only 26.8% under incandescent


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether kiwis have a preference for either red, yellow, green, or blue lighting. In this free-choice test, the kiwi's enclosure was divided into four quarters with each quarter illuminated by a different colour of light. Using visual observations, the kiwi's position in the enclosure was noted in 1 minute intervals for a total of five hours of observation each day. Edge category, experiment day, illumination intensity, structure category and illumination colour were all potential confounding factors that were also considered.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A single female kiwi was tested for 12 days between 8:30am - 5:00 pm. A total of five hours of observations between 8:30 am - 5:00 pm were recorded each day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The amount of time spent in each of the four quarters by the kiwi was not significantly related to the colour of the illumination. It was suggested that other non-light related variables have more significant effects on the Kiwi's preference.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine whether kiwis had any preferences for different light intensities. This was an observational study involving differing light intensities in different indoor and outdoor enclosures, with each enclosure divided into grids of 1x1 metre squares. All enclosures had artificial light: The Kiwi Encounter and Rainbow Spring enclosures were illuminated by 5-7 light bulbs colored blue, yellow, red, or green. The National Aquarium enclosure was illuminated by six light bulbs. At the indoor enclosures (Kiwi Encounter and National Aquarium of New Zealand), the light conditions were reversed from the natural photoperiod. Each grid square in the enclosures was classified as being in one of two light categories, with category one including squares that were darker than the overall mean light intensity of the enclosure and category two including squares that were lighter. The author observed the amount of time the Kiwis spent in each category of grid square. Kiwis were freely able to move throughout the enclosures, and their locations were visually observed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Eight kiwis were tested, with three being tested in an outdoor enclosure (Rainbow Springs) and five were tested in indoor enclosures (Kiwi Encounter and National Aquarium of New Zealand). The three kiwis in outdoor enclosures were observed for two hours over five days for a total of 600 minutes. The five indoor kiwis were each observed for a total of 1500 minutes over five days, with these 1500 minutes being evenly distributed throughout the day.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, kiwis spent significantly more time in darker illuminated grid squares, although there were individual variations. The kiwis Forest and Koanga spent significantly more time in darker areas, while Jules and Koru spent significantly more time in lighter areas, and the remaining kiwis showed no significant differences. Indoor or outdoor housing did not affect their preferences for differently illuminated areas.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the light color preferences of meat chickens. Birds were reared in either white, blue, green or red light, then given a preference test in a pen in the shape of an equilateral triangle. In the corners of these pens there was a red, blue and green light hung 60 cm from the floor. This was a free choice test. Video cameras recorded the position of the birds in the pen. Data was collected for the first 3 hours after the chickens were placed into the pen, and then for 24 hours after 1 week.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There was a total of 8 groups tested, with 5 individuals in each group. The groups were recorded for 3 hours after being placed into the pens. After 1 week, they were recorded for 24 hours. For the 24 hour period, they recorded an average time spent each hour in the different light colors. The birds were all reared in white light for the first 7 days after hatching, and were then reared in either white, red, green or blue light from days 7 to 28. During this time, a study on bird behavior and growth occurred, however this study was excluded. On day 28, the preference test began.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds that were reared in blue and green light preferred the light they were reared in for the first 3 hours. The red and light groups also initially preferred the colors that they were reared in, however they moved to blue light by the third hour. Birds reared in white light preferred red light. After one week, the birds in red, white, or green lights preferred the blue light, with green light as their second choice. Birds reared in blue light preferred green light, and blue light as their next choice. There was no difference in color choice between male and female chickens in the first 3 hours, however after one week the female birds showed a stronger preference for blue light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to examine records of light-induced mortality events of the critically endangered Mascarene Petrel. The setup of the study involved collecting grounded seabirds found by locals on Reunion Island. The outcome measured was the prevalence of the Mascarene Petrel on Reunion Island as little is known about this species.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From January 1996 to May 2002, biologists from the Societe d'Estudes Ornithologiques collected grounded seabirds found by locals. Over the course of the study, 8 Mascarene Petrels were found of the 4000 total birds collected.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study collected a total of 8 Mascarene Petrels with all but one of them found in illuminated, urbanized areas.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of hens when comparing high-frequency and low-frequency flickering of compact fluorescent light. Birds were exposed to equal amounts of both lighting regimes before the experiment began. A chamber with two rooms connected by a central compartment was used in order to test their preference. This was a free choice test. One chamber had two low-frequency fluorescent tubes, and the other had two high-frequency fluorescent tubes. Overhead video cameras recorded the position of the birds throughout testing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 16 laying hens were used. Two identical test chambers were used at a time so that two birds could be recorded simultaneously. Birds were placed into this chamber for 6 hour periods for 2 days in order to acclimate to the chamber, and then individually tested for 6 hour periods on 2 subsequent days. The video camera was continuously recording, and a researcher recorded the entry and exit times of the birds in order to get the amount of time spent in each chamber.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds spent similar amounts of time in the low and high-frequency chambers. On average each bird entered each light source 3 times per hour. Birds also preferred rooms that were nearest to a laboratory door that the researchers use to move birds from the test chamber to their home pen. The birds showed a preference for one room over the other, regardless of light frequency in that room.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to record bird interactions during fall and spring migrations from 2010-2011 at 7 Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) production platforms(Edith, Gina, Gail, Habitat, Hermosa, Irene, Henry) located in Santa Barbara, Point Arguello and San Pedro regions of Southern California Bight (SCB).  Bird interactions with POCS platforms were categorized as "No Interaction(circle or fly near) or "Direct Interaction(landing on the platform on water)". Additionally, "Behavioural responses to artificial lighting were characterized as indifference, attraction, repulsion, or disorientation".  The author measured the attraction of birds to artificial light sources (platform lights) as well as the effects of ambient light, lunar phase, weather conditions on hunting, roosting and nesting behaviours of migrants. Seasonal avian surveys and human bird observations were made at the platforms and recorded on standardized data forms. Observers also collected remote imaging camera(BirdCam) observations and photographic records using 10-power binoculars and digital cameras from May 5-June 10 2011.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
678 hours of observations(daytime and nighttime) were made over the 2-year period during 2 spring and 1 fall migration periods. Out of the 3300 bird sightings (75 species consisting of marine and land bird species), 15% were observed interacting with the platforms. 9,844 images were recorded by BirdCam during a 34-day period. All observations and interviews with platform workers were recorded on data forms and were categorized into survey intervals, location, species, type of behaviour, and weather conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Platform Bird Observations indicate that most of the bird/platform lighting interactions occurred during a new moon and period of poor visibility. They observed no instances of "light entrapment." The only instance of "temporary disorientation" by nighttime lighting was observed in Red-necked Phalaropes as a result of the new moon and inclement weather(high fog/cloud cover, high winds). Peregrine falcons were observed hunting at night on the platforms, which the authors believe was facilitated by platform lights. Platforms Edith, Gina, and Hermosa had the most observed bird activity as a result of a large proportion of birds migrating past the platform and/or utilizing the platform for nighttime roosting within a few feet of bright lights. 51% of species had no platform interaction and 49% landed on the platform/water. According to the author, these platform interactions are not a result of entrapment by platform lights instead these interactions are the result of birds actively foraging (passerines foraging on insects), resting, and/or finding shelter from vigorous weather conditions.


StudySummary:
The study investigates whether European Robins can orient  in the correct migratory direction under total darkness. Birds were tested in funnel cages lined with typewriter correction paper. They were tested under monochromatic green light as control and in total darkness as treatment group. They were also tested in darkness win a magnetic field with horizontal or vertical component inverted, high-frequency field of 1.315 MHz or subject to local anesthesia of upper-beak in total darkness.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In spring 2005, 12 birds each were tested in the following 4 conditions: in geomagnetic field under green light, in geomagnetic field in total darkness, in  darkness with vertical magnetic component inverted and in darkness with horizontal magnetic component reversed. In autumn 2005, 16 birds each were tested under green light in geomagnetic field and in total darkness in geomagnetic field. In spring 2007, 12 birds each were tested under monochromatic green light in a geomagnetic field, in total darkness in geomagnetic field, in darkness with a high frequency field added and in darkness with Xylocain treatment. It was not mentioned whether the same birds were used among the treatments. Each bird was tested 3 times under a test condition.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under 565 nm green light as the control group, the birds oriented correctly towards the North in spring and South in autumn (seasonally appropriate directions). In total darkness, they showed a Northwesterly fixed direction response in both spring and autumn. The radio frequency did not disrupt the fixed northwesterly response. The local anesthesia (Xylocain) led to misorientation to Northeast, which indicates that the iron-based receptors in the beak were involved in orientation. Under vertically inverted geomagnetic field, the birds showed the same fixed Northwesterly response. Under the horizontally inverted field, they showed a South-East misorientation.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to assess if pullets (immature) and layer (mature) chickens had a preference between poultry-specific Dim-to-Red LED light and warm-white fluorescent light, as well as evaluating if prior lighting experience influenced this preference. Pullets (immature) were raised in incandescent lighting. The layers had been raised in Dim-to-Blue PS-LED or warm-white FL in the pullet phase, then were kept in cages with either dim-to-red PS-LED or warm-white fluorescent lighting. In this free-choice test, a preference test tunnel consisting of five compartments was used. These five compartments were divided into two pairs of light test compartments separated by a middle compartment that had no light source. A sensor-based monitoring system was used to record the number and distribution of birds in the testing compartments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In this study, 36 pullets and 72 layers were tested. 36 groups of birds with 12 birds for each category were used. Each bird category had 12 replicates, with 3 birds per replicate.  Six birds in two groups of the same category were tested simultaneously. There were 18 trials. There was also a 7 day acclimation period in which the birds became used to passing through the passageway. The first 2 days of the 6-day preference test the birds were allowed to acclimate, and the other 4 days data were collected. Data were collected in 1-second intervals using a sensor-based monitoring system, and feeder weight was collected daily was well.

DescriptionOfResults:
All three categories of birds spent the most time under fluorescent light over the PS-LED lights, regardless of their prior lighting experience. All three categories of birds also spent significantly more time splitting apart into the two chambers and preferred the fluorescent light when they stayed together. With regard to the moving frequency of birds, all three categories showed similar preferences for the fluorescent light treatment although layers raised under LED or fluorescent light showed significantly higher light-moving frequencies than pullets raised under incandescent light.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Emily Halajian, Riya Manguki, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test whether flash-rate preferences of quail chicks change with changes in stimulus illumination levels. 70 conditions were used, consisting of combinations of seven overall illumination levels (between 3.2 and 32.2 lux) and 10 flash rates (1 - 10 Hz). The choice of flashing over nonflashing lights was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
70 conditions consisting of seven illumination levels and 10 flash rates were used. 70 independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Chicks increasingly preferred the flashing over the non-flashing stimulus at first, but this preference decreased as a function of flash rate. High or low flashing rates paired with high illuminances (up to 90.42 lux) showed low preferences. Intermittent stimuli were no longer preferred over non-intermittent stimuli between or at illuminances greater than 90.42 to 118.40 lux, regardless of flash rate.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to determine the potential relevance of temporal modulation transfer function (TMTF) on quail lighting preferences within the interactions of luminance and flash rates. 20 conditions were used, consisting of combinations of two overall illumination levels, five conditions of relative illuminances of flashing vs non-flashing stimuli and two flash rates. The choice of flashing over non-flashing lights within each combination of flash rate and overall illumination level was recorded. An apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber was used. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
20 conditions were used in this trial, consisting of two illumination levels (low and high), five conditions of relative illuminances of flashing vs non-flashing stimuli and two flash rates (three and nine Hz). 20 independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
At three Hz the flashing stimulus was preferred over the non-flashing stimulus in all brightness combinations when overall luminance was low (32.2 lx) but the three Hz stimulus was not preferred at any of the brightness combinations when the overall luminance was high (322.5 lx). The nine Hz stimulus was significantly preferred regardless of brightness at the 31.5 lux overall luminance. At three Hz, the preferences were based on flashing rate while preferences made at 9 Hz and high luminance (315.2 lux) were made based on brightness. Flash amplitude had significant effects at three Hz but not at nine Hz.


StudySummary:
The study was run to determine if the full cryptochrome cycle could run, leading to correct orientation, under turquoise, blue or green light after one hour pre-exposure to total darkness or to the same wavelength as the treatment. Their orientation under green light after immediately taken from the holding room (white light) acted as the control. Birds were tested in Emlen funnels with LEDs controlled by radiometers.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The control group was birds pre-exposed to white light in the bird room and tested immediately under green light (n=6). Some birds were pre-exposed for 1 hour in total darkness before being tested under green, turquoise, or blue light for one hour (n=3 for each condition). Other birds were tested once for one hour immediately after being taken from the bird room (n=3 for each wavelength) and then tested again the following hour under the same wavelength (n=3 for each wavelength). A total of 33 birds were tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the experimental conditions of turquoise or blue light, the birds were able to properly orient North after any of the pre-exposure conditions (white light, darkness, or experimental light wavelength).  Under green light, robins could only correctly orient after pre-exposure to white light. Birds tested under green light after pre-exposure to one hour of darkness or green light were not correctly oriented.


StudySummary:
To determine how birds react to different wavelengths of artificial light at night, the author broadcasted lights at different wavelengths (blue, green, red, and white) and flash rates (continuous and flashing) from a portable spotlight situated on top of a car for 20 minute periods followed by a 10 minute period of darkness before the application of the next treatment period. They used x-band radar to documented the trajectories and heights of nocturnal migrants as they passed the light source. The compared the absolute flight altitude and the change in flight altitude to migrants that were not exposed to light. The radar was able to track movements of individual migrants up to 1500 m away and travelling within a 500 m wide path intersecting the spotlight. Figure 5-2 illustrates the experimental set up.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each replicate (1 night) was organized into 20 minute light trial sessions, with one 20 minute session for each treatment per night, separated by 10 minutes of no light followed by a different light treatment. Birds flying towards and directly over the light were tracked by radar. The number of birds in the lowest height category (0 - 300m) was compared among treatments. For each treatment, 10 replicates were conducted in the spring and 8 were conducted in the fall. Over the nights 23,563 birds were tracked in total. The sequence of lights was block randomized across each trial period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the migrants exposed to shorter wavelength light colors (green and blue) consistently flew lower compared to those exposed to longer wavelength (red and white) light colors. Flight altitudes in general were lower for stead-burning light treatments than flashing light treatments. Among the many comparisons listed in the article, the authors highlight that flight altitudes were lower in the steady-burning green light treatment than in periods of no artificial light or of other steady-burning light colours. In the flashing-light treatments, the migrants tested under blue flashing light displayed the largest altitudinal changes when compared to most other light colours. There was no significant effect of light treatment on the number of migrants detected in the lowest height category (0-300 meters).


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to examine data collected on grounded Cory's Shearwaters in the Azores archipelago to construct a population simulation to better understand the threats facing this species. One of the input datasets for this simulation was data from rescue campaigns. We exclude the simulations from the map, but report on the outcomes of the rescue campaign. They used data from rescue campaigns from 2001-2008, which were carried out from mid-October to mid-November. They do not give details on the rescue campaigns.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the seven years worth of data collected on light induced groundings, a total 3231 birds were found.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study recorded a total of 3232 dead or injured Cory's Shearwater found over the course of the study. The vast majority of them were fledglings


StudyName:
Doppler et al. 2015 stationary-aircraft experiment

StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to test the alert responses of Brown-headed Cowbirds to a stationary remote-controlled aircraft with single-wavelength lights tuned to their visual system during daylight conditions. With this experiment, they were able to determine whether cowbirds show alert responses more quicky to a stationary RC aircraft with pulsing or continuous lights, compared with the same RC aircraft with the lights off (control).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This experiment consisted of two independent factors, the light treatment (lights off, continuous lights, and pulsing lights) and distance to stationary aircraft (25 m and 100 m), resulting in six treatment combinations. They exposed 16 pairs of birds to the lights-off treatment, 15 pairs to the continuous-lights treatment, and 14 pairs to the lights-pulsing treatment. Twelve individuals, evenly distributed across all treatments, did not exhibit any response to the aircraft and thus were not included in the analysis. Individuals were placed in the enclosure and allowed to acclimate and forage for three minutes before they started recording their behaviour in each of the three treatments for three minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Cowbirds showed alert behaviours more quickly in response to the stationary aircraft with the continuous lights and with the pulsing lights, compared with the baseline alert behaviour recorded when the lights were off. They found a >75% probability of birds reacting to the pulsing lights and the continuous lights, compared with ~15% probability when the lights were off. No significant differences in latency to alert were found between the continuous and pulsing lights treatments.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test what brightness preferences the quails had at flashing and non-flashing rates. Overall, 4 stimulus pairs were tested, 2 high and 2 low, with neither stimulus flashing. A single stimulus pair, the 588.0 lx vs. 21.5 lx, was further tested so that both stimuli were flashing at 3 Hz, both stimuli were flashing at 9 Hz, only the brighter stimulus was flashing at 3 Hz or 9 Hz, and only the dimmer stimulus (21.5 lx) was flashing at 3 Hz or 9 Hz. The choice of one level of brightness over another was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Independent samples of chicks from control generation 12 (G12) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
When both stimuli in a pair were non-flashing, the birds displayed a preference for the brighter of the two options at all stimulus pairs except for 304.5 vs 21.5 lx. When both stimuli are flashing at 3 Hz, the brighter stimulus was significantly avoided. When both stimuli were flashing at 9 Hz, a slight preference of choosing the brighter stimulus appeared though it was insignificant. In general, the brighter stimulus was avoided at 3 Hz and approached at 9 Hz irrespective of flashing or non-flashing state.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the influence of stimulus colours on flash-rate preferences in genetic controls and genetically selected subjects. They tested combinations of three different genetic lines, five stimulus colours, and five different flash rates. Additionally, one stimulus in a pair was flashing and the other was non-flashing. The choice of one stimulus over the other was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested combinations of three different genetic lines, five stimulus colours (white, blue, green, yellow, red), and five different flash rates (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Hz). One stimulus in a pair was flashing and the other was non-flashing. 75 independent samples of genetic controls and genetically selected chicks from generations 12 and 13 were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
When all three genetic lines were presented with white light, as the flicker rate increased the preference for the flashing light decreased. However, these results were only significantly different between the three lines when the stimulus was flashing at 2 Hz. The control genetic line displayed a low preference for flashing red light at low flicker rates and this preference did not decline with increasing flicker rate, unlike their preferences under white light. The blue line subjects displayed a high preference for blue and yellow light and their preferences did not decline with increasing flicker rate. The red line subjects displayed a high preference for red and green light and their preferences also did not decline with increasing flicker rate.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test whether genetics affects preferences of lights with different colours and flashing rates. Kovach tested the colours blue and red and presented stimuli when neither stimulus was flashing, when both were flashing at 3 Hz, and when only one of the coloured stimuli were flashing at 1, 3, or 9 Hz. The choice of stimuli was recorded, using an apparatus of 28 discrimination compartments arranged hierarchically with the choice between a pair of stimuli within each chamber. To measure the outcome of this discrete choice test, the arrival of chicks in the eight collection boxes indicated the number of times one stimulus was chosen over another.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Independent samples of control chicks and chicks genetically selected for colour preferences from generation 14 (G14 and S14) were used, with 80 chicks per sample. Chicks were placed in the starting compartment of the testing apparatus in groups of 20 every 10 minutes, and each chick was scored individually over two runs through the testing apparatus with one run equating to seven consecutive trials. Testing stopped 45 minutes after the start of the final group of 20 chicks. Only data from chicks that completed the 14 trials of both runs were analyzed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Control line birds showed small significant preferences for blue stimuli when both presented stimuli were non-flashing and when both stimuli flashed at the same rates. When stimuli were presented with different flashing rates and different colours, these control birds always chose the flashing over the non-flashing stimuli. For the blue line and the red line birds, these subjects always chose their own preferred colour (i.e. red line chose red) regardless of the flashing rate. However, if the genetically unfavoured colour was flashing and the genetically favoured colouring was non-flashing, then this preference was significantly reduced for the genetically favoured (but non-flashing) colour.


StudyName:
Doppler et al. 2015 moving-aircraft experiment

StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to assess how cowbirds responded to an approaching RC aircraft with different light treatments. For this experiment they exposed pairs of birds to one of the following three treatments: (1) lights off, (2) continuous lights, or (3) pulsing lights. The behaviour of each individual was analyzed frame-by-frame for a variety of alert behaviours.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A trial began by simultaneously releasing a pair of birds into each of two enclosures. Each pair was allowed to acclimate for five minutes. They initially exposed 20 pairs of birds to the lights-off treatment, 22 pairs to the continuous-lights treatment, and 28 pairs to the lights-pulsing treatment. However, only 9, 10, and 11 pairs were used for the analysis, respectively. Each replicate lasted and consisted of five minutes of acclimation, the flight of the aircraft, and ended five minutes after the aircraft landed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Time until alert response was significantly affected by light treatment and speed, with a significant interaction. when the lights were off, birds took significantly longer to exhibit alert behaviour when the aircraft approached at higher speeds. When the lights were pulsing, the negative speed effect on alert response was still significant, but its strength decreased. When the lights were continuously on, there was no significant relationship between alert response and speed. There were no effects of light on avoidance behavior.


StudySummary:
Since 1997, participants in Project Safe Flight (PSF) have monitored bird building collisions in Manhattan. For this study, the authors analyzed the data from 1997-2008 to determine the top 20 species involved in collisions and investigate the role of various factors in causing bird collisions. They ranked over 180 sites to determine the top 10 sites with the highest collisions numbers. For these sites, they list the total number of collisions recorded at the site, monitoring dates, and information relating to vegetation, windows, building height, and artificial light. Artificial light for each building was categorized as follows: 1 = little to no light emissions, 2 = emissions from internal light source only, and 3 = emissions from internal light and external bright lights at the top of the building. Light intensity was measured during random night-time visits and by looking at photographs of the sites at night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
180 sites were monitored from 1997-2008. Participants monitored the exterior of a building by walking the route slowly, looking for birds from the base of the building to the gutter near the side of the street. Most building exteriors were monitored once a day in the spring (late May to early June) and fall (late August to early November) migration periods. Sites with collisions rates were sometimes monitored more than once a day, while sites with low collisions rates were sometimes monitored less.

DescriptionOfResults:
Collision numbers for Manhattan's top-10 collision sites ranged from 904 to 112. Of the 180 sites analyzed, two thirds registered collision numbers less than 10. All of the top 10 sites had large windows with visible outdoor vegetation. Only one of the top 10 sites had artificial light levels categorized as 3. Six of the top 10 sites had artificial light levels categorized as level 2, and three were categorized as level 1.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that most bird-building collisions occur during the day. From May 7-14, 2005, they intensively monitored six buildings in downtown Manhattan, four of which were skyscrapers that emitted artificial light during nighttime hours, and recorded the number and locations of bird carcasses found.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Participants followed the same monitoring procedures daily. They monitored the 6 building exteriors for 8 30-minute monitoring periods spread throughout the day and night. The same 590-meter route was walked during each monitoring session.

DescriptionOfResults:
Only four collisions were reported during the week-long study, and two were fatal. Birds were found at 4:00-4:30, 1 bird; 6:00-6:30, 1 bird; and 8:00-8:30, 2 birds. There were few no nighttime collisions. Due to the small number of bird collisions, data could not be analyzed to determine when bird-building collisions are most likely to occur.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to deter vultures from roosting close to airports as they create hazardous conditions for pilots arriving and departing nearby airports. They evaluated the effectiveness of suspending a taxidermic vulture effigy in the roost, augmented by periodic use of a handheld laser management options to alleviate the aviation safety problems caused by roosting vultures. They counted the number of vultures at the roosts before and after deploying the deterrents.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The laser was deployed on the 2nd and 3rd treatment days during first light and dusk. No more details are given.

DescriptionOfResults:
Vulture numbers decreased 41% within three days and 100% four days after installation of the stimulus.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine Broiler chicks' preference of light intensity when eating. Chicks were divided into 6 pens which consisted of 3 treatment rooms and a transit room to allow for free access between all treatments. The treatments applied included 5, 10, and 20 lux. In this free-choice test, the researcher measured both feed disappearance/intake in each treatment and the position of each bird using GoPro cameras.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
6 pens of 30 chicks each were used, giving a total of 180 birds in this experiment. Each group was tested once continuously between the ages of 14 - 39 days of age. To record the number of birds in each treatment, a random hour of the day was picked and data was recorded every 5 minutes. Feed disappearance/intake was measured every day.

DescriptionOfResults:
It was found that feed disappearance/intake was greatest in the 20 lx treatment and was significantly higher than the 10 and 5 lx treatments. When considering the number of birds per treatment not within the first or last hour, chicks spent more time in 20 lx than 5 lx. The last hour of the light treatments indicated that the chicks were present in 20 and 10 lx significantly more than 5 lx. The first hour of treatment found that birds preferred the 20 lx treatment over the 10 and 5 lx. Overall, the birds consistently preferred the 20 lx room for feeding through the photoperiod.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of birds when subjected to various light intensities. This was a free choice test. The birds were housed in the test chamber with three freely accessible rooms. Treatment group 4 (the preference test group) had one room with 5 lux, one room with 10 lux, and one room with 20 lux. Video observations were used to observe bird distributions every 15 minutes. Observations were recorded on days 20, 31 and 41 of the study.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There were 6 test chambers created. 120 broilers were tested with 20 broilers to each pen. These pens had various lighting regimes as described above. From days 0 to 3, the rooms were lit 23 hours a day, 1 hour unlit. From days 4 to 42, the chamber was lit 16 hours a day and left unlit for 8 hours a day. Treatment was initiated on day 14, and days 1-13 each pen was lit with an intensity of 60 lux.

DescriptionOfResults:
The distribution of birds changed with the birds' age. Preference for 20 lux was found on day 20. By day 31, this preference was no longer observed, and there was a decline in the number of birds in 20 lux. On day 41, the birds preferred 10 lux over 20 lux.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the preference of broiler chickens when presented with different light warmth regimes. Test pens consisted of two rooms, one of which contained light measured at 2700 k, and the other at 5000 k. This was a free choice test.  Video observations recorded the distribution of birds in each pen.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
120 chicks were separated into 6 pens (20 birds/pen). From days 0-3 the chicks were given 23 hours of light and 1 hour of darkness. From day 4 onward, the chicks were given 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. The intensity of light was 60 lux for days 0-13 and 20 lux from day 14 onward. Observations were collected on days 16, 24, and 33. These observations were collected at hours 1, 6, 11 and 16 of the light period.

DescriptionOfResults:
There were more birds in the warm light (2700 k) during the first hour of the photoperiod and the last hour of the photoperiod. There was no preference observed during the other photoperiods.


StudySummary:
The study investigates migratory orientating behavior of European Robins under monochromatic red or yellow lights after pre-exposure to light of the same wavelength. The birds were tested in Emlen funnels during Spring and Autumn. In some tests, the researchers also manipulated the magnetic field (vertical inverted, horizontal reversed), oscillated the magnetic field (to interfere with the radical pair mechanism for magnetoreception), or anesthetised the beak (to inhibit magnetite-based magnetoreception). The control group was tested under green monochromatic light directly after being taken from the bird room, which was lit with white lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested during Spring migration 2006, 2007, and 2010 and Autumn migration 2007, 2008, and 2010.  In autumn, a total of 48 birds were tested under the control condition (green light), 32 were tested under RpeR (red pre-exposure to red), and 16 were tested under YpeY (yellow preexposure to yellow). No treatments involving the geomagnetic field, radio frequencies, or beak anesthesia were applied. In the Spring, a total of 57 birds were tested under the control condition and 12 birds were tested under various combinations of the follow treatments: RpeR or YpeY; vertical component of magnetic field converted, horizontal component inverted, or no manipulation; 1.315 MHz oscillating field, beak anesthetized, or no treatment.  The pre-exposure treatments began at the time when their natural photoperiod ended, and they were tested one hour later. Tests lasted approximately 60-75 mins, depending on the coated paper used  in Emlen funnel.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds tested under green light oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction in both Spring and Autumn (green light was not tested with manipulations to the magnetic field or with beak anesthesia). Birds under red or yellow light oriented in a NNE direction or along the NNE-SSW axis in both Spring and Autumn. Inversion of the vertical component of the magnetic field did not affect their orientation, but reversing the horizontal component did, indicating that a polar response to the magnetic field is involved. This conclusion was further supported by their disorientation under yellow and red light when their upper beak was anesthetised.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Jared Randall, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The authors treated urban American Crow roosts with lasers to determine if crows react to laser light, if they can be dispersed from roosts using lasers, and whether lasers can elicit roost abandonment. They treated 63 roosts in Woodland, California and recorded the immediate and short-term reactions of crows. In Davis, they treated five roost and counted the number of crows during a 8-day pretreatment period and then again during a 4-day treatment period.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Davis site: Five roosts were chosen in Davis and each roost was treated with the laser four nights. Researchers swept the laser back and forth across the canopy until it appeared that all birds had left the tree (15 - 60 minutes). Roosts in the Woodland site were treated on 3 nights to assess immediate and short-term reactions of crows to the laser.

DescriptionOfResults:
In Woodland, in nearly half of the treatments 100% of the crows flew immediately away after the laser was applied. all crows that did not fly immediately away left the roosts as treatment continues. Crows returned to all roosts within 15 min. In Davis there was no difference in the number of crows using roosts during the pre-treatment versus treatment periods. Despite initial dispersal upon treatment, crows reoccupied all treated roosts the same night after treatment. No roosts were abandoned.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Tall Communication Towers

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to understand and reduce the negative effects of obstruction lights on migratory birds. The researchers conducted carcass surveys at 6 tall communication towers (>277m AGL) with guy lines in the northern Michigan area from 2008-2009. 2 of the towers had red blinking incandescent lights in addition to non-blinking red incandescent lights, 1 had only red blinking incandescent lights, and one had white blinking LED strobe lights. They conducted carcass surveys, in addition to observer detection and scavenger removal trails, to compare mortality rates at these three types of towers and determine if either of the following interventions could reduce bird mortality: replacing red incandescent obstruction lights with white blinking LEDs, or replacing steady-burning red incandescent lights with flashing red incandescent lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Researchers assessed tall communication towers using FAA Styles: A/F(a combination of steady-burning red L-810 and flashing red L-864 on 2 1000ft towers), B/C( series of high-intensity white strobe lights(L-865) on 2 1200ft towers), E (a combination of steady-burning red L-810 and a flashing red L-864 on 1 300ft tower). In May and September 2008 and 2009, the 6 towers were searched every morning using transects that covered a circular area within 100 meters of the base of the tower. Technicians arrived as early as possible every morning to reduce the likelihood of scavengers removing the carcasses. They walked at a rate of 45-60 meters/min along straight-line transects and searched for carcasses within 5 meters of the transects. A total of 162 bird carcasses were collected.

DescriptionOfResults:
Towers equipped with both flashing and steady-burning lights had significantly more mortalities than both other types of towers (only white flashing lights and only red flashing lights). The towers with no steady-burning red lights had 70% fewer fatalities than towers with steady-burning red lights.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Self-supported Rescue 21 Tower

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study is to quantify the frequency of avian collisions at the self-supported (unguyed) United States Coast Guard(USCG) Rescue 21 tower 107m(350ft) AGL, during spring and fall of 2008 and 2009. The tower was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top and mid levels and with non-blinking red lights at some points on the tower.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The carcass surveys were conducted as early in the day as possible to limit scavenger removal. The technicians walked at a rate of 45-60 min and counted carcasses within 5m at flagged, straight-line transects. Fatigue, human error, scavenging, and dense vegetation prevented observation of all bird carcasses therefore the technician's observer detection and removal rate was quantified for estimation purposes. A total of 9 carcasses were found during spring and fall of 2008 and 2009.

DescriptionOfResults:
Only 1 unknown sparrow was killed during spring and fall 2008. 8 birds were collected during the spring and fall of 2009. The author concludes that low levels of avian fatalities were documented at the self-supported Rescue 21 tower because birds were attracted to the tower but were not colliding with anything due to the lack of guy wires.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to identify if European robins exhibited fixed-directional responses under certain light and geomagnetic conditions. The birds were tested in Emlen funnels with an LED light source attached to the top. Birds were tested under combined turquoise and yellow lighting at 3 different geomagnetic field intensities (46, 92 or 148μT). Birds were also tested under complete darkness also at those 3 different geomagnetic field intensities. Their orientation (correct migratory direction) under monochromatic green light and the local geomagnetic field acted as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In January 2008, 12 birds were individually tested under the following 6 conditions: green light and the local geomagnetic field (control); turquoise-yellow light and the local geomagnetic field, 92uT and 138μT modified magnetic fields; darkness along with the local geomagnetic field, 92uT and 138μT modified magnetic fields. In February 2009, 12 birds were re-tested under green light and the local geomagnetic field as well as darkness and the local field and under a 92μT magnetic field. Tests began when the lights went off in the housing cages and lasted 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under the control condition (green light and geomagnetic field) birds were able to correctly orient slightly north of east. Under turquoise-yellow light and all magnetic conditions (local, 92, 138μT), the birds mis-oriented towards the east. Birds under total darkness and all magnetic conditions mis-oriented north-west. They misoriented in the same direction under all intensities of the magnetic field.


StudySummary:
The author compared the number of bird mortalities at two ceilometers - one that was turned off and one that was left on. Based on the weather conditions on the night of Sept 24/25, 1955, the author suspected that there would be a concentration of migrant birds at the ceilometers. He went to the Nashville ceilometer at 2145 and founds hundreds of birds fluttering in the beam. He also gathered a few dozen birds from the runway. The Weather Bureau immediately turned off the ceilometer beam temporarily to allow the birds to disperse. It is unclear if or when the ceilometer was turned back on that night. The author called the Sewart Air Force Base at Smyrna, about 10 miles south-east of the Nashville ceilometer, and asked them to use a filter to filter out all visible wavelengths (leaving only UV light), which had been used successfully to reduce bird attraction on previous occasions. This filter was not properly operated and the visible light continued to shine. The author visited both the Nashville and Smyrna ceilometers the following morning and compared the number of bird mortalities between the two sites.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study documents a single mortality event at two sites.

DescriptionOfResults:
When the author arrived at the Nashville ceilometer, birds were "fluttering" in the beam and he collected "a few dozen birds from the runway." The ceilometer was turned off, and the birds dispersed. When he visited again in the morning he found 35 additional birds. In Smyrna, where the ceilometer remained on all night,  over 1400 birds were found dead or injured in the morning. The author reports that on previous occasions, birds had dispersed from the Smyrna ceilometer when the visible-light filter was correctly applied and only UV light was shining.


StudySummary:
This study investigates European Robins' migratory orientations under bichromatic lights (green-blue, green-yellow at 2 intensities). Birds were tested in an Emlen funnel with LED light source attached above the test cage. There were 3 different magnetic conditions: local, vertically inverted, and horizontally reversed, along with 2 other treatments: upper-beak anesthetized and addition of radio frequency field of 1.315 MHz. Monochromatic green light or monochromatic turquoise light was used as control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 24 treatment combinations were tested. Under each of the 4 light conditions (blue-green, dim blue-green, green-yellow, and dim-green yellow), birds were tested under the following 6 conditions: Control (no other manipulations), local geomagnetic field, vertical component inverted, horizontal component reversed, radio-frequency field of 1.35 MHz, and upper beak anesthetised by Xylocain. 12 birds were tested in each condition, with the exception of 2 treatment groups (green-yellow control and in local geomagnetic field) with 24 birds each. The authors indicate that some birds were tested under the control conditions of monochromatic blue or turquoise light, but they do not specify how many birds were tested in these conditions. Each bird was tested 3 times. Testing began once lights went off in the housing room. It lasted 60 minutes when Thermo-paper and  75 minutes when TippEx paper was used. If a bird did not show enough activity, the tested was repeated.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under control light conditions (monochromatic blue or turquoise light), the robins preferred northerly migratory direction. Under blue-green light, they showed migratory axial preference under all magnetic conditions. Under dim blue-green light, they oriented under their northern migratory direction in local geomagnetic field and reversed their heading when the vertical component was inverted or the horizontal component was reversed. For both light intensities under blue-green, application of radio frequency led to disorientation, whereas anesthesia of the upper-beak had no effect. Under green-yellow light, they preferred northerly migratory direction. They reversed this preference when the horizontal component was reversed, but not when the vertical component was inverted, indicating that they were using a polarity compass. Under dim green-yellow, they showed axial preference along the north-south migratory axis, and this preference did not change when the magnetic field was altered. Under both intensities of green-yellow, the radio frequency had no significant effects, but when subject to anesthesia of local upper-beak, the birds were disoriented.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Khanh Ha, Jacquelyn Schenk, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study investigated migratory orientation behavior of European Robins under a combination of yellow and blue or yellow and green light recorded in Emlen funnels during spring and fall migration. Test under green light was used as a control.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 birds were tested in Spring, 16 birds were tested in Autumn. Each bird was tested 3-4 times under each test condition. Testing started in the beginning when lights were turned off and lasted approximately 75 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Under green light, the birds oriented in the seasonally appropriate migratory direction in both the Spring and Autumn tests. In the yellow-blue and yellow-green tests, they displayed a fixed direction misorientation - orienting in the same direction in both Spring and Fall.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to track the reactions of migrating birds to a searchlight beam, with the intention of determining if lights could help reduce bird collisions with plane. They used a tracking radar to find and track birds. When they located birds approaching the vicinity of the radar, they tracked each one for 15 seconds, and then switched on the radar-mounted searchlight while continue to track the bird with the radar. They classified their reactions to the light by a) no reaction, b) sudden turns, and c) hovering.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They recorded the reactions of 96 individual birds at different distances from the light source. No more details.

DescriptionOfResults:
The proportion of birds reacting to the searchlight was greater at short ranges, with nearly 100% of the birds within 200-meters of the light source reacting (figure 1). Hovering accounted for about 20% of the reactions at each distance range; all other reactions were sudden turns. Over 80% of turns resulted in avoidance of the beam.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to study the reactions of birds in the path of an actual aircraft with its landing lights continuously on. The aircraft repeatedly flew over the radar site for about 3 hr on one single day. The airplane passed over the radar in alternate directions along a straight line parallel to the track of most of the migrating birds. Meantime, they used radar to track the flight of individual birds in the path of the oncoming airplane, and noted possible reactions using a radar.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The airplane flew over the radar 30 times and there were 4 clear instances of bird-airplane approaches that were within 100 m, that were recorded in detail.

DescriptionOfResults:
Bird 1 flew away from the path of the airplane (when it was 70 m away), while maintaining a constant altitude. Birds 2 and 3 reacted when the plane was 280 and 360 m distant and flew directly away from the airplane. Bird 4 showed no reaction until the plane was within 100 m and turned away and dropped very quickly.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to deter storks from nesting and roosting on electrical distribution structures. For this purpose, they deployed a sound devices with low ultrasonic range and distress calls and piloted it at two independent nest sites, consisting of platforms near electrical distribution structures. At one of these sites, a strobe-light was installed as an additional deterrent part way through the season. The presence of the storks was recorded using camera traps on the platforms.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The sound-based deterrents were installed on the platforms from November 2009 - July 2010. Existing nests were removed from platforms before installation of the devices. The sound system operates during the daytime. At one of the platforms (locality B), a light firing strobe was installed on the nest in the third week of February and operated continuously during the night to attempt to expel the storks. The light firing strobe was turned on every night through at least March 2010.

DescriptionOfResults:
At the platform with only sound deterrents, the deterrent was installed before nesting began. A pair inspected the nest site, but ultimately settled at another platform nearby. At the other platform, a pair had already begun constructing a nest before the sound deterrent was installed, and they continued to build the nest. A strobe light was installed as an additional deterrent in February, and it initially expelled the storks from the nest, but they became accustomed after 2 weeks of strobe operation and continued their nesting process.


StudySummary:
The aim of this study was to examine the responses of water-associated birds to lasers while manipulating or measuring several other variables predicted to increase the likelihood of eliciting an escape response. Variables considered included: laser colour (green and violet), foraging mode (diving, dabbling and wading), time of day (morning or evening), weather (fair or inclement) and season (spring and fall). They subjected waterbirds to laser beams at 12 natural and man-made water bodies or ponds and recorded the birds'  alert or escape response on an ordinal scale from 0 to 4: 0=no response; 1 = change in direction; 2= startle response with flapping and/or rapid movement <10m; 3 = Flying > 10m; 4=diving. This scale was condensed into binary categories for analysis base on the presence of escape behaviour (3 or 4 or ordinal scale) or absence of escape behaviour (0, 1, or 2 on the ordinal scale).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Lasers were trained near birds for up to five seconds after which a zero was recorded if the bird or bird group exhibited no overt reaction. 791 trials were conducted on birds that were distributed opportunistically among a priori explanatory variables of laser colour, season, and foraging group, with more trials conducted with green lasers (62% of trials), in the fall (61% of trials), and on dabbling birds (68% of trials).

DescriptionOfResults:
Green lasers were generally more effective than violet lasers and this difference was greatest at intermediate light levels. Increasing ambient light reduced responsiveness generally and this effect was even more pronounced for violet lasers. Birds were 70% more likely to respond in spring relative to fall and about 60% more likely to respond in mornings relative to evenings.  Birds that forage by diving exhibited different escape responses when they were startled; loons and grebes always dove, whereas diving ducks usually flew away.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of light intensity on penguin colony attendance. The study was conducted at the Penguin Parade, a colony with artificial illumination for humans to view the penguins. To test the  potential effects of light intensity on penguin attendance, they manipulated the light intensities. The two treatments were  normal (3 lux) and high (15 lux) light intensity. Penguin attendance was tabulated by measuring the number of penguins coming ashore, the group size, the time of emergence, the time when penguins reached the colony and how long it took the penguins to walk from the water's edge to the colony within each light intensity treatment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This study was done for 51 days and lasted from sunset to 1.5 hours after sunset each day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The Little penguins displayed no difference in attendance depending on light intensity. In other words, light intensity did not affect whether penguins chose to come onto land, group size, timing, etc.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study is to determine if penguins had a preference between the presence or absence of artificial light. This experiment was conducted with penguins that used only natural lighting to reach their colony on land. Tunnels were created along the Penguin's path that led from the water's edge to the colony. Incoming penguins had to choose one of the two tunnels - one was illuminated and the other was dark. The tunnels were installed in July but the lights weren't turned on until October to give the penguins time to habituate to the tunnel presence. Using a photoelectric sensor, the time and number of penguins passing through each tunnel was recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study lasted for 43 days and each day the experiment lasted from 15 minutes before sunset to 105 minutes after sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
Penguins significantly preferred to cross to the colony through the illuminated tunnels and also crossed earlier than in the dark tunnel. There was a slight preference for the right tunnel over the left when both were not illuminated with light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if the penguins had a preference for red or blue light when crossing from the water to the colony through a tunnel, using the same experimental setup as in the light preference experiment. They rotated among three treatments, changing the treatment each night: "right blue, left red"; "right red, left blue"; and "control" (without any artificial light). In this discrete-choice test, the observers measured the penguins' preferences using a photoelectric sensor, noting the number of penguins and the time each penguin entered through a tunnel.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study was done over 23 days and lasted from 15 minutes before sunset to 105 minutes after sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
The penguins significantly preferred to use the blue-lit tunnel more than the red one. In terms of the time the penguins entered the tunnels, there was no difference found.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if the penguins preferred artificially lit areas in the naturally unlit site of Cullen Cove. One half of the beach was artificially illuminated, while the other half was not. Each night only of  the lights (left or right) was turned on, and during control nights both lights were off. Penguins had to choose one of four potential paths from the water's edge to the colony and their choice was recorded using sensors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This study lasted 55 days and took place at night every day.

DescriptionOfResults:
Penguins tended to pick paths independent of light treatments. From strongest to weakest preferences, penguins tended to choose path 3, 2, 4, and 1. The authors conducted GLMS for each individual path to determine if illumination affected the number of penguins crossing that path. They found that illumination had a positive effect on the number of penguins crossing paths 2 and 4, and no effect on paths 1 and 3.


StudySummary:
The aim of the study was to demonstrate that head movements could be used to measure pigeon's detection of change to the magnetic field, and the show how the pigeon's reactions changed in light v. dark conditions. This study compares the head movements of homing pigeons in normal light vs in total darkness when transitioning among 3 magnetic conditions: SF- static field, NF- null field, CW- field sweeping clockwise. The number of head movements in each condition and during the transitions were measured using video analysis.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
10 birds were used in both light and dark conditions. Each bird was tested in dark and light condition on the same day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds had fewer head movements overall in darkness than in light, and they made fewer head movements during the transitions between magnetic field states, indicating that they were not detecting the changes in the magnetic field and not attempting to orient when light was absent. When the light-tested bird's results were compared with the control birds from an earlier experiment that did not experience and change in the magnetic field, the comparison between these two groups was nearly significant, with birds experiencing changes to the magnetic field showing more activity and head movements. When the behaviours of the individual birds that were used in both experiments were compared, the birds had significantly more head movements and overall activity when they were exposed to changes in the magnetic field than in the control condition.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find the roosting preferences of forest and urban great tits. A test chamber made up of two attached cages were used. Birds could move between the two compartments. The three treatments were white light and green light, darkness and green light, or darkness and white light. This was a free choice test. Camera traps recorded the cage chosen by the birds. Pictures were taken in 1-minute intervals and through motion detection.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
35 male great tits, 17 forest and 18 urban were used for this study. Each individual bird was randomly assigned to a treatment group. These treatments lasted five nights followed by two days of recovery. After the second nights of the five-night treatment, the lighting regimes were switched between the chambers so as to account for room preference. The lighting treatments lasted 13 hours and 45 minutes with full florescent spectral light during the day for 10 hours and 15 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light at night had an effect on the roosting choice of birds. Green light was the most preferred lighting, followed by white light. Light position in the cages only had a minor effect, as birds preferred to roost in the cage on the right over the left.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if artificial strobe light had an effect on perch preferences in Zebra Finches. This study used behaviour boxes with two different perches, with only one of the perches triggering the strobe light stimulus for as long as that specific perch was occupied. Perch landing and perch occupancy rates were then calculated, using IR-beam break sensors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Six birds were individually tested for six to eight days, one time each. Data was collected whenever birds landed on and occupied one of the two perches.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds avoided the strobe-associated perch and always preferred the non-strobe-associated perch regardless if perch 1 or perch 2 was the strobe-associated perch. This shows that strobe light negatively reinforces place preference in zebra finches.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to conduct pilot tests to determine if the SeaBird Saver laser-based system can effectively displace seabird species that typically undergo bycatch mortality in North Pacific fisheries away from dangerous fishing gear and under what conditions. They performed field trials aboard a trawl catcher-processor, by mounting 2 different lasers (same color) at the stern and alternating them to deter birds when the net was actively fishing and the factory was operating and discharging offal. They counted the number of birds pre- and post-laser activation during the day trials. During the night trials, there was not enough ambient light to count the number of birds, so the observed changes to bird behaviour within the area illuminated by the vessel's lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They performed 30 to 90 minute laser trials once or twice per fishing day during daylight hours, for 10 days. They performed only one trial during the hours of dusk.

DescriptionOfResults:
Bird response to the two lasers was nominal to absent during daylight hours; bird numbers in the observation area were unchanged with and without laser activation under all weather conditions encountered. Under brighter conditions, no behavioural response could be detected in individual birds even those struck directly by the laser. Under lower light conditions during daylight hours, birds struck directly by the laser showed some limited avoidance relocating within a meter or less of where they were struck, but this response was not consistent. Surrounding birds showed no detectable response. In the only trial at dusk, the laser provoked a localized response in many but not all birds sitting on the water and directly struck by the laser dot. Birds in flight showed no detectable response. Two to 30 birds could be dispersed when the laser dot passed through a dense aggregation of birds, clearing up to a 5-m radius area around the laser dot, but not consistently. Most birds resettled on the water within 10 to 20 m of their original location, and within the 100-m observation area. In only one of the 14 observations at night with the laser activated did they observe a substantial avoidance response to the laser.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine starlings' reaction time (or startle response) to a one millisecond flash of unfiltered white light. Birds were trapped and placed into an anechoic chamber with an electronic flash unit, and individually tested on several occasions. The latency of the startle response (the time from the occurrence of a stimulus to the elicitation of a response) was used as an index of the response time. The birds' startle response was to go into a semi-crouch position. Two types of control trials were run. In the first, the switch was turned but there was no flash. In the second, there was a flash but there was a black glass plate placed between the light source and the top of the cage so that the flash did not penetrate to the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds received visual stimuli at 1 to 4 minute irregular intervals. They approximately made 8 to 15 trials per run, with each run lasting between 30 - 45 minutes. Runs on 18 birds were conducted at various times of the day over a 30 day period.

DescriptionOfResults:
The grand mean of startle reaction times to light flash stimuli for 18 starlings was 76.38 msec. The text states that "All control experiments failed to show artifacts on the records." It is unclear if they tested for startle reactions during the control experiments, or only for "electronic artifacts."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a motion-activated laser hazing system for repelling captive Canada geese. In particular they were interested in evaluating the effects of repeated exposure (i.e., habituation) and subsequent inactivation of the laser hazing system (i.e., behavioral extinction). The experiment consisted of 3 phases: pretreatment, treatment and posttreatment. On the pretreatment, they trained geese to occupy plot halves containing an automatic feeder between the 1900 hours and 0600 hours. Each plot contained an untreated (control) subplot, opposite the treated plot half. During treatment and posttreatment, they placed the laser hazing device near the feeder. During treatment, they exposed geese to laser hazing throughout an extended period of the night. For the posttreatment they wanted to determine the persistence of place avoidance subsequent to the permanent inactivation of the laser hazing system. The behavioral extinction procedure involved presentation of a cue in the absence of laser activity (i.e., presence of the red box and the inactivated laser hazing system subsequent to habituation testing within the same subplot). They recorded goose occupancy (time) within treated subplots prior and subsequent to the activation of the feeder (from 30 min prior to sunset to 30 min prior to sunrise during each day of the test).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The treatment was replicated with 8 pairs of geese. It included 5 nights for each of 8 pairs of geese. It was extended to 20 nights for a ninth pair to evaluate habituation throughout this prolonged and repeated exposure to laser. The posttreatment included 6 nights for 8 goose pairs.

DescriptionOfResults:
Time geese spent on the treated subplot decreased by 47 min during the treatment phase. This was an 83% reduction in average goose occupancy for treated subplots. Although average occupancy of treated subplots failed to return to 80% of pretreatment levels within 2 days following the treatment, the persistence of place avoidance extinguished 3 days subsequent to the permanent inactivation of the laser hazing system. Geese apparently did not habituate to the laser deterrent system when they were exposed up to 20 consecutive nights. However, they returned to the treated subplot within a few days after the laser system was deactivated.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to identify the species of waterbirds that respond to laser light and document the immediate response of waterbirds to laser light, with the ultimate goal of testing the lasers for us at oil spills. For that, they conducted random tests at 5 different locations in the Sacramento Valley of California. They visited the sites at dusk and opportunistically used the laser on any birds encountered. They recorded the species and number present, fired the laser at the birds and recorded the number remaining. They recorded the immediacy of birds' responses as: none, immediate or delayed. The type of response was recorded as none, took flight, swam away, flapped away over the water, ran away, walked away, alert only, or dived. If the bird flew, then the flight response was further classified as flew away out of sight, landed nearby (e.g., on the same pool), or landed on an adjacent site. A response was considered favorable if the bird left the site by any means (e.g., flying, running, or swimming).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested the laser at 5 locations on 18 evenings. They fired the laser a total of 129 times at 2000 birds, consisting of 25 species.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall 61% of 2,000 birds responded favorably by leaving the area. High proportions of pelicans and cormorants (100% and 85%, respectively) responded favorably. Grebes, coots, shorebirds, herons and egrets (99%), geese (93%), and diving ducks and gulls did not respond favorably to laser treatment. Only 10% of the dabbling ducks responded favorably to treatment. Out of 129 sessions, all birds either left the area on 75 occasions (58%) or did not on 51 occasions (40%). A partial response, where some birds stayed and others left, occurred only during 3 sessions.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if laser treatment during the early evening reduces bird numbers over the course of a night, and to determine if the laser treatment has any lasting effect on waterbirds over the short term (5 days) after treatment has ended. The experiment was conducted at a marsh, but the purpose was to determine if lasers could be used to deter birds from oil spills. They divided a marsh into 4 distinct count areas and one of them was selected at random to be an untreated site. The data from the three treated portions was pooled for subsequent analysis. They divided the study into 3 time periods of 5 days each: pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment. They counted the birds, used the laser and counted any remaining birds. Instead of having a control site (due to its proximity to the treated area), the untreated portion of the marsh served as an example of how birds numbers in an untreated portion of a laser-treated marsh might change. In addition to counting birds, they observed behavioural responses. They recorded the immediacy of birds' responses as: none, immediate or delayed. The type of response was recorded as none, took flight, swam away, flapped away over the water, ran away, walked away, alert only, or dived. If the bird flew, then the flight response was further classified as flew away out of sight, landed nearby (e.g., on the same pool), or landed on an adjacent site. A response was considered favorable if the bird left the site by any means (e.g., flying, running, or swimming).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Treatment lasted 5 evenings, during which three portions of the marsh were treated with laser deterrents and one section was not. The data from the three treated portions was pooled for subsequent analysis. Individual birds or groups of birds encountered during laser sweeps received up to 6 to 8 sec of targeting if they did not react immediately. During the 5 evenings of treatment, the laser was fired 74 times (sessions).

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, 74% of 2,251 birds responded favorably by leaving the area. High proportions of herons (98%) and dabbling ducks (93%) responded favorably, while coots did not respond favorably to laser treatment. Only 46% of the diving ducks responded favorably to treatment. Out of 74 sessions, all birds either left the area on 27 occasions (36%) or did not on 31 occasions (42%)and a partial response, where some birds stayed and others left, occurred during 16 sessions. Bird numbers immediately after the laser treatment were less than the two other time periods and bird numbers recorded the next morning were not different from the numbers present just before the laser treatment the evening before. There was a significant decrease of 47% in the average number of birds on the treated area from the pretreatment to the treatment period. The average number of birds during the 5-day post-treatment period was not significantly different from that during the treatment period. There was a similar pattern of change on the untreated portion of the marsh. For results specific to species groups, see Tables 9 and 10.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to repeat the experiments described in Muheim et al. (2002). The author investigated orienting behaviors of European Robins under different wavelengths and intensities of monochromatic artificial light (full-spectrum, green, green-yellow, and red) in Emlen funnels. Orientation under green light was used as a control. They attempted the same setup that was described in Muheim et al. (2002), but found that the birds were not significantly oriented under the control conditions, so they were unable to attempt and of the treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Number of birds and number of tests were not mentioned. The results of control treatment were unsuccessful, indicating potential electromagnetic disturbances in the testing room.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds did not orient in the seasonally expected migratory direction under 560 nm green lights, as they had in previous experiments. Possible explanations include electromagnetic disturbances in the holding/testing room.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Qibang Feng, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The aim of the study was "to determine the scale and impacts of attraction of petrels to artificial lights at St. Kilda, investigate influences of the lunar cycle, and assess effects of reducing artificial light emissions." In order to do this an investigation was carried out in which "nightly numbers of Manx Shearwaters (Puffinus puffinus), Leach’s Storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) and European Storm-petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus) attracted by artificial lights were recorded in September and October from 2005 to 2008 (1st September - 16th October; within an hour after dawn). Effects of experimental reductions to light emissions in 2007 and 2008 were assessed, together with variation in annual moonlight, mortality rates, and age of birds found". In 2005 and 2006, there were no reductions in the village lights. In 2007 unnecessary lights were turned off and indoor lights were shielded.  In 2008, the same thing as 2007 was repeated, but with an experimental period of 20 nights of no light reduction in the village, starting from the night of 22 September.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the 4 years of the experiment, 59 Manx Shearwaters, 45 Leach’s Storm-petrels and 1 European Storm-petrel were found with fewer than 3% of birds found dead in this study (all in 2006) and all the rest alive. The study was conducted in 2005 - 2008 between 1st September - 16th October every year, with the grounded birds being collected early every morning (within 1 hour after dawn).

DescriptionOfResults:
In the 4 years they found 59 Manx Shearwaters, 45 Leach’s Storm-petrels and 1 European Storm-petrel. Less than 3% of birds found (all in 2006) in this study were dead. The majority of Leach's Storm-petrels and Manx Shearwaters were found at times of very low moonlight. There were significantly fewer Leach's Storm-petrels found in 2007 (the year when light reduction measured were put in places) and in the light-control period in 2008, compared to the period in 2008 when there were no light reduction efforts. Numbers of Manx Shearwaters found remained high during light control periods, indicating that they may be sensitive even to low levels of artificial light. Overall, as stated by the study "There was a significant within-year difference in numbers of Leach’s Storm- petrels found in 2008, between the times when light reduction methods were in place and the deliberate control period when light emissions were not reduced... numbers of Leach’s Storm-petrels found in the village differed significantly between 2007, when lights were off, and the period in 2008 when lights were on." High numbers of birds were found when weather conditions were foggy. Conditions with low moonlight (like during the new moon) were correlated with the highest number of birds being found with the lowest bird numbers were found on full moon conditions. It was also noted by the researchers that most of the grounded birds were fledglings.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Qibang Feng , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
To conduct a study regarding the pattern of light-induced mortality of petrels on Reunion Island from January 1996 to December 1999, a public campaign collected 2348 birds attracted to lights that had been grounded. The public was told to collect grounded birds, and asked to fill out a survey providing the time, location, and types of light that were presented when the birds were founded. The proportion of fledgling lost was used as a measurement to compare between the years.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From January 1996 to December 1999, 2348 birds were collected from public, 94% of which were fledglings. Birds were collected by volunteers that spotted and collected the birds to hand over to biologists of the Socie ́te ́ d’Etudes Ornithologiques de la Re ́union (Natural History Museum).

DescriptionOfResults:
Most birds were found in areas where urban lights were most abundant. Streetlights and sport installations were "responsible for" 78% of the cases of mortality. The mean number of birds was found every year was 587 ± 301, there were clear seasonal patterns. Significantly fewer Barau’s petrels and Audubon’s shearwaters were found daily during full moon than at other stages of the lunar cycles. For Barau’s petrels, the effect of the full moon was particularly clear in 1997 when this coincided with the normal fledgling peak. It was estimated that 20% of the fledglings produced annually are lost through attraction to lights. The minimum number of mortality events on full moon nights was explained as being because of: "The decrease in number of birds attracted by lights during full moon may indicate that full moon inhibits young petrels from fledging or that fledglings are not attracted by lights because a greater ambient light causes a diminution of attraction of artificial lights."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to test differences in orientational behaviour by adult and young sedge warbler during autumn migration under varying sources of light stimuli. All testing were conducted in Emlen funnels for an hour as soon as the sun's disc was below the horizon and again for the hour before sunrise. Birds were exposed to two different sources of light; natural (glow of sunset, sunrise, and moonlight) and artificial (horizon glow from the study area). The authors compared bird orientation on clear night, when the horizon glow was visible, to cloudy nights, when the horizon glow was not visible.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested individually, at sunset and one hour before sunrise, each experiment lasting for one hour. Experiments conducted under a visible moon (moon direction = 0° or North = 0°)  had n=13 (adults) or n= 42 (young) in either the condition. A total of 61 adult birds and 151 young birds were used in four different experiments.

DescriptionOfResults:
Adult birds showed Southward orientation similar to their appropriate migratory direction in all testing. Young sedge warblers distribution was similar the adults, however, a subgroup of these young birds showed Easterly direction during morning testing. During experiments conducted in conditions of visible moon, both groups showed Northern migratory direction. They argue that the distribution of some juveniles were more scattered in relation to adults due to influences of disruptive lights in the study area, haze on the horizon that hid town lights, and moon glow.  Consequently, they proposed that young birds were more attracted to various light sources, influencing them in their migratory orientation far greater than adults.


StudySummary:
In 1978, Bramley observed the behavior of white storks as they passed over oil flares in the Gassi Touil oasis in Algeria. Observations were also collected during the same time period at Hassi Masoud with oil flares present. Due to the bright light from the oil flares, the number of white storks and their behavior was observed with the naked eye. They estimated the number of storks passing and described how they would gain height as they approached the flame, then spiral upwards above the flame, riding the thermal created by the gas flare.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations at both sites were conducted from the evening into midnight on February 24th and 25th of 1978. Approximately 8000 storks were observed at Hassi Masoud with the smallest flock consisting of 15 birds and the largest flock containing 270 birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
White Storks are diurnal migrants, and the authors were not aware of other records of nocturnal migration. The storks were evidently using the thermals created by the flares to gain altitude for migration. On the evening of February 24th 1978, birds were seen flying in from the south at 19.30 (1 hour after sunset) and they stopped passing at 22.30 by which point at least 8000 storks had passed north over the area. The birds flapped to gain height as they flew in, then spiraled upwards in the thermal. The average flock had about 60 members. Some workers at the site had witnessed similar behavior the previous year.  Few migrants were seen the following day.


StudySummary:
The authors tested the effect of artificial illumination on Black-tailed Godwit nest site selection. The authors used two sites: one site adjacent to the A9 highway (Limmerpolder) and another out of reach of the influence of traffic (Groot-Limmerpolder/Over Die). In the latter site, 24 light poles were installed in 1998 and 1999. Both sites were not illuminated in 1998 and were illuminated in 1999. The authors conducted nest surveys and recorded the positions of the nests and their distance to the motorway/light sources and compared these to 10,000 randomly selected points. At each nest site and at random points, the authors characterized sward height and structure, drainage conditions, and addition of fertilizer. The authors estimated the effect of artificial light and other covariates on the relative probability of occupancy using logistic regression.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The 2 plots (away from and near to road) were compared before and after treatment, with lights off in 1998 and lights on in 1999. The research area covered 230 hectares. 123 nests were found in 1998 and 140 were found in 1999. Characteristics of these nest sites were compared to compared to 10,000 randomly selected points within the study area. Weekly nest searches took place from the second week of April until the second week of May each year to avoid documenting attempts at multiple broods. The authors suggested these search efforts were exhaustive.

DescriptionOfResults:
Fewer Godwits nested within 300m of light location in 1999 (when lights were illuminated) than in 1998 (when they were not illuminated). More nested 300 - 500m from light sources in 1999 than in 1998. In the logistic regression, distance to lighting had a small but statistically significant effect on nest-site selection, with Godwits selecting sites farther from light sources. The authors infer that this translates to an effect distance of 300m or 60 ha/km of highway that is negatively influenced by lighting. The authors note that it is difficult to determine the effects of illumination on nest-site selection because Black-tailed Godwits demonstrate breeding site fidelity, so the conditions in 1998 likely influenced nest-site selection in 1999.


StudySummary:
Researchers located and monitored Eleanora's Falcon nests from 1996-2000 to determine factors influencing their nest-site selection. Nests were located from a boat and their precise locations were determined from land visits. At each nest site, they recorded topographic, climatic, and antropic variables and mapped them using a digital terrain model with a 6m pixel size. Antropic variables included the visibility of the lighthouse beam, visibility of zones of intensive antropic use, and distance to zones of intensive antropic use. Visibility of the lighthouse beam was a binary measure (0-absence, 1-presence). Mean values were used for continuous variables.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Pixel/cell size of digital terrain model was 6m. Attributes of cells with nests (n=20) were compared to cells without nests (n = 4031). Extensive monitoring took place from 1996 - 2000 and the researchers state that it was likely that all nests were detected.

DescriptionOfResults:
The light beam of the lighthouse could not be seen in only 37% of cells in the entire study area yet it was not present in 80% of cells with nests, suggesting that the falcons were actively selecting nest sites away from light disturbance.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to investigate if a lighting regimen could enhance birds' detection of (and reaction to) the approach of a ground-based vehicle in two species with different visual sensory constraints. For that, they quantified species-specific behavioral responses to the approach of a vehicle and lighting regimen. The experimental setup consisted a flight cage placed on the pavement, where they performed behavioral experiments under seminatural conditions. They exposed wild-caught birds to the approach of a vehicle with four vehicle-mounted lighting treatments; they had a movement control that consisted of a vehicle approach without light, 2 light treatments with different pulses and one light treatment with constant illumination. They measured the time that each individual within a group showed an alert and a flight response, relative to a marked endpoint for the vehicle approach. They also measured alert and flight responses at the individual and group levels.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each bird and group was used only once throughout the experiment. They completed 4 groups (one group/treatment) within 90 minutes. For brown-headed cowbirds, they had 14 control groups, 11 2 Hz groups, 13 16 Hz groups and 13 constant-illumination groups. They obtained data from at least 2 birds per treatment group. For mourning doves, they had 10 groups per treatment and recorded observations of 6 birds per group.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found that Brown-Headed Cowbird groups exposed to vehicle approach and constant illumination of the vehicle-mounted lamp showed earlier first alert behavior (2.7 - 3.1 s before) and faster mean group alert response (1.2 - 1.3 s faster) than did groups exposed to pulsating treatments or no lamp. They found that light treatments interacted with ambient light; cowbird first mean group alert responses occurred sooner under sunny conditions and constant illumination of the lamp. Mourning Doves were not affected by light treatments. Between species, Mourning Dove groups had a quicker first (3.3 s before) and group (2.1 s before) alert responses (and slower flight response; 1.0 s later) than Brown-headed Cowbirds.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate if the incorporation of pulsing lights into the design of aircraft-mounted lighting is one means by which airlines might reduce bird strikes. Their field trial involved an international airline company and 5 planes that were monitored over 2 years before and after installing pulse-control lighting systems. They measured the amount of bird strikes per aircraft and per year.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They monitored 5 airplanes. Data were collected in 2004 (prior to the installation of the pulse-control system) and 2005 (after the installation). During 2005, they report the number of bird strikes when the pulse-control system was in operation and when it was not in operation.

DescriptionOfResults:
Prior to installation of the pulse-control system, there was an average of 4 bird strikes per aircraft for the year. After installation of pulse-control systems, the airline reported an average of 2.2 bird strikes per aircraft when the system pulse-control system was not in operation, and 1 bird strike per aircraft when the pulse system was in use.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if aircraft lighting might enhance detection of and reaction to the approach of an aircraft by Canada Geese. They exposed captive wild geese to 3 treatments (standard aircraft with light off, standard aircraft with lights on, and predator model) to assess response to the standard aircraft relative to antipredator behavior (control). They quantified the behavioral responses of birds to approach by the aircraft under the preselected lighting treatments, relative to the time at which the aircraft was over the center of the enclosure. They recorded the time each individual within a group became alert and moved away (flight initiation) in response to aircraft approach.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used a repeated-measures approach to the experiment. They exposed 14 groups of geese, four birds per group, to the 3 treatments. Each replicate consisted of launching the aircraft, climbing it to altitude on the downwind, approaching the enclosure, and landing. The first two treatments in each replicate involved the standard aircraft with either lights off or on, with the order randomly determined. The third treatment consisted of approach of the predator model.

DescriptionOfResults:
Canada geese responded faster to the approach of the aircraft with the 2-Hz, alternating, pulsed lighting than to the same aircraft with lights off, or a second aircraft that resembled a predator. Specifically, the aircraft lighting enhanced individual alert responses on average by 4.2 seconds over approaches with lights off. Lighting also enhanced responses to the standard aircraft on average by 5.6 seconds (or 202 m) over approaches by the predator model.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to use handheld lasers in a heron rookery as an experimental active hazing technique to disperse herons and prevent tree damage. The grove was divided into 7 areas (A-G) and the laser deterrent was applied only in Grove D. They used a laser to scare perched birds from trees where they were nesting or roosting. They used the sight on the laser to aim at the target or point the device at the base of the tree and move it up towards the bird. They recorded the "hazing duration" - the time between the start of hazing and the time when no birds were present for more than 5 minutes. For cases where birds remained at the site for longer than 60 minutes (the duration of the  hazing period), they recorded the hazing duration as 61 minutes. They also monitored the number of active nests and compared the change in nest count from before hazing started to after the completion of hazing in 2008, and to the number of active nests in the two years prior to hazing (2006 and 2007). They also compared the changes in number of actives nests between 2007 and 2008 in Grove D to the change in other groves that had not been hazed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The rookery was hazed twice daily from 30 April to 27 June 2008, excluding the days 7 May through 17 May. Each laser session lasted for 1 hr. The progression of hazing efforts involved "trials" where each trial represented a morning and/or evening hazing for each day. They conducted hazing twice daily, with the first session starting 15 minutes before sunrise and the second session ending 15 minutes after sunset. For nest monitoring, they counted the number of active nests for each species through the nesting seasons in 2005-2009. Monitoring began in mid-February (before the birds' arrival) and continued weekly throughout the nesting season. They totaled the highest active nest counts from each species each year to determine rookery size. The calculated Average Peak Active (APA) index by taking the average of actives nest counts across the peak-nesting period each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
Hazing duration decreased rapidly after trial 27 (12 Jun 2008), with hazing duration consistently measured at 50-60 minutes on days prior to trial 27 and dropping to 0 minutes within a few days after trial 27 as birds abandoned the area. Targeted birds and their neighbors responded to the lasers by moving between the trees and groves, or by moving out of the grove. Birds were more easily hazed from roost trees than from nest trees. Nest density decreased after hazing. There were 30 active nests prior to the start date of hazing in 2008 and there were no active nests after completion of hazing at the end of the 2008 season. Nest densities increased between 2007 and 2008 for all groves except Grove D, where maximum counts of total active nests decreased from 73 in 2007 to 30 in 2008.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to completely disperse a heron rookery, including all areas of the grove. They employed several hazing technique(nest removal, bioacoustics, pyrotechnics, and lasers) to prevent birds from establishing nests. They used lasers as a hazing technique on a roosting/nesting area by aiming lasers at both perched birds and birds landing on trees inside the grove. They recorded the birds' response each time they used the lasers as "no response" if they did not move or remained on the trees inside the grove or "hazed" if they left the grove and did not return for more than 5 minutes. They also monitored the number of active nests and the number of nests to previous years without rookery-wide hazing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Each hazing activity lasted two hours and happened twice a day (a morning and an evening period), with the first period beginning 30 minutes before sunrise and the second period ending 30 minutes after sunset. In June, they reduced the frequency of hazing to 3 times a week and only at dawn since birds had failed to establish nests at the rookery site. For nest monitoring, they counted the number of active nests for each species through the nesting seasons in 2005-2009. Monitoring began in mid-February (before the birds' arrival) and continued weekly throughout the nesting season. They totaled the highest active nest counts from each species each year to determine rookery size. The calculated Average Peak Active (APA) index by taking the average of actives nest counts across the peak-nesting period each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no difference in bird response between the two lasers. The effect of laser hazing on bird response was significant. Birds responded to lasers and left the grove 83% of the time. No birds nested in the grove in 2009, compared to 400-800 active nests counted each year in 2005-2008.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to test deterrent efficacy to prevent birds from landing on tailings ponds. The treatments included: i) an on-demand deterrent system (including light), ii) an industry-standard deterrent system (no light) and iii) no deterrent system (control). The on-demand deterrent system included a peregrine falcon effigy with flapping wings, speakers broadcasting peregrine calls, a high-intensity strobe light and a propane cannon. The industry standard deterrent system consisted of human effigies and propane cannon. To evaluate the efficacy of these systems, they used radar to record the number of bird groups travelling over the ponds within a 1.85-km radius and used visual observations to determine the number and approximate locations of landings. For each individual or flock flying over, they recorded whether or not the individual or flock landed. They recorded the proportions of birds flying over the study area that also landed within the study area and they used a logistic regression model to evaluate the effect of deterrent systems on the probability of landing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Testing was divided into a regular rotation of 72-h research blocks each containing three 24-h treatment blocks. Each 24-h block was randomly assigned to one treatment. Observation periods lasted 4.5 hrs, beginning either 0.5 hours before sunrise or 4 hour before sunset. Treatment types were switched at midday.

DescriptionOfResults:
The final model showed that the proportion of birds landing was significantly lower in the on-demand treatment than the control, while there was no significant difference between the industry standard and control periods. For ducks, the odds of landing during the on-demand treatment were 53% of those for the control, whereas the odds for shorebirds landing during the on-demand treatment were only 20% of those of the control.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Carrie Ann Adams, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they performed bird frightening tests with a laser gun by impacting the bird's eye to cause flying-off. They measured flying-off and avoidance reactions.

DescriptionOfResults:
The eye impact didn't necessarily cause flying-off, but often an avoidance reaction by head movement. In favorable lighting conditions (twilight, mist, darkness, etc.), a flying-off response was observed. Flying-off reactions were observed up to 300 m from the source.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested several laser sources on birds on a garbage dump site to select a high performance source.

DescriptionOfResults:
They report that the DPSS (532 nm) YAG laser of 100 mW was a "high performance source." With this source, they obtained flying-off when approaching the enlarged beam with a 5 cm diameter. They highlight the "stick" effect,  where the beam of light may appear to the bird as an approaching stick.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested a laser on a camera tripod mount that was aimed at the target birds. They used a VHS camera to record the experiments. They tested the laser in various luminosity conditions and on various species.

DescriptionOfResults:
"A flying-off response of the birds is obtained up to distances in the order of one kilometre, under lighting conditions of less than 13,000 lux, provided that the beam is kept in motion. No habituation to the moving signal is detected, even on nesting birds."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested a laser robot that allowed an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The birds only reacted to the beam passage in very low lighting conditions (dawn and dusk). There was an obvious regression of the frightening power compared to the results obtained in 1994."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested the same system as in 1995, but increased the power of the laser source to 400 mW. A laser robot created an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The automatic scanning of the bay caused flying-off when the birds saw the beam pass above or below them (h < 2m), for luminosity levels up to 15,000 lux. However, it appeared that the surface covered, in terms of bird frightening, was limited by the impossibility of controlling the beam in elevation angle."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested the same system as in Veys Bay. They tested it at the Bretigny-sur-Orge military airfield platform. A laser robot created an automatic sweeping motion of the laser beam over a half circle. The beam created a half-circle of an approximately 1000-meter radius on the ground. They used a telescope to enlarge the beam to 15.75 cm in order to obtain eye safety. In previous studies they measured flying-off distance, but in this study they reported the number of bird strikes registered when the laser was in and out of service and the locations of the birds when the laser was working.

DescriptionOfResults:
"No bird strikes were registered during this period on this airfield except during the days when the laser was out of service. Most of the bids (gulls, lapwings) were observed at rest behind the prototype when it was working."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, the tested a "new prototype, whose scanning and beam routing are programmable...in diversified weather conditions." They specifics of the laser are not provided. The prototype was tested at a civil airport (Tarbes-Ossun-Lourdes) and the authors recorded whether any birds were present in the part of the runway covered by the laser beam.

DescriptionOfResults:
The prototype gave "very good results especially on lapwings." No birds were seen in the part of the runway covered by the laser beam during cloudy days "and sometimes during sunny days". The authors report no habituation after three months of experiments.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested an industrial prototype by "Lord Ingienierie Company" with remote control and monitoring functions on a military base (Mont de Marsan) during the 2003 winter.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors' report of the results is confusing, "This equipment gave the same results as in previous experiments when the speed of the laser beam (and the illumination period where respected (the system must start very soon in the morning until the sunset to be effective on the birds)."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to develop an automatic runway protection system against bird strikes using a laser light. For this particular period, they tested an industrial prototype - the 2004 Lord Ingienierie TOM 500  - at a civil airport (Montpellier - Mediterranee). They wanted to improve the workings of the system to increase its reliability and determine the limits of its effectiveness on birds. They compared the number of bird strikes in 2003 (before the equipment was installed) to 2004 (after the equipment was installed).

DescriptionOfResults:
The number of bird strikes decreased by 40% from 2003 (before the deterrent was installed) to 2004 (after installation). The number of serious bird strikes that cause damage to airplanes was 9 in 2003 and 0 in 2004. Th authors report that the system doesn't work on sunny days when luminosity is above 15,000 lux and when birds are flying over the runway


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether birds would avoid a perch treated with a continuous laser beam. Using 2-choice cage tests, they treated 1 of 2 perches with a laser overnight and used the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night as an index of perch choice. As a control, they used the untreated perch without light. They also used previous observations of bird behaviour when exposed to the laser during daylight conditions.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Five cowbirds were randomly assigned to each of 10 groups. Each group was tested once and was tested from just after sunset to one hour before sunrise. Each group of five birds was given a five-hour (1630 to 2130) acclimation period.

DescriptionOfResults:
Mean fecal mass under control and treatment perches did not differ in the experiment. Birds were not repelled from perches treated with the laser.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to determine whether perch preference of birds would be influenced by a larger beam diameter than used in Experiment 1. Using 2-choice cage tests, they treated 1 of 2 perches with a laser that had a beam expander mounted to it which caused a 20X increment compared to Experiment 1. Birds were tested overnight and the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night served as an index of perch choice. As a control, they used the untreated perch without light. They also used previous observations of bird behaviour when exposed to the laser during daylight conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Cowbirds were not repelled from perches treated with the 633 nm laser. Mean fecal mass under control and treatment perches did not differ between treatments.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 3 cowbirds

StudySummary:
The objective was to determine whether cowbirds and starlings would avoid a perch treated with a laser beam moving in a consistent pattern over the perch. For cowbirds, they repeated the procedures used in experiment 1 but reflected the main laser beam in sweeps. Birds were tested overnight and the amount of feces accumulated under a perch during the night served as an index of perch choice.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Cowbirds were assigned to six groups of five birds each. Each group was tested overnight once, and the fecal mass under the perches was measured at the end of the testing period. Cowbirds were given an acclimation period as seen in experiment one.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 3 starlings

StudySummary:
The objective was to determine whether starlings would avoid a perch treated with a laser beam moving in a consistent pattern over the perch. They repeated the procedures used in experiment 1 but moved the laser beam in sweeps. Starlings were also exposed to the moving beam during six 20-minute periods. Perch preferences were observed by the researchers counting the number of birds on each perch every 20 seconds from behind a blind.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Starlings were randomly assigned to three groups of six birds each. Each group was tested for six 20-minute periods, with data being collected every 20 seconds. The researchers observed from behind a blind and noted how many birds were on each perch. There was a 5-minute interval between each 20-minute treatment period. The starlings were given a one-hour acclimation period after being placed in the test apparatus

DescriptionOfResults:
The 3 groups of starlings did not avoid the moving beam. Instead they may have been attracted to the light source.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 4 starlings

StudySummary:
The objective was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost, using starlings as models. For each of 3 consecutive 20-minute periods, they randomly selected a perch to treat. As 20-second intervals, they moved the laser from the outside of the  cage across and approximately parallel to the selected perch. If the starlings did not move from the perch after one pass, they repeated the procedure or aimed the laser directly at the birds. Once the birds had moved, they turned the laser off until the pre-selected interval for switching sides, or until the birds returned to the treatment perch. For the fourth 20-minute trial period, the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds to create a situation of possible habituation. An observer counted the number of perching birds during each 20-second interval.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Three groups of six birds each were used, and each group was tested for four 20-minute periods. Data were collected every 20 seconds for all trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 3 groups of starlings showed no avoidance of the 650 nm beam.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 4 doves

StudySummary:
The objective was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost, using doves as models. For the first 20-minute period, they randomly selected a perch to treat. At 20-second intervals, they moved the laser from the outside of the  cage across and approximately parallel to the selected perch. If the starlings did not move from the perch after one pass, they repeated the procedure or aimed the laser directly at the birds. Once the birds had moved, they turned the laser off until the birds returned to the treatment perch. For the second 20-minute trial period, the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds to create a situation of possible habituation. An observer counted the number of perching birds during each 20-second interval.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Doves were separated into six groups of four birds each, and were tested for two 20-minute periods per group. Data were collected every 20 seconds for both trials.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of doves initially avoided the beam, but habituated over the remaining minutes of the first period and exhibited no further avoidance.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 5 geese

StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost with geese as models. Procedure was the same as the starling phase of experiment 4, except that they used test cages divided into two plots rather than using cages with perches. They used a diffuse flashlight beam to measure the movements of geese at night. The counted the number of geese in each plot (treatment and control) at 20-second intervals.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Geese were tested in six groups of four birds per group in separate 80-minute periods. Geese were given at least one hour acclimation period. However, the first group of geese were exposed to only three 20-minute periods. Three groups of geese were also tested  in the daylight as well.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of geese exhibited marked avoidance of the 650 nm laser in each period. On average, 96% of geese had moved from the treatment plot to the control plot at the end of a 20-second interval.


StudyName:
Blackwell et al. 2002 experiment 5 mallards

StudySummary:
The purpose of this experiment was to simulate operational laser dispersal of birds from a night roost with mallards as models. Procedure was the same as the starling phase of experiment 4, except that they used test cages divided into two plots rather than using cages with perches. They used a diffuse flashlight beam to measure the movements of mallards at night. The counted the number of mallards in each plot (treatment and control) at 20-second intervals.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Mallards were tested in six groups of six birds, and were given at least a 30-minute acclimation period. Mallards were tested in one 20-minute period where data was collected every 20-seconds, and in a second 20-minute period where the treatment side was alternated every 20 seconds.

DescriptionOfResults:
The 6 groups of mallards exhibited avoidance of the laser, but during the second period, there was no difference in use of control and treated plots.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to quantify the effectiveness of pulsing white aircraft landing lights in stimulating avoidance behavior in captive birds. Experimental groups were inside cages and exposed to an approaching truck fitted with a light treatment. The experiment consisted of 2 or 3 treatments; control, pulse, and steady. Tests were conducted during mornings and afternoons. They recorded the amount of time required for each individual in a group to react prior to the vehicle passing midcage. They defined a response as "any activity that could propel a bird away from  the vehicle or road, and one that was subsequently continued until the vehicle passed mid-cage." Based on the individual reaction times, they calculated the mean distance of the vehicle to mid-cage prior to the initial reaction of each individual (mean reaction distance) and the time between the first and last reaction (ground response time).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the 1st year of the experiment, they randomly assigned 20 groups of cowbirds (six birds per group) to either control or pulse treatments (10 groups/treatment) and each replicate consisted of three iterations (vehicle approaches) per group. During the 2nd year of the experiment they added a 3rd (steady) treatment and randomly assigned birds to six groups per each treatment, with six birds per group. Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage. Data were collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
During the 2000 experiment, mean reaction distance differed between treatments; flock response times differed by a factor of 1.7 (control: 1.1 sec; pulse: 0.7 sec), meaning that birds exposed to pulsed light responded more quickly. The response of cowbirds to the approaching vehicle was generally, as a flock, with flight away from the vehicle. In 2001, there was no difference among treatment groups in consistency of response (all birds reacted) or mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar (control: 0.8 sec; pulse: 0.9 sec; steady: 0.6 sec).


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with geese was restricted to tests of control vs pulse treatment because of a smaller sample size (6 groups/treatment, 3 birds/group). Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Geese showed little reaction to the approaching vehicle. They found no difference between treatments in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were consistent between treatments.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with gulls consisted of a smaller sample size, which prevented the 3-treatment scenario. They exposed 20 gulls to control and pulse treatments (5 groups/treatment, 2 birds/group). Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Gulls exhibited little reaction to the vehicle and no difference was evident between treatments in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with doves consisted of 15 groups of doves (5 groups/treatment, 3 birds/group) exposed to control, pulse and steady treatments over 4 days. Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found no difference among groups in consistency of response, or in mean reaction distance. Flock response times were similar to those of cowbirds.


DescriptionOfReplicates:
The experiment with starlings consisted of 21 groups (7 groups/treatment, 6 birds/group) exposed to control, pulse and steady treatments over 3 days.  Each group of birds was given at least 15 minutes of acclimation to the test cage, and each testing group of birds was subject to three vehicle approach iterations. Data was collected throughout the test via video-recording.

DescriptionOfResults:
Response to approaching vehicle was similar across treatments, and typically the birds reacted as a flock, with flight away from the vehicle. Mean reaction distance did not differ among treatments. Subsequent flock response times were similar among treatments.


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine if artificial light affects nest site selection in European Blackbirds across an urban gradient, including the city centre with small green spaces,  public parks, and a riparian forest . They systematically searched for nests, and the activity status of the nest was determined by observation of activity around the nest and presence of eggs. The authors compared lamp density at used nest sites to that of randomly selected points. Lamp density as a measure of ALAN was verified by light intensity measurements at 100 random points. The correlation between lamp densities and light intensities at these points and used to estimate the light intensity in lux for all points in the study.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Total number of nests found in 2011-2013 was 1311: 261 in urban areas, 561 in the parks, and 489 in the forest. Lamp density was compared at the nest sites to a random selection of points in suitable patches of vegetation. The number of random points selected were the same as located nests per class per year.

DescriptionOfResults:
The best model included artificial light as a predictor, with a tendency towards higher lamp densities at nest sites than random points. After correcting for multiple comparisons, this tendency was only significant for nests in the park in 2011 (not in the forest and urban centre sites, not in parks in other years). In 2011 in the park, the difference in light level between used and random sites was 0.002 +- 0.03 lux.


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine how night-time habitat use in Burrowing Owls was related to human footprint (infrastructure) and sensory disturbance (artificial light and sound). They tracked adult male burrowing owls with GPS dataloggers and use resources selection models to compare their used locations to random available locations. The available area was defined as the radius around the nest equal to the maximum distance that an individual owl traveled during the period it was tracked. To determine if owl habitat use was more influence by footprint or to sensory disturbances, they compared the performance of a resource selection function containing footprint covariates (distance to compressor station, oil well, paved road, town, and human building) to one containing sensory covariates (light and sound).  The amount of artificial light at each location was extracted from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program images for 2009.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Every spring from 2007 to 2010, 87 male owls were tracked from an average of 3.7 nights per owl, resulting in 8760 locations. Dataloggers took locations every 2 seconds, every 15 minutes, or every hour (varied from year to year).  For each owl location, 5 random locations were generated within the available area. Data from the first night after logger attachment were omitted from analysis, resulting in 6196 locations from 63 owls over an average of 4.7 nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
Owl night-time space use was better predicted by distance to infrastructure on the landscape than by degree of sensory disturbance.


StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects the number of birds foraging in an estuary, the authors conducted bird surveys at sectors near streetlights (treatment) and far from streetlights (control), recording the number of birds foraging in each sector. Counts were conducted using a digital camcorder with night vision capability and infrared laser illuminators, allowing them to observe birds up to 300 meters away. With this setup, there was no difference in their ability to see birds in the illuminated v. unilluminated sites.  Each sector was counted several times during the night and again the following day at the same tidal stage. They calculated a nocturnal preference index (NPI) for each sector, based on the relative number of birds observed in each sector during the night versus daytime surveys. They used GLMMs to evaluate the effect of artificial light on the NPI of three types of foragers - visual foragers, tactile foragers, and mixed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They studied 13 intertidal sectors of 1-7 ha each, with similar sediment characteristics and over 10 birds/ha. 7 of these sectors were close to streetlights, while 6 were far from any direct source of artificial light. Each sector was counted 7-11 times during the night, and again at the same tidal stage the following day.

DescriptionOfResults:
The nocturnal preference index (NPI) was significantly higher in sectors affected by streetlights for visual foragers, but not for tactile foragers, meaning the night-time abundance of visual foragers relative to daytime abundance was higher in illuminated sites than unilluminated sites. There was no effect of illumination on NPI for Avocets (tactile forager) and Redshanks (mixed forager), but there was an effect for Dunlins (mixed forager).


StudySummary:
The authors estimated the effect of anthropogenic light on stopover density of nocturnal migrants. They used Weather Surveillance Radar data from across the northeastern U.S. to estimate the abundance of migrating birds taking off in the evening and determine how artificial light, in addition to landscape and geographic features, affected this abundance. They used two measures of artificial light for each 1-km pixel: the ratio of zenith artificial sky luminance to natural sky brightness (from Falchi et al. 2016) and distance to a bright light source (defined as 1-km pixels with artificial light ratio > 5).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Temporal: a total of 1491 sample nights during 7 autumn migration seasons (August 15 - November 7, 2008-2014) were obtained from 16 radar stations (each night/radar station combo was one "sample night") and used in analysis. For each sample night, an "instantaneous" radar volume scan at evening civil twilight (when the sun is six degrees below the horizon). See manuscript for specific details on methods for spatiotemporal-interpolation. 47% of sample nights were excluded due to the presence of precipitation at dusk.
Spatial: 166,296 1 km^2 grid cells were used for analysis, covering 32% of the northeastern United States.
Variables: Landscape data retrieved from the National Land Cover Databased at 30 m resolutions. Area-weighted means of the ratio of zenith artificial sky luminance to natural sky brightness (742m resolution transformed to the 1 km spatial grid) measured over 6 months in 2014 were obtained from Falchi et al. (2016) and VIIRS satellite data . Distance to the nearest bright light source (rations between 2 and 10) were also calculated based on the 1 km pixels.

DescriptionOfResults:
Stopover density decreased steadily with distance from bright light sources, meaning that density was higher close to bright light sources. This effect was particularly evident beyond 50 km from the light source. At a local scale, artificial light within the 2-km^2 grid cells was negatively associated with stopover density, meaning that there were fewer migrants taking off in areas very close to artificial lights.


StudySummary:
The aim of the study was to explore different components of avian diversity (species richness, functional diversity, and evolutionary distinctiveness) and how they are affected by environmental characteristics in two different types of urban green areas: parks and cemeteries. They used point count data to calculate these diversity indices. Definitions for these indices are given in section 2.3 of the manuscript (p 91-92). They measured covariates such as park size, tree coverage, local vegetation structure, and presence of human-related structures, including the number of street lamps within a 100-meter radius.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They studied 79 parks and 90 cemeteries in Czech Republic, France, Italy and Poland. Each study sites was visited twice per season at an interval of 3-4 weeks. They conducted 10-minute point counts at each sampling site in the early morning (from 6am to 10am), recording all birds seen or heard within a radius of 100 meters from the point count. In larger parks, birds were counted at more than one sampling point, spaced at least 200 meters apart.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found no effect of the number of street lamps on species richness, functional diversity, or evolutionary uniqueness of bird communities.


AlsoReportedIn:
Jong et al. 2016a, Spoelstra et al. 2015

StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects the probability of nest box occupancy by Great Tits and Pied Flycatchers, the authors experimentally illuminated previously dark habitat with white, green, and red LED lights in 2013 and 2014. This experiment was part of a long-term experiment in the Netherlands to test the effects of road lighting of different wavelengths on wildlife.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They conducted the experiment at 8 sites in the Netherlands. Each site had 4 transects, and each transect had 5 lamp posts with LED lights and 36 nest boxes (288 total) with a 32mm hole (*note: only nine nest boxes are depicted in Fig.1.). Each transect randomly received one light colour treatment: white, green, red, or control (poles without lamps). Nest boxes were checked twice weekly from late March until the end of the breeding season (late June/early July) in 2013 and 2014 and their occupancy status was recorded.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light treatment had no effect on nest box occupancy probability for Great Tits or Pied Flycatchers.


StudySummary:
The article describes a long-term experiment in the Netherlands to test the effects of road lighting of different wavelengths on wildlife. They set up transects of lamp posts with white, red, green, or no light treatments. They assessed the effects of artificial light on the bird abundance calculating the year-to-year differences (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) in observations for each species within a 50-meter radius around each transect.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They conducted the experiment at 8 sites in the Netherlands. Bird data was collected at 5 of these sites in 2011, 7 in 2012, and all 8 in 2013. Each site had 4 transects, and each transect had 5 lamp posts with LED lights. Each transect received one light colour treatment: white, green, red, or control (poles without lamps). Bird counts were conducted on each transect 8 times during each breeding season (March - July).

DescriptionOfResults:
For all treatments, the average year-to-year counts of observations/species/transect was positive in the interval 2011-2012, and negative from 2012-2013. Overall, the number of birds increased more (in 2011-2012) and decreased less (in 2012-2013) in treatment sites than in control site, though the relationship varied across species. Table S3 lists the 5 species with the greatest relative increase and decrease in observations between 2012 and 2013 at illuminated transects (colours combined per site) compared to dark control. The "Population" field in this database lists those species.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the relative impact of 33 urban habitat features on songbird communities in 3 neotropical cities. They used limited-radius point counts to survey diurnal breeding birds that were categorized as abundant, moderately abundant, and rare species (61 species total). Non-vegetation habitat features included built cover, housing density, socioeconomic level, hazards, and density of urban infrastructure components. Urban infrastructure components included electric/telephone poles and lamp poles. They categorized birds based on their abundances as abundant, moderately abundant, and rare to determine which habitat features were related to the abundance and species richness of each group.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Morning surveys (07:00 - 11:00) were conducted in 3 cities n Mexico between March 3 and April 30, 2008 at randomly selected points (>/= 250 m apart) in each city. The number of surveys proportional to the city size (Morelia = 204; Uruapan = 80; Zamora = 43). They surveyed each point once; counts lasted 5 minutes and included all birds seen or heard within a 25-meter radius. Habitat variables (33) within a 25 m radius of the point location were measured immediately following the point count survey. One of these measures was the number of lamp poles.

DescriptionOfResults:
The abundance of rare species was negatively related to the number of lamp poles, but positively related to the number of electric/telephone poles. The number of lamp posts was not related to the abundance or species richness for abundant or moderately abundant species. In the Discussion, the authors do not relate these results to artificial light, but rather explain them based on competition. The negative relationship between rare species richness and lamp poles may be related to the presence and abundance of House Sparrows nesting and roosting on lamp poles. The House Sparrows may exclude rare species from those sites. Moderately abundant species are negatively associated with the number of electric and telephone poles, which may allow rarer species to be present where there is less competition from moderately abundant species.


StudySummary:
The author used citizen science roadside point-count surveys to study habitat associations in Common Nighthawks. At each point, an observer spent 10 minutes looking and listening for nighthawks, recording for each minute the number of bird detections. Volunteers counted nearby artificial light sources within 100m of the survey point and rated ambient artificial light intensity on a scale of 0-3. They compared these light pollution variables at points where nighthawks were detected to points where they were not detected.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1,412 surveys conducted at 494 unique points. Each point was to be monitored at three times around sunset during the breeding season, though this did not occur in all cases.

DescriptionOfResults:
The difference in light pollution estimates (based on scale of 0-3) between occupied and unoccupied sites (compared using Mann-Whitney U-test) was not significant. The difference in counts of artificial light sources between occupied and unoccupied sites was significant, with more lights in occupied sites. The author notes that the light pollution ratings may not have been consistent across volunteers and survey times. The author also analyzed habitat associations in a negative binomial GLM, but they did not include either of the light pollution variables in this analysis.


StudySummary:
This study measured European Blackbirds' exposure to light in a rural forest, an urban park, and a business district in Munich, Germany using light-loggers and radio transmitters attached to the birds' backs. The primary focus of this study was to understand the impact of weather conditions, night time light exposure and noise levels on bird activity in the various settings (we exclude this study from the map), but some information about light at bird locations can be extracted. They used data logger measurements to compare the individual birds' light exposure to one recording of light intensity in urban sites (30 m radius from street lamps) and contrasted light exposure with population density in the different sites. Both of these comparisons were made in the discussion section with unpublished data.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study was conducted between February and June in 2009-2011. The number of birds fitted with light-loggers in 2009, 2010, and 2011 combined was 11 in the rural forest, 12 in the city park district, and 17 in the business district. The light-loggers recorded light information every 2 minutes; nightly median light radiances were calculated from data collected between the hours of 10:00 pm and 3:00 am. It appears that the ambient light level in the urban site(s) was only recorded once.

DescriptionOfResults:
Although the urban population, which had a higher population density, was exposed to more artificial light at night than the rural population, the median light-levels experience by the urban birds were  20x lower than the light  intensity measurable in a 30-meter radius from the street lamps in the field study (~0.02 W/m^2, based on unpublished data), indicating that blackbirds may avoid light-polluted areas during the night but overall light levels do not impact second order habitat selection. No statistical analyses were conducted for this comparison. The authors note, "this may indicate that blackbirds try to avoid light-polluted areas during the night, but more research in this context is needed to allow proper interpretation."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if light pollution was a factor in preventing recolonization of revitalized breeding habitats for the European Nightjar. The canton Valais in the Swiss Alps has the last viable population of European Nightjars in Switzerland. Some of the breeding sites there have been abandoned, while others are still occupied. The authors compared light pollution levels at abandoned versus still-occupied breeding sites.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 19 breeding sites were analysed, identified based on various surveys conducted from 1986 -2014, which mapped the locations of breeding males, identified by their churring vocalizations. The 19 sites were checked again in 2015-2016 for nightjar presence finding 12 abandoned and 7  still occupied. Light emissions measured (LEM) were taken in 2015 and 2016, with 10 LEM readings taken within 13-ha of each location where there was formerly or currently a churring male. The LEM was taken five times at two of the sites (one with high ALAN LEM and one with low ALAN LEM) throughout the breeding season to determine if there was variation in LEM levels throughout the year.

DescriptionOfResults:
Light emissions measures were significantly higher in abandoned sites (mean 0.027 lux) than in occupied sites (mean 0.005 lux). Light emissions did not differ between years within these groups.


StudySummary:
The authors studied how songbird habitat associations with urban areas and artificial light changed seasonally (autumn migration, spring migration, breeding and non-breeding seasons). They used eBird data to estimate diurnal occurrence and relative abundance for 40 bird species that are nocturnally migrating, insectivorous, neotropical migrants that breed in forest environments primarily in eastern North America. They measured each species' population level associations with distance to urban areas and ALAN across the annual cycle using quantile regression. The analysis was conducted for non-urban areas, and for urban and non-urban areas combined.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used eBird data from 2004-2014 to estimate occurrence and relative abundance of 40 songbird species estimated over 11 years at a weekly temporal resolution and 3.3x3.3 km spatial resolution. 1000 pixels with a relative abundance >0 were randomly chosen for analysis per species per week (or all pixels if <1000).

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall, the songbird species were more associated with ALAN during migration than breeding and non-breeding period. The effect was stronger during fall than spring migration, and stronger in urban areas and along urban boundaries than in non-urban areas.


StudySummary:
The magazine article reports on the results of the Tawny Owl Calling Survey (TOCS), which was designed to explore the factors influencing occupancy probability and detectability of Tawny Owls, including vegetation, urbanisation, and light pollution. In the TOCS of winter 2018/2019, volunteers listened for Tawny Owls at a chosen location (typically in their backyard) for 20 minutes between sunset and midnight. They surveyed for one evening/week between the end of March and end of September. A previous survey in 2005/06 followed the same methodology.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
About 9500 volunteers took part in the 2018/2019 surveys, surveying almost 11,000 sites during 130,000 20-minute surveys. About 3500 volunteers took part in the 2005/06 surveys

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors write that "light pollution had a strong negative influence on Tawny Owl occupancy." They did not give any details about how they measured light pollution or how they analysed their data.


StudySummary:
The authors studied how artificial light at night (ALAN), green cover, and noise pollution influenced the occurrence of Mottled Owls in the city of Xalapa, Mexico. They modeled occurrence as detected/undetected - they did not account for detection probability in the occurrence model. They used automatic recording units (ARUs) to detect the presence of Mottled Owls across a gradient of urbanization in the city, ranging from green areas within heavily urbanized sites to peri-urban forests. They measured noise pollution on the ARU recordings, calculated the proportion of green cover within a 50-meter radius of the ARU based on satellite imagery, and took artificial light measurements using a lux-meter at each ARU and 50-meters from the ARU in each cardinal direction.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
ARUs were placed at 61 independent sampling sites across the city and recorded for 3 consecutive days  at each site during the Mottled Owl breeding season in June 2017. If a Mottled Owl was detected at least once, the occurrence at the site was classified as detected. ARUs recorded continuously for 135 min before and after sunrise and sunset and for 5 minute segments every ten minutes throughout the night and day. A total of 2013 hours of recordings were analyzed using a semi-automated recognizer and the resulting spectrograms were reviewed manually.

DescriptionOfResults:
ALAN has a significant negative relationship with Mottled Owl occurrence in a GLM that included noise, green cover, and light (with detected/undetected as the response variable). They did record owls in several sites with high values of ALAN, indicating that this species does not entirely avoid light polluted areas.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine whether ducks can detect and avoid wind turbines with red lights during the day and at night. They sought to determine if birds were able to detect and avoid lighted wind turbines, thus reducing mortality. The turbines were equipped with steady-burning red lights, or, in the case of the edge turbines, red flashing lights. Using weather surveillance radar, the authors calculated the percentage of passing flocks that entered the wind farm area before and after the turbines were installed. After the turbines were installed, they also mapped the spatial movements of migrating flocks and measured the distance between the flocks and nearby wind turbines.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected both at night (2 h after sunset - 2 h before sunrise) and during the day (sunrise-sunset). Pre-construction surveys occurred during 2000-2002, tracking a total of 1406 flocks. Initial operation began in 2003, during which time 779 flocks were tracked.

DescriptionOfResults:
The proportion of flocks entering the wind farm decreased significantly from about 40% before the turbines were installed to about 9% during initial operation. After installation, the proportion of flocks entering the wind farm was higher at night (13.8%) than during the day (4.5%). When considering the distance of the birds from the wind turbines, there were fewer birds within 50, 100, and 150 meters of the wind turbines than would be expected from an evenly distributed migration pattern, indicating that birds were avoiding the wind turbines. While more birds entered the wind farm at night than during the day than at night, they remained at a greater distance from the individual turbines at night. The authors suggest that "during the daylight the birds were most probably responding to the turbines themselves, and at night to the red warning lights."


StudySummary:
Dr. Doliana, the owner of a building in Lunglei, India, reported that birds frequently died from colliding with his building in September and October. The researches visited him to hear about these observations in November 1976. The building had three “prominent” lights in front of the building, each of more the 100 watt power, and are easily seen at night from “far off distances.” The authors examined specimens in Dr. Doliana's possession and discussed with him the weather conditions under which collisions appeared to be most frequent.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Information was gained from conversation with Dr. Doliana and examination of specimens he had kept. He did not systematically record the collisions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Information was obtained from Dr. Doliana and species were identified based on his specimens. Most of the birds killed were resident species. Collisions occurred only during late September and early October, when the area receives late monsoon rains, during overcast days. A light drizzle of rain is favourable. The birds fly west to east from 7pm - 10pm.


StudySummary:
The study analyzes the lighting proportion and area of surface facades of buildings  to determine if their artificial night at light (ALAN) and polarized light pollution (PLP) levels affect the number of bird collisions with buildings. At 13 buildings with a total of 48 facades, they measured the area of glass emitting ALAN and the total area of glass surfaces. The measure PLP using a manual polarimeter, capturing the maximum, minimum, and range of degrees of polarization for each surface on each facade. The buildings were also systematically monitored for stunned and dead birds during the spring, early summer and autumn migration. Location, date, species and time the bird was found were all recorded. They used a GLMM to determine if ALAN and PLP predicted collision counts.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors analyzed 13 buildings, with a total of 48 facades, from a variety of building types. In 2017 and 2018, the buildings were surveyed every morning at sunrise during the spring migration (15 March to 31 May), early summer (1 June to 30 June), and fall migration (15 August to 31 October). A fixed route was taken and routes began at different buildings each day using a random number generator. Buildings were monitored clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd dates. 768 collisions were located within 5m of a building facade and "the date, time, location, species, and photos" were entered in an ESRI ArcGIS Online form. Direct measurements or photographs of all glass panes were taken at least one hour after sunset but before midnight on 3 separate nights during the migrations. Photos were used to determine the number of windows emitting light, lighting area (the surface area of windows lighted at night, calculated by summing the area of all lighted windows for each night and then averaging across all nights) and lighting proportion (proportion of all glass lighted at night, calculated by the average lighting area divided by total glass area). Several glass variables were also measured such as "glass area (sum of area of all glass panes), glass proportion (glass area divided by the area of each façade), maximum pane area (area of largest individual glass pane), and average pane area (average area of all glass panes)." These variables were used to account for correlations between lighting and glass and to compare their relative importance for predicting bird collisions. PLP was measured during the day between 0545 and 1400 in cloudy or overcast conditions using photos taken by a polarimeter. 3 images were taken for each surface type on a facade (e.g. glass, concrete, brick) with the filter rotated to a different position with the camera lens tilted upwards by ~56 degrees. The polarization index along with "three other polarized light variables for each façade: degree of polarization reflected from the most-polarizing surface (hereafter: maximum polarization), degree of polarization reflected from the least-polarizing surface (hereafter: minimum polarization), and the difference between the maximum and minimum degrees of polarization" were obtained through ImageJ and modified images from Polarworks.

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers determined that the area of windows lighted and proportion of glass lighted (ALAN variables) are strong predictors of collisions of birds with buildings. The top model included positive of effects of lighting proportion and lighting area and no PLP variables. There was no support for a relation between PLP and collisions.


StudySummary:
The author observed the gas flare on Mobil's Beryl Alpha platform and documented bird flight behaviour, how long they spent circling, and mortalities. He made observations during both the day and night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the course of 14 months, the author observed the gas flare for over 100 hours under various meteorological conditions and during both the day and night. This included during peak periods of migration (March to May and September to November).

DescriptionOfResults:
The author did not witness any birds dying as a results of incineration in the flare. No birds were killed by the gas flare but birds showed attraction and circled the platform. In the 38 cases where it was possible to  track an individual or flock, the author reports that the range of circling times is 1-9.5 hours, with a mean of 4 hours. Birds spent more time circling when there was a light to moderate northeast to southeast wind with full cloud cover and poor visibility. In spring and autumn, the general pattern was that birds arrived after 0100 and left within one hour of dawn.


StudySummary:
The author observed "bright specks of light spiralling up and down at all altitudes" in the beam of light from the ceilometer at Sewart Air Force Base, Smyrna at 9pm on October 7th. On the morning of October 8th the author collected and counted some dead birds around the base.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
All observations were from a single night

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds fluttered in the ceilometer beam, "spiraling up and down at all altitudes." The author counted 167 dead birds in what was approximately 1/6 off the area of a circle around the ceilometer and extrapolated to estimate that approximately 1000 birds died. Some birds were found as far as half a mile away.


StudySummary:
This study sought to find lighting color preferences of pullets. The apparatus consisted of a chamber with four identical compartments each with different light color (white, red, green, or blue). This was a free choice test. The time spent, daily percentage of time spent, daily times of visit and duration of time spent were measured. The number of pullets in each compartment at any given time was determined by the weight of the compartment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Three replicate groups of twenty 50-day old domestic layer pullets were used in this study. The 20 pullets were acclimated to the new lighting environment for four days. After acclimation, the birds were randomly distributed into the four compartments and tested for 28 days, divided into four 8-day periods. The color assignment for each compartment followed a Latin-square design in each test period, so each compartment contained all four colors during the four periods. Each day, there was 12 hours of light and 12 hours without light.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds spent the most time under blue light and the least under red light. For blue and white light, pullets spend more time early in the day in blue than under white, then spent more time in white light in the afternoon to evening. The amount of time spent in green light increased from morning to evening, but was still less than time spent under white light, although the average time spent in green light was greater than blue light at 1700 hours.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial lights of multiple colors installed on a bridge affected insectivorous bird abundance and distribution, using the Cliff Swallow as a representative species. The authors counted the number of nests on the entire bridge, divided into sections that had different levels of exposure to artificial light. They recorded the number of active and inactive nests. The lights were installed in 2017 and the authors conducted surveys in 2017 and 2018. The total numbers of Cliff Swallow nests on the bridge (not divided into sections) were recorded in 2012-2016 (before the lights were installed) by Falcon Environmental Services.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected in 2017 and 2018 for each section of the bridge. Data on the total number of nests on the bridge are available for 2012-2016. Little information is given about how these surveys were conducted. All observations were done from April-August, any time during the day. They categorized the nests as active or inactive by observing each nest and labeling it as inactive if no activity was detected within 30 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total number of nests on the bridge was not substantially different in 2017 (the first year of illumination) than in previous years. In 2018 (the second year of illumination), there was a marked increase in the number total number of nests on the bridge (from 87 to 138). When considering the sections separately, the greatest increases in active nests between 2017 and 2018 occurred in the illuminated section (section 7 - from 4 to 35 active nests) and the adjacent section (section 6 - 3 to 14). "This observation supposes that the illumination had a positive impact on cliff swallow abundance on the bridge."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial lights of multiple colors installed on a bridge affected Peregrine Falcon presence and abundance. Two pillars on the illuminated section of the bridge were observed to detect Peregrine Falcon presence and their behaviours were recorded (grooming, resting, flying, hunting, and communication) to determine if the area was part of their territory. Observations occurred during the year when the illumination was installed (2017) and the year following installation (2018).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations for falcons occurred for three hours, three times each week during the summers (April - August) of 2017 and 2018.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2017, two falcons were seen hunting. In 2018, two falcons were seen at the bridge on a daily basis and, based on their behavior, the bridge appeared to be part of their territory. The authors searched for but did not find a nest. The authors conclude that "it is difficult to precisely determine whether the illumination is responsible for this increased presence of falcons at the bridge since it was only detected once (in 2018)."


StudySummary:
In an earlier study, two-thirds of over 200 full stomachs of birds and bats picked up on airport runways throughout Australia were found to contain mainly insects and spiders, leading the authors to believe that runway lighting may be attracting insects and insectivorous birds. The authors changed out the white airport runway lights for orange lights every-other-night to determine if orange lights could attract fewer insects and thereby reduce the number of birds striking aircraft. They did not systematically monitor the birds, but report observations that the runway was visited by a "wide variety and large numbers of insect-eating birds" that were feeding on insects and spiders attracted to the lights at night and that remained near the lights in the morning. The authors estimated the average total daily weight of all birds seen feeding on the runway in the morning to be 6 lb.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The insect study ran for 20 days, Nov 30 - Dec 20 1967. The orange filters were inserted on the runway lights every-other night. There is no information on how birds were monitored, or whether there was any difference in bird activity on nights with orange v. white runway lighting.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors observed birds foraging on the runway during the 20-day study and noted many species foraging on insects around the lights at night and in the morning, when the insects and spiders that were attracted at night were still present. Birds seen feeding around runway lighting at night included Oriental Dotterels (Charadrius veredus) and Australian Pratincoles (Stiltia isabella). Birds seen feeding on the runway in the morning included Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Whistling Kite (Haliastur sphenurus), Brown Falcon (Falco berigora), Oriental Dotterel (Charadrius veredus), Mongolian Dotterel (Charadrius mongolus), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Australian Pratincole (Stiltia isabella), and Black-faced Woodswallow (Artamus cinereus). The total daily weight of birds foraging on the runway was estimated to be about 6 lb. Another indication that birds were foraging on insects attracted to the lights was that 2/3 of the stomachs of birds or bats collected on runways throughout Australia were mainly comprised of insects.


StudySummary:
The researchers studied how building features, including artificially lit area, affected the number of  bird collisions and the number species colliding during migration. 21 buildings were systematically monitored daily for bird collisions during the spring, early summer and autumn migrations. Trials were conducted to account for human and scavenger removal of the carcasses, surveyor detection of carcasses and other factors that may bias mortality estimates. The GLMs modelled a total of 11 response variables (including raw collisions, bias-adjusted collisions, number of species colliding, and species or season specific analyses). They included lighted area, total glass area, proportion lighted, building height, and the interaction between the building and characteristics of the surrounding environment (e.g. amount of vegetation) as predictor variables.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
21 buildings were selected for monitoring based on collision data from 2007 and 2016 from Project BirdSafe. Constraints placed included ground level perimeters that were >50% accessible and captured a "broad spatial representation of the downtown area." Daily collision monitoring took place at all 21 buildings during the 2017 and 2018 spring migration (15 Mar-31 May), early summer (1–30 Jun), and fall migration (15 Aug- 31 Oct). In spring 2017, buildings were split into two fixed routes, and the order in which they were surveyed was shifted by one building each day. In June 2017, the routes were merged and a random number generator selected the start building daily. The direction of building surveying was clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd dates. Surveys began at sunrise and were 1.5-4hrs long. Midday monitoring (1000-1500 h) and evening surveys (1600-1800 h)were also done on some days. Birds were located 5m of all publicly accessible building exteriors. For all building facades, they used ImageJ to measured glass area based on daytime digital photos. The used ImageJ to estimate the area of each building's windows that emitted light ("lighted area") based on at least three photographs of each building's facade during nighttime hours, with at least one photo taken on a weekday and one taken on a weekend. They averaged lighted area across all photographs for each building. They estimate the proportion of building glass lighted ("proportion lighted") by dividing the lighted window area by total glass area.

Carcasses: Carcass locations were marked on a building map and the remains were stored in a freezer for species identification. Staff were requested leave carcasses but if necessary, was submitted to other staff to be stored in a freezer. 

Variables: All building facades were located and photographed 3 times during the night with minimum one photo taken on a weekday and one on a weekend. "Photos were taken at least one hour after sunset between 2045 and 2345 hr from 5 Sep 2017 to 5 Sep 2018." Images were then input into ImageJ to measure glass area and therefore area of windows emitting light at night. Lighted area estimates were averaged across all dates for each building. 

Covariant: Building height and horizontal ground area were characterized either through a public online source or using a 3D buildings layer and path ruler in Google Earth. 

3 variables were calculated to represent building interactions with the surrounding environment. "We used ArcGIS 10.1 and 1-m resolution 2015 land cover data for the Twin Cities region [43] to estimate the distance of each building to the Mississippi River based on building centroids. We used this same land cover data to estimate the proportion of land covered by vegetation—including grass, shrubs, and deciduous and coniferous tree canopy; and excluding bare soil, other buildings, and roads and other paved surfaces—within 50 and 100 m of the outer edge of each building."

DescriptionOfResults:
1000 non-fatal and fatal collisions were recorded without adjusted fatality rates. Four buildings (3 high-rise offices and U.S. Bank Stadium) caused the majority of collisions (74%). Four times more collisions were present in fall (758) than spring (209) and summer (33) with 5 species accounting for 48.9% of collisions. The GLMs modelled a total of 11 response variables (including raw collisions, bias-adjusted collisions, number of species colliding, and species or season specific analyses). The top model for most response variables included only glass area and proportion of vegetation cover within 50 meters. In all cases, these factors had positive effects on collisions. Proportion lighted was in the top model and had a confidence interval not overlapping zero for only two of the response variables tested: the number of species colliding in all seasons and the number of species colliding in Spring.


StudySummary:
To determine if airports are a threat to biodiversity (increased homogenization) in the surrounding environment, the authors compared bird community metrics (species richness, abundance, and Beta diversity) at airport sites to control sites. Birds were monitored using mist-nets and automatic recording units (ARUs). They characterized the study sites based on their landscape structure, noise levels, and light levels to demonstrate the types of environmental changes that occur around airports.

Species richness was measured using Chao 2. Beta diversity was measured using the Sorensen-based multiple-site index. Abundance was inferred from ARUs using the Vocal Activity Rate Index (VAR) - the number of files (1 min) in which a species was detected (records). 

For a restricted pool of widespread species, they compared abundancies in airport vs. control sites. They estimated each species abundance by summing all records of that species at each site. They estimated total abundance by summing all records of those widespread species at each site. Based on those abundancies, widespread species were characterized as airport adapters or airport avoiders.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They selected 3 airports and 3 control sites. Each airport site had a matching control site within 8-17 km with a similar vegetation structure. Using mist-nets, they sampled 10 mornings at each airport site and each control site. Each site had 5 mist nets, open for 5 hours per morning, for a total of 500 hours/site. ARUs were placed at 10 points at each site and remained in each spot for 2 consecutive days. Recorders were turned on between 120 before and 60 minutes after civil twilight (sun 6 degrees below the horizon). They were set to record for one minute followed by one inactive minute, totaling 91 minutes per morning. The species in the recordings were identified by human listeners.

DescriptionOfResults:
For all three paired sites, mean darkness was higher in control sites than airport sites but these levels were not proven to be statistically significant. Many other environmental variables differed between the control sites and airport sites, making it impossible to determine the effects of artificial light alone. Species richness was higher in control sites than airport sites. The Beta diversity results showed that geographic location drives species presence within the study airports, while the abundance data showed that there are airport adapter and airport avoider species. 10 airport adapter species were responsible for 38% of total abundance in airport sites and 17.2% in quiet control sites, while 11 airport avoider species are responsible for 8.1% of total abundance in airport sites and 30.9% in control sites.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to assess lighting preferences of Jingfen chickens between dim and bright environment. This free-choice test was performed in a four compartment apparatus divided into two pairs of testing chambers. Chickens were given free access to two compartments and chose to spend their time in the dim (<1 lux) or bright (30 lux) environments. Chicken preferences were measured using cameras.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Two groups of sixteen chickens were tested with each group of sixteen being split into two groups of eight. The chickens were given a one week acclimation period, followed by a four week testing period where they were continuously monitored.

DescriptionOfResults:
Pullets spent, on average, 14.2 ± 0.6 h under the light and 9.8 ± 0.6 h under the dim lighting options each day. Pullets generally preferred to spend their time in the brighter environments. A pullet traveled on average 75 ± 5 and 74 ± 5 times to the light and dim lighting options. Within a single trip, a pullet typically spent 18.9 ± 2.2 min under the light and 9.8 ± 2.2 min under the dim lighting. Pullet were distributed throughout the light and dim environments during each hour of each day.


StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light affects stopover distributions of nocturnally migrating birds, the authors used weather surveillance radar data from two radar stations on the Yucatan Peninsula to estimate the number of birds taking off at dusk in Spring and Fall. They used boosted regression trees to model how artificial light at night, land cover, and distance to coastline affected stopover density. They used two measures of ALAN  based on VIIRS nighttime light products - distance to bright light source (defined as areas where night-light radiance is >= 26 nw/cm^2sr) and light intensity at the stopover site.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used radar data from spring (01 Mar- 30 May) and fall (15 Aug - 15 Nov) 2011-2012 and 2014-2015 from 2 radars (Sabancuy and Cancun), calculating bird density within 100 kilometers of the radar. They discarded some nights and some areas because of various sources of interference with the radar, resulting in 58 usable nights in the Spring and 39 in the fall. They used one sample from each night, either the peak exodus or 15 minutes after the onset of exodus, whichever occurred first. Night light data was obtained by averaging night light images from April-May and Sep-Nov 2012, with "bright areas" defined as radiance >/= 26 (brightness at zenith 5x natural brightness).

DescriptionOfResults:
Distance - Primary findings: They found a positive relationship between bird density and distance to bright lights in spring around Sabancuy and in both seasons around Cancun, suggesting avoidance of bright areas during broad-scale stopover habitat selection. Distance - Additional Findings: There was a relatively high density very close  (<3 km) to bright light sources in Cancun in the fall but these were not as high as distant densities. Bird densities closer to bright lights were relatively higher in the fall than the spring at both locations. ALAN Intensity: The relationship between bird density and mean ALAN intensity at the local scale was negative in Cancun in the spring, but not in the fall, and there was no clear relationship in Sabancuy in either season.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine how artificial light and noise affect birds' local-scale spatial behaviour. They used an array of 8 microphones to determine the bird's locations and determined if the birds were attracted to or avoided a light or noise source.  They calculated the Euclidean distance up to 30m from the experimental disturbance or, for the control trials, the center of the array. They used linear mixed-effects models to test for the effects of noise (present/absent), light (present/absent), and their two-way interaction on the distance to disturbance of the first 5 vocalizations for each species each dawn. To test the effect of light color, they compared the distance to disturbance under the 5 selected light colors in a linear mixed-effects model, with light color as a categorical variable with fixed effects. Analysis was conducted on all passerine species combined as well as on the six most common species individually.

The light treatment involved an LED light hung from a tree branch in the middle of the microphone array. The light turned on automatically near sunset and turned off near sunrise, based on ambient lux. For each treatment involving light, the color was randomly assigned (red, green, blue, cool white and warm white). Lights were placed at an average height of 4.3m, below the forest canopy. The noise treatment involved recordings of traffic noise, with three different levels (7 vehicles/minute, 10 vehicles/minute, and 40 vehicles/minute). The noise stimuli were assigned at random for each trial involving noise.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested four treatments: 1) no light and no noise (control, n=39), 2) light but no noise (n=35), 3) noise but no light (n=17), and 4) both noise and light (n=19). For treatments involving light, the color was randomly assigned. The numbers of trials were as follows: red - 12, green - 11, blue - 9, cool white - 13, warm white - 9. They conducted 110 trials - 68 in 2016 and 42 in 2017, with each trial in a different location distribution across the 50km x 50km study area, with the exception of 20 locations that were used in both 2016 and 2017.  These 20 locations were considered independent replicates because different treatments were applied each year and there was high species turnover. At each location, they recorded for one day and analyzed audio recordings from 12:00 am - 8:00 am. They viewed all recordings as spectrograms and identified any vocalizations that were captured on at least three of the four corners of the microphone array. They annotated only the first 10 vocalizations produced after midnight for each species during each 8-hour period, and used the first 5 in the analysis. Raw data analysis (song identification) was conducted blindly to the disturbance treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no effect of light or the interaction of noise and light on the distance to disturbance of birds when all species were considered together. They conducted species-specific analysis for the 6 most common species, and found no statistically significant effect of light or noise on 5 of the species. There was a statistically significant effect of disturbance on Swainson's Thrush, with individuals being attracted to noise and repelled by light. There was also a significant interaction between noise and light for this species, with individuals being attracted to the combination of light and noise.


StudySummary:
The authors investigated the effect of weather on the frequency of flight calls during nocturnal migration over an unmanned illuminated platform. Their purpose was to determine under what conditions birds concentrate around illuminated offshore structures and run the risk of colliding with them. They assert that the frequency of calls is high during mass mortality events, so high frequency of flight calls is a good indicator of situations with collision risks for birds. They recorded flight calls with automated recording units (ARUs) and identified vocalizations for 3 focal species (European Blackbird, Song Thrush, and Redwing). Calls of single birds or groups of birds passing were stored in separate audio files and the minimum number of birds calling in each file was estimated. For each minute, the audio file with the highest number of individuals calling was chosen for analysis. Weather variables included relative humidity (as a proxy for visibility), wind direction, and wind speed. They calculated the tailwind component (TWC) and crosswind component (CWC) based on the mean autumn migration direction for each species and calculated the change in TWC from 19:00 to 1:00 to indicate improving or deteriorating migratory conditions over the course of the night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The ARUs recorded all year, but the analysis was restricted to the main autumn migration period of the three thrush species: 14 Oct - 13 Dec for European Blackbird (4006 h total, 16357 calls), 25 Sep - 12 Nov for Song Thrush (3344 h total, 3447 calls), and 16 Oct to 13 Dec for Redwing (3790 h, 20 364 calls)

DescriptionOfResults:
Call rates were generally low, with > 100 calls/h only occurring in 2.3% of all studied hours. High call rates always lasted for several hours, indicating that these rare events include large numbers of birds and indicate a high risk of mass fatality. These high call rate events were typically associated with adverse weather conditions, especially if preceded by favorable conditions earlier in the night. While the relationships between weather conditions and call rate were complex, high call rates appeared to occur under different adverse weather conditions, including favorable tailwinds turning into cross or headwinds or rising humidity values, which indicates reduced visibility.


StudySummary:
Data collected from 2012 and 2013 are reported here as the initial findings of the Lights Out Columbus Monitoring Program. Their aim is to reduce the number of birds collisions and determine if artificial light is contributing to these conditions. Systematic monitoring was employed in the spring and fall of 2012 and 2013 at 20 different buildings to locate injured or dead birds. Date, building ID, and species were recorded. They create a light index by photographing the building, calculating the proportion of the building that was illuminated, and multiplying it by the number of floors in the building. They also counted upward-facing lights. They used linear regression to test for a relationship between the number of dead birds found at a building and the building's light index and number of upward-facing lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
20 buildings were randomly chosen in uptown Columbus. Buildings were surveyed at sunrise, 1-4 times weekly, starting from March 15 to June 1 and Aug 15 to 31 October in 2012 and 2013. The perimeter of each building was searched and all injured or dead birds had their photograph taken and data (date, building ID/address and species) recorded. Nighttime lighting surveys were conducted at least once a week from 15 March to 1 June then biweekly 15 Aug to 31 Oct. Pictures were taken at night on the side of the building that faced the street, if multiple sides were facing the street, a random direction was chosen. In following visits, the same side was photographed. Photos were analyzed using AnalyzingDigitalImages to calculate the percentage of illumination for each building. A light index was calculated for each building by multiplying the building's illumination percentage by the number of floors in the building. The number of upward facing lights was also counted.

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers found a significant relationship between the number of dead/injured birds and nighttime light index. More birds were found at building which were both taller and brighter.


StudySummary:
To study the effects of artificial light at night on collision mortality in a small urban area, they authors recorded collision mortality and light intensity at residences and office buildings in a small urban area. Buildings were surveyed for dead or injured birds between April and October in 2015/2016 and in April and May in 2017. Systematic light measurements were taken from Aug - Oct 2017 and May 17 2018. They adjusted carcass counts for scavenger removal and observer detection bias, and standardized them based on search effort. They used kernel density analysis to create a mortality intensity raster around the buildings. Based on their light intensity measurements, they used inverse distance weighting to interpolate a raster of light intensity. They then examined the spatial relationship between ALAN intensity and collision intensity by using the interpolated ALAN value as the predictor variables and the kernel density mortality value as the response variable in a geographically weighted regression.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
16 buildings were selected through a stratified method based on building size and surrounding vegetation. Buildings included detached residences, off-campus structures, a classroom, offices and other buildings. Surveys were conducted 6 or more days a week at every buildings from 1 Apr to 31 Oct in 2015-2016 and 14 buildings from 1 Apr to 31 May in 2017. During carcass surveys, observers walked a 2m wide perimeter of a building to look for carcasses. Buildings were surveyed daily, clockwise on even dates and counter-clockwise on odd days. 3 buildings were entered to look at ledges below windows. Data about the location and description of the carcasses were also recorded. For light measurements, points were systematically chosen 10m from the buildings and 70m apart around the perimeter. Light was measured around the buildings during Aug-Oct 2017 and May 2018 and assumed to be relatively unchanging during the study period. Light intensity was recorded via vector irradiance and a sensor attached to a spectrometer. At each location, 5 directional readings were taken twice, at each cardinal direction and one upwards and were averaged. Several points were retaken on warmer evenings.

DescriptionOfResults:
6069 surveys were done resulting in 322 carcasses from April 2015 - May 2017. ALAN intensity was poor correlate with collision mortality intensity. The authors suggest that the light intensity measured in 2017 may be different from the light intensity in 2015, 2016, and early 2017, when mortality monitoring occurred.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to determine which wavelength of light (blue, green, yellow, or red) attracts the most nocturnal migrants. Zuomeiguo and Jinshanyakou in Yunnan Province were used as sites. A mist net was set up on a mountain facing the direction of migration at two sites: Zuomeiguo (ZMG) of Kaiyuan City and Jinshanyakou (JSYK) of Zhenyuan County. Each of these sites has banding stations and the local forestry departments take advantage of the phototaxis of migratory birds to catch them in the banding nets. The banding nets were set up in the direction of migration and lights were set up behind the nets. Attracted birds were banded, recorded, and then released. The authors used GLMMs to analyze the effect of light color and weather on the number of birds caught.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The research was carried out simultaneously at both sites from 18 Sept - 27 Oct 2017, and was also carried out at JSYK from September 10 - Oct 18, 2018. Each site had one mist net with a directional light source placed 0.5 meters behind the net, shining in the opposite direction of migration. Lights were turned on for 2000 hours each night and ended at 2400 hours. Each colour was shone for one hour before being switched, and the order of colours were rotated every night.

DescriptionOfResults:
Red light captured the fewest birds (32 at JSYK, 3 and ZMG) and the number of birds captured increased with wavelength. The most birds were captured by blue light (294 JSYK, 68 and ZMG). The final GLMM model for bird abundance included light color, weather, wind direction, and site as significant predictors. Foggy weather and headwinds also significantly increased the rate of capture.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to compare three methods of monitoring bird migration - observing birds passing through a ceilometer beam, radar tracking, and mist-netting. Ceilometer and radar observations were made at Rocky Point, Plymouth Massachusetts. Mist-netting observations were made at the Manomet Bird Observatory on Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Using ceilometer and radar, they recorded the number of birds passing per hour and the direction of migratory flight. The authors used the ceilometer technique described in Gauthreaux (1969), which is also included in this map. The authors do not report any flight behaviour that would indicate attraction. They compare the flight directions and bird abundances estimated using the ceilometer to those estimated with radar.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Radar and ceilometer observations were made from 20-29 May 1976. Radar observations were recorded for 1 hour each of the ten nights/mornings from 02:45 to 5:30. Ceilometer observations were made on the same nights for 1 hour between 21:00 and 0:30. The migratory passage rate from these techniques was compared to mist-netting results (bird caught per net hour - BPNH) from the same days. Mist-netting effort was concentrated around sunrise and sunset, and most days recorded between 704 and 784 net hours.

DescriptionOfResults:
The migratory massage rate measured my ceilometer was highly correlated with that measured by radar (Spearman correlation between .81 and .78, p <0.01). Neither radar nor ceilometer estimates were correlated with the mist-netting BPNH. The nightly mean direction of migration was correlated for radar and ceilometer data (Pearson's r = .87, p>0.01), with a mean difference in direction between the radar estimate and the ceilometer estimate being 16 degrees. The authors do not report any circling flight behavior or that birds were flying in non-migratory directions when exposed to the light of the ceilometer.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was the assess the environmental factors associated with the presence of foraging pigeons at night in Argentinian cities. They conducted night-time transect surveys through  streets with car traffic (called "avenues") and pedestrian streets ("city streets"), recording all pigeons seen foraging. In cities where nocturnal foraging was observed, the authors compared used sites (where pigeons were seen foraging) to random sites (random points along the survey route where no pigeons were seen foraging). They analyze with GLM with the following independent variables: the number of passing cars, pedestrians, city, and light intensity. Pedestrian traffic was considered as a possible indicator of food availability, and car traffic was used as an indicator of noise.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
4 cities were surveyed, and nocturnal foraging was observed in 3 of these cities. Surveys were conducted in the downtown area during 1 single night, except for in Buenos Aires where surveys were carried out for 3 nights due to its larger size. The length of the streets and avenues surveyed was proportional to its human population size and ranged from 1.8 km to 10 km. Surveys started between 33 and 80 minutes after local sunset and lasted 36-120 minutes. The authors only analyzed the data for the two cities where active foraging was observed more than two times: Buenos Aires (N = 8) and Salta (N =4). In each city, the same respective numbers of random points at least 100 m away from each other were selected along the survey routes in the "most highly urbanized area of the city". Car and pedestrian traffic data were obtained by counting the number of people and cars passing during a 3 minute interval within a 30 m radius during the survey. Light intensity was averaged from recordings taken from a full 360 degrees at 1 m, measured in lux using the Lux Meter App on a smartphone.

DescriptionOfResults:
Nocturnal foraging by pigeons was observed in 3 of the 4 surveyed cities - Mar de Plata (1 nocturnal foraging site), Buenos Aires (8), and Salta (4). In Mar de Plata, only one individual was observed foraging. In Buenos Aires, between 1 and 16 pigeons were present in each foraging site (mean = 7.5, sd = 6.08, N =8) and in Salta between 1 and 3 pigeons were present in each foraging site (mean = 1.75, sd = 0.96, N = 4). It is unclear if pigeons were present at night, but not foraging, at other sites along the survey route. In the GLM comparing used to random sites in Buenos Aires and Salta, the final model (selected using backwards stepwise regression) contained only light intensity as a significant variable predicting nocturnal foraging. The probability of the presence of nocturnal foraging pigeons increased from 20% and 0 lux to 80% at 100 lux. The highest probability (95%) was found for light intensity above 100 lux (Figure 1).


StudySummary:
This study sought to determine how ALAN affects farmland and forest bird species densities in Poland, using ALAN as a measure of human activity. They used data from the Common Breeding Bird Survey across a 14-year span to model species density for the Black Woodpecker (a forest species) and the European Stonechat (a farmland species). They built the SDMs using a Generalised Additive model (GAM) and Random Forest (RF).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used Common Breeding Bird Survey from 2000-2013 in 970 1 km^2 grid cells, which were randomly chosen from a grid covering all of Poland. On each plot, an observer walked two parallel 1-km transects 500 meter apart and recorded any birds seen or heard within three distance categories (<25m, 25-100m, and >100m). Each plot was surveyed twice in each breeding season: once between 10 April and 15 May, and again between 16 May and 30 June, separated by at least 3 weeks. Their analysis "comprised the maximum number of each species' individuals counted on the study plot in a given year. Next, the values were averaged out for all study years. During the fourteen-year span, each square was controlled on average 6.5 times." They also state that they used the Hayne estimator of species density, though it is not clear if they applied the estimator on each individual count or on the average annual maximum count.

DescriptionOfResults:
For both species and both model types (GAM and RF), the models with ALAN as a predictor performed better than the models without ALAN. The models with ALAN explained more of the deviance (higher D^2 coefficient), had a higher evidence ratio, and better predicted densities in the 20% of the grid cells that were left out of model training to use as a test set. For Black Woodpecker, adding ALAN improved the predictive performance of the models by 18.2% and 14.4% for the GAM and RF, respectively. For the European Stonechat, the improvements were 44.8% and 6.0%. Models that did not include ALAN overestimated population size for both species. It is important to note that ALAN was the only predictor related to urbanization and was meant to represent the effects of human development overall, not artificial light alone. The authors conclude that "Black woodpecker definitively avoids human activity, whereas European stonechat can withstand moderate human activity, especially in open farmland habitats."


StudySummary:
Many House Martin nests were built under lamp shades at Levington, Suffolk in 1978 and 1979. The article confirms that the birds were nesting in the area illuminated by the nests, with the picture showing a nest built next to the light bulb. The article does not report when the lights were turned on each day, only stating that they were turned off at 21:30. The editor of the journal notes that "Although House Martins use all sorts of nest sites and we therefore do not normally publish notes on them, this site seems particularly unusual and worth recording."

DescriptionOfReplicates:
57 nests were discovered under 12 lamp shades in August 1978. 53 nests were discovered under the same 12 lamp shades in 1979.

DescriptionOfResults:
Observers recorded 57 nests in 1978 and 53 nests in 1979 underneath the lamps shade, directly adjacent to the light bulb. The article does not report when the lights were turned on each day, only stating that they were turned off at 21:30. The editor of the journal notes that "Although House Martins use all sorts of nest sites and we therefore do not normally publish notes on them, this site seems particularly unusual and worth recording."


StudySummary:
Using VIIRS night-time light data as a proxy for urbanization, they authors assessed how ecological and life history traits influence species' adaptability to persist in urban environments. They used eBird data from throughout Australia, filtered by type and extent of survey, and calculated the average radiance value within a 5-km buffer of each checklist. For each species, they created a distribution of average radiance values for each occurrence record. The median of this distribution for each species was used as the response variable in a linear regression. The regression included 22 ecological and life history traits as predictors, including physical (e.g. brain size, body size) and behavioural (e.g. diet, feeding strategy, nesting preferences) traits. This was model was fit with and without controlling for phylogenetic effects and weighted in favor of those species with more observations in unique locations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used eBird observations made in Australia between 1 Jan 2010 and 28 Feb 2018, including 580 species - about 80% of Australia's bird species. They only included complete checklists (where the observations included all birds seen or heard) that traveled <5 km and covered <500 ha, resulting in 637,482 eligible checklists. They only included species with >100 observations and omitted seabirds.

DescriptionOfResults:
The most urban-tolerant species (with urban tolerance calculated based on species' association with artificial light) had large niche breadths - they were generalists in terms of their breeding habitat, feeding habitat, and diet. They also had large clutch and residual brain sizes and were more likely to be migratory species and/or associated with agricultural habitats. The least urban tolerant species were those with specialized feeding strategies (i.e. granivorous and insectivorous diets), association with grass/shrubland  or forested habitats, and solitary nesting and feeding patterns. The phylogenetically controlled models revealed similar patterns of urban tolerance within groups of similar species, as well as additional factors such as large body size, and small range contributing to a higher densities near urbanized areas. The authors do not interpret their results in relation to artificial light alone, but used artificial light as an index of urbanization.


StudySummary:
The authors quantified the relationship between trait specialization and urban tolerance for European bird species using eBird data. They used VIIRS artificial light at night estimates as a proxy for urbanization, calculating a relative urbanness score for each species.* This relative urbanness score was used as the response variable in their linear model. The predictors in the model were specialization scores for five categories: diet, foraging substrate, habitat, nesting site, and foraging behaviour. They also fit a separate model with relative urbanness as the response variable and an overall specialization index as the only predictor variable. The ecological specialization metrics were created following the methodology in Morelli et al. (2019).

*They used eBird data to map species occurrences and extracted radiance values for each occurrence from the VIIRS night-time lights data. For each pixel in the night-time lights imagery, they used the median value of the monthly averages from January 2014 to January 2019. For each species, they created a distribution of radiance values where the species occurred and defined the median of this distribution as the species-specific score. They then calculated the range of urbanization that the species could have experienced, based on the species' range and the bias of sampling in regards to urbanization. Each species' relative urbanness score was defined as the log-transformed species-specific urban score subtracted from the range-specific urbanness value.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They included eBird checklists from between 1 January 2010 and 31 May 2019. They only included complete checklists which recorded birds for >5 min and <240 min, traveled <1 km or covered at area <100 ha, and were recorded during the breeding season (May - August). They included a total of 207,935 checklists from 75,238 locations, representing 1,878,490 observations. They included 256 species in the analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
All but 9 species had a negative relative urbanness score, suggesting that most (96%) species are found in relatively non-urban areas. There was "moderate evidence" that species' overall specialization score was negatively related to relative urbanness (as measured by VIIRS artificial light data) (p = 0.0557). In a GLM including the 5 trait specialization indices, only nesting site specialization had a significant relationship with relative urbanness, and the relationship was negative. Using a model averaging approach, they found that nesting site specialization was in every top model, and habitat specialization was also consistently in the top models with a negative relationship.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of LEDs as a multi-taxa bycatch reduction technology (BRT) in small-scale coastal gillnet fisheries. It specifically investigated the effect of gillnet illumination on the probability of catching non-target species. They equipped gillnets with LEDs on small-scale fishing vessels. For each fishing set, they had paired experimental (illuminated) and control (not illuminated) nets and counted the number of birds captured in the nets.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They performed tests at three Peruvian fishing ports, and replicated the experiment in 864 fishing sets (140 trips) in total.

DescriptionOfResults:
46 seabirds were captured during the experiment, with 44 captured in control nets and 2 in illuminated nets. Based on these counts, bycatch per unit effort was reduced by 84 % in the presence of LEDs. Seabirds were only captured in surface drift-nets, and 60.9% of bycatch events occurred in 3 sets (net setting events). 99% of sets had zero seabirds recorded, so the GLMM measuring the effect of light treatment on bycatch did not converge.


StudySummary:
This study makes observations of Thick-billed Murres, whose night-time foraging behavior is typically constrained by brightness, foraging under artificial lights at a fishing port. They were observed foraging several taxa of zooplankton by swimming and diving at the Hiura fishing port in Northern Japan at around midnight on May 17th and 18th, 2010.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The observations occurred during two consecutive nights in May, 2010. On May 17th from 23:57 to 00:41, and on May 18th from 22:22 to 22:57.

DescriptionOfResults:
This observation was to record the impact artificial light had on Thick-billed Murres, as their night-time foraging behavior is typically constrained by brightness. They were observed foraging several taxa of zooplankton by swimming and diving at the Hiura fishing port in Northern Japan at around midnight on May 17th and 18th, 2010.

The observations occurred during two consecutive nights in May, 2010. On May 17th from 23:57 to 00:41, and on May 18th from 22:22 to 22:57.

The authors commented that the birds were likely taking advantage of the attraction that the taxa of zooplankton have to the artificial light, as well as the benefit of being able to see at night with increased brightness in the area. It was also mentioned that this behaviour is common in other species of birds, including gulls.

Weather and moon phase was not mentioned in the article.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to improve the already effective method of night spotlighting sage grouse by using binoculars to locate the birds. In Idaho, leks and surrounding areas were scanned with a high intensity hand-held spotlight to find sage grouse from a truck bed. In 1987 they used the naked eye and in 1988 they used binoculars to help them find the grouse. Once a grouse was observed, it was attempted to be captured with a long handled net. It is unclear if they kept the spotlight fixed on the bird while they capture it, as is described in other articles. They do not report on any behavioural responses of the birds, only that spotlighting was effective for capturing Sage Grouse

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study occurred during the months of March and early April in 1987-1991. In 1987, 272 birds were captured over 41 nights (6.6 grouse/night). In 1988, 381 birds were captured over 40 nights (9.5 grouse/night).

DescriptionOfResults:
In 1987, 272 birds were captured over 41 nights (6.6 grouse/night). In 1988, 381 birds were captured over 40 nights (9.5 grouse/night). The addition of binoculars in 1988 appears to have increased trapping success >40%. The authors did not mention the behavioural response to the spotlight, only that it was effective for capturing Sage Grouse


StudySummary:
King observed a pair of Spotted Flycatchers foraging on moths (appeared to be Yellow Underwings) using artificial light in Saltford, Somerset. This was in an attempt to feed newly hatched chicks in a nest 7 ft above the ground. This behaviour became more common after the nestlings grew near to fledglings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
This occurred in July 1954. The instances occurred as late as 22:20 (20-30 minutes after dark).

DescriptionOfResults:
The author observed a pair of Spotted Flycatchers foraging on moths (appeared to be Yellow Underwings) using artificial light in Saltford, Somerset. This was in an attempt to feed newly hatched chicks in a nest 7 ft above the ground. This behaviour became more common after the nestlings grew near to fledglings. This occurred in July 1954. The instances occurred as late as 22:20 (20-30 minutes after dark). The author commented that this was an extremely easy source of food for the Spotted Flycatchers, and that they caught the moths with ease.


StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to deter birds from predating on blueberry and sweet corn crops. They used portable, electrical scarecrows that emitted a beam of light that moved across the field to repel birds as a new technology for agricultural bird control. They measured the percent of bird damage to the crops (crop consumption) and the number of damaged ears of corn in fields with sweet corn crops. In blueberry fields, they compared the yield differences between protected and unprotected fields. Control fields without scarecrow protection were used as a comparison for both types of crops.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Experiments with sweet corn fields using a split-field design took place over multiple harvest dates (five in 2017) from August 2017 to August 2018. Blueberry farm experiments took place at three blueberry farms (although one farm was later excluded), with two fields selected at each farm. One field was protected and one field was left unprotected, and three bushes (one enclosed in netting) were used for analysis per field.

DescriptionOfResults:
Lasers reduced bird damage to sweet corn by 50% in the field experiments. Blueberry yields did not differ between netted and un-netted bushes in laser protected fields on farms where birds consumed 10-30% of the berries on un-netted bushes in fields without lasers. In fields without lasers, un-netted bushes yielded 25% less than netted bushes, while in fields with lasers un-netted bushes yielded 6% more than netted bushes, although these differences were not statistically significant.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to displace grazing geese from farmland pastures. They applied handheld lasers in three experimental areas, and all fields outside the experimental areas were considered as control fields without lasers. Whenever geese were observed inside the experimental fields, operators attempted to displace them with lasers from nearby dikes. The procedure was continued until all individuals had left the experimental field. They measured the duration of each laser treatment from turning on the laser until all geese left the field. They also measured the effect of laser displacement on field usage by geese during the study period using goose droppings as a proxy for goose abundance.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They completed a total of 1206 laser trials. A total of 20 fields received laser treatments. Each replicate had a different duration, depending on the time it took to displace all the birds. Goose droppings in each field were counted on the final day of the experiment. They counted goose droppings in all 20 experimental fields and in 35 control fields. They counted the number of goose droppings in five randomly sampled circular plots in each field (a total of 275 plots).

DescriptionOfResults:
The laser appeared efficient in displacing geese from the experimental fields. It displaced 70% of all flocks within 1 minute and 98% within 5 minutes. A drop in the laser's ability to displace geese appeared around distances of 800 m in cloudy weather, compared to a drop around 400 m in sunny conditions. Time needed to displace geese was affected by time of day, cloudiness, flock size and distance. Displacement was quicker in the morning and evening compared to mid-day and under overcast conditions. Experimental fields had a significantly smaller number of goose droppings per plot compared to control fields. And average vegetation height was higher in fields with laser displacement of geese.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to reduce bird bycatch on gillnets by using illuminated structures. Lights were mounted on the gillnets every 10 m, on small fishing vessels in the Baltic Sea. Vessels deployed nets with green lights attached alongside identical control nets without any lights. They counted the total amount of bird bycatch per trial.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Green lights were tested in four fishing areas, totalling 78 net deployments. Nets were tested over the winters of 2016 and 2017.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total bycatch was 98 birds. Similar numbers were caught in control (55) and experimental (43) nets. The addition of green net lights had no significant effect on bycatch of birds.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to reduce bird bycatch on gillnets by using illuminated structures. Lights were mounted on gillnets every 10 m, on small fishing vessels. Vessels deployed gillnets in pairs, one carrying flashing white lights and one without (control). They counted the total amount of bird bycatch per trial.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
White lights were tested during 39 deployments during one winter fishing season. Lights were tested on nets from three fishing vessels.

DescriptionOfResults:
The total bycatch was 50 birds, 13 in control sets and 37 in sets with white net lights. There was an increase in the bycatch of all birds with flashing white net lights.


StudySummary:
The researchers wanted to determine what types of artificial light would reduce fledgling seabird groundings out of metal halide lights, high pressure sodium or LEDs. The experiment was conducted in a grass field that served as an overflow car park for Phillips Island Nature Park in SE Australia. 5 masts (3-5m tall) held three types of lamps. They turned on each type of light for one hour in a random order each night and counted the number of grounded birds on the lit field. 5 predictors (order of light treatment, quadratic term of fledgling date, wind speed, moonlight and year) were also included in the GLMM, with number of grounded birds as the response variable. They also determined whether body condition of grounded birds varied among light treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the 2014 - 2016, May to April period,  the experiment was repeated nightly. 5 masts with heights of 3-5m held up all 3 (metal halide, high pressure sodium, and LED) lamps. One lighting type was turned on for one hour in a random order every night. There was a 15 minute period of darkness in between treatments. Treatments started 45-60 minutes after sunset and were run in the first three hours of darkness. The nightly experiment lasted 3 hours plus two 15 minute intervals of darkness. This resulted in 33 experimental nights and 99hrs total with 33hrs for each treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
235 shearwater fledglings were grounded during 33 experimental nights. The highest number of groundings was when metal halide lights were on (110, 68 and 57 birds for MH, LED and HPS lights, respectively). The type of light treatment was significant in the GLMM, even after including confounding variables. Significantly more birds were grounded during the MH treatment than the other treatments. There was no significant difference in the number of birds grounded between LED and HPS.


StudySummary:
The author investigated differential vulnerability to building collision among species, trophic guilds, and age classes of migratory songbirds during fall migration. She used data from bird collision surveys conducted as part of the Fatal Light Awareness Project (FLAP) in the core downtown Toronto and from two banding stations - Tommy Thompson Park (TTP) and Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO). During FLAP surveys, volunteers recorded any birds found, the date and time, and whether the bird was dead or alive. She estimated the capture efficiency for all species at TTP and LPBO (assumed to be constant across species and years at each site) and FLAP (assumed to be constant across years) and estimated the catch ratios between each banding program and FLAP as a measure of collision vulnerability. Species with high catch ratios were considered to be the least vulnerable to collision, while species with low catch ratios were considered most vulnerable to collision. She did not include artificial light in her analysis nor emphasize artificial light in her Discussion.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
She used FLAP window collision monitoring data from Toronto from 1 Sept - 31 October, 2000-2018. She used banding data from the same period. From the FLAP data, she only included dead birds found between the latitudes of 43.644 and 43.562 and the longitudes -79.39 and -79.374

DescriptionOfResults:
She found that some species, trophic guilds, and age classes had higher collision vulnerability (lower catch ratios) than others. Granivores and ground-foraging insectivores were at higher risk than insectivores that forage above ground. For some species, age class (hatch year v. after hatch year) affected collision vulnerability, though the direction and significance of this effect varied across species. She did not relate these findings to differential reactions to artificial light.


StudyName:
Buij and Gschweng 2017 nocturnal migrants

StudySummary:
While systematically observing Eleanora's Falcons hunting avian nocturnal migrants (see study named "Buij and Gschwen 2017 foraging falcons"), the authors report on nocturnally migrating passerines that aggregated around upward-facing floodlights on Essaouira beach in Western Morocco. They report on the species observed aggregating around the light source, their flight behaviour, and collisions with floodlights and restaurant windows.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
These incidental observations of nocturnally migrating passerines were made during systematic surveys of foraging falcons over the course of 7 nights. See the study "Buij and Gschweng 2017 foraging falcons" for more details about these surveys.

DescriptionOfResults:
"Numerous passerines appeared disoriented by the bright lights of the boulevard lamps, i.e. their flight paths were circular or erratic rather than straight. Five passerines...were seen hitting the floodlights or the restaurant windows."


StudySummary:
Identified communal roost sites of Rainbow Lorikeets. Compared characteristics of roost trees to non-roost trees within roost sites, and of roost trees in roost sites to randomly-selected trees in non-roost sites. Characteristics included "Composite Light Index", which included a discrete measurements of distance to light source(s), strength of light source(s), and an estimate of illuminated area/total surface area.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
14 roost sites (100-300 m radius; 2,880-110,7550 m^2, mean = 43,199 m^2; >/=4 km apart) and 28 randomly-selected control sites (~2,500 m^2; randomly chosen within 1 km of each roost site; defined as "suitable but unused"). For site selection analysis, trees identified as used for roosting (roost trees) within the 14 roost sites were compared with randomly-selected trees from the control sites. For tree selection analysis, roost trees (used) were compared to non-roost trees (defined "unused" as every tree was observed and communal roosts are conspicuous) within the same roost site. A total of 1,781 trees were surveyed across all 42 sites, with 1364 trees coming from the 14 roots sites. A total of 225 of these trees were used as roost trees. A total of 417 trees from control sites were used for site selection analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
Both measures of anthropogenic light (Composite Light Index and distance to nearest light source) were significant predictors of roost tree selection (roost tree vs non-roost tree) within roosting sites. However, only the Composite Light Index (interpreted as level of illumination) was a significant predictor when selecting overall location of roost trees (roost tree vs. randomly-selected, unused but suitable, control tree). Roost trees had more artificial light than control trees.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Starlings individual laser avoidance

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted on testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam, and then testing at higher intensities using an all wavelength mirror.  They monitored the responses of the birds visually to determine if they exhibited an avoidance response. It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached to administer the entire spectrum between 545.5 and 514.5 nm all at once, and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 30 starlings used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
Laser beams at intensities 0.5 to 1 W did not elicit avoidance responses within 60 seconds when aimed at a feathered area of the birds. If a laser with intensities as low as 0.3 to 0.4 W was aimed at uninsulated portions of the body, it elicited an immediate avoidance response under day and night conditions. The concentrated aimed laser beam at higher intensities (2-3 W), either pulsing or continuous, elicited an immediate avoidance response.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. They looked the  response of groups of three starlings to high-intensity laser light. A large cage was divided into two equal territories and the authors "attempted, through the use of difference laser light ranges, to deny the birds one of these territories." They do not elaborate on how they used the lasers. They recorded how long it took for the birds to leave the treated area of the cage and whether or not they returned to the treated area. They also recorded the movements of birds in the cage when no treatment was applied (control), and described the movement as "random."  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They tested the starlings in groups of 3 and tested both pulsing and continuous lasers with various beam diameters and light intensity. They do not specify how many groups were tested or how many times each group was tested.

DescriptionOfResults:
The concentrated laser beam (either pulsing or continuous) repelled the birds from the treated half of the room. The mean time it took to move the birds was 11.6 seconds. They sometimes returned to the treated half of the room, but left immediately again when exposed to the laser. After "a few exposures" to the concentrated beam, the birds did not return to the treated portion of the room. In contrast, during control trials when the laser was turned off, there was "random movement" between the two halves of the room. The expanded laser beam (0.5 to 4 in. in diameter) at a power of 2W had little effect on the movement of the birds around the room.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Mallards individual laser avoidance

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted of testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam (Beam diameters were 0.2-0.5, 5, 10, 15, and 35 cm; power settings were 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 2.0 W plus pulsing 144/min).  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 20 Mallards used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
They found that the greater the light intensity on the target the greater the avoidance response (for detailed results, see Tables VII and VIII). The avoidance responses correlated well with the heart rate data. Under nighttime conditions, the results were similar to those under daytime conditions. The greatest amount of avoidance was with laser beams no greater in diameter than 4 inches.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. Phase II consisted of testing the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). A large cage was divided into 2 territories and they attempted to deny the birds one of the territories. They tested the effect of various laser light ranges on their percent avoidance of the treated area and time to avoidance.  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Mallards were tested in groups of three. The beam diameters (0.2 - 35 cm) and power settings (0.05 W - 3.0 watts) tested are listed in Table III. They tested a continuous beam and a beam that was pulsing at 144 pulses/minute

DescriptionOfResults:
The avoidance responses in groups of ducks were similar to those of the individual ducks, but there was an increase in the amount of distress calling in groups.  The best avoidance response was elicited by a concentrated laser beam of 0.5 W or higher, and a beam greater than 4 inches in diameter had little effect.


StudyName:
Lustick 1972 Gulls individual laser avoidance test

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine if a laser system of bird control could be employed to decrease the bird-strike hazard to aircraft without any adverse effect to the birds or the environment. They tested the effect of a high-intensity laser that was also connected to a pulse generator (producing continuous and pulsing light). Birds were first tested using the concentrated laser beam at 2 different wavelengths and then using the expanded beam (diameter of 1cm, 2cm, 2 inches, 4 inches, and 6 inches). They recorded the percent of gulls avoiding the laser light and the mean time to avoidance for individuals.  It should be noted that the details of the document are difficult to interpret and clarification may be required before inclusion in a systematic review.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were tested using the concentrated laser beam. They were tested under continuous or flashing lights, at two different wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm), and over a range of power outputs between 50 to 1000mW. The expanded beam was also tested over these power outputs, and then an all-wavelengths mirror was attached and the experiments were repeated at higher intensities. There were 9 gulls used in this series of experiments, but it is not clear how many starlings were used in this particular experiment.

DescriptionOfResults:
Individuals gulls responded to intense laser light similarly to starlings; only the concentrated laser beam elicited a significant avoidance response. At beam diameters above 1 cm, the laser failed to elicit an avoidance response more than 37.2% of the time.


