# concat_COMPARATOR

ControlDesign:
Qualitative observation of bird proximity to light sources


ControlDesign:
Before/After, Behavioural Assay - with control


ControlDesign:
Before/After, Behavioural Assay - no control


ControlDesign:
Control/Impact, Qualitative observation of bird proximity to light sources


ControlDesign:
Gradient - spatial, Qualitative observation of bird proximity to light sources


ControlDesign:
Preference Test - with rotation or randomization


ControlDesign:
Preference Test - with rotation or randomization and control


ControlDesign:
Before/After/Control/Impact, Preference Test - control UA


ControlDesign:
Before/After/Control/Impact, Behavioural Assay - no control


ControlDesign:
Analysis of the influence of species characteristics on the population's response to artificial light


ControlDesign:
Behavioural Assay - no control, Control/Impact


# concat_CONTEXT

Study_Purpose:
Study effects of AL on bird distribution or habitat selection, Document birds foraging under artificial light at night


Study_Purpose:
Document and/or reduce bird aggregations or mortality


Study_Purpose:
Capture or count birds for wildlife research


Study_Purpose:
Study effects of AL on bird distribution or habitat selection


Study_Purpose:
Document birds foraging under artificial light at night


Sector:
Human-wildlife Conflict - no sector specified


Study_Purpose:
Test ability to orient under artificial light conditions


Bird_Activity:
All activities (birds' entire enclosure is illuminated)

Study_Purpose:
Improve welfare or production of captive birds


Bird_Activity:
All activities (birds' entire enclosure is illuminated), Foraging/Hunting


Sector:
Human-wildlife conflict - no sector specified


Country:
United States, Canada, Guatemala, Brazil, Belize, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Guyana, Suriname, French Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago, Panama, Costa Rice, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti, The Bahamas


Study_Purpose:
Deter birds, Document and/or reduce bird aggregations or mortality


Study_Purpose:
Document and/or reduce bird aggregations or mortality, Monitor or describe bird migration


Study_Purpose:
Study weight loss during nocturnal migration


Study_Purpose:
Document and/or reduce bird aggregations or mortality, Capture or count birds for wildlife research


Study_Purpose:
Monitor or describe bird migration, Document and/or reduce bird aggregations or mortality


# concat_INTERVENTION

LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Aircraft or vehicle approach, Human presence


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Remove dangerous gases (gas flare)


LightPurpose:
Decorative lighting, Illumination of outdoor areas for human use


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Presence of food, Aircraft or vehicle approach, Human presence


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Acoustic, Aircraft or vehicle approach, Human presence


LightPurpose:
Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting)


LightPurpose:
Wildlife observation, Wildlife trapping (birds)


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Other visual, Conspecific effigies or carcasses


LightPurpose:
Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting), Wildlife observation


LampType:
LED, Metal Halide, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Navigation


LampType:
Halogen, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Monitor weather (ceilometer), Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting)


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting)

LampType:
Incandescent, Mercury-Vapor, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Indoor lighting for humans


LightPurpose:
Decorative lighting, Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting)


LightPurpose:
UA, Wildlife trapping (aquatic organisms)


LightDirection:
Other - tangentially to the bird's intended flight path


LampType:
LED, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Warn humans about obstruction (lighthouse or light ship)


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Radio-frequency electromagnetic field, Magnetic field manipulation


Color:
Blue, Green, Red, White, Yellow, Yellow/Orange

Wavelength:
Blue, Green, Red, White, Yellow, Yellow/Orange


WavelengthForChart:
Green, Blue/Green, UV or Violet, White, Yellow

OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Radio-frequency electromagnetic field, Beak anesthetization, Magnetic field manipulation


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Urban/suburban sources (unspecified)


OtherSimultaneousInterventions:
Beak anesthetization, Magnetic field manipulation


LampType:
Incandescent, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, UA


LightPurpose:
Decorative lighting, Indoor lighting for humans


LightDirection:
Other - Projected on the floor and adjacent subplot walls


LightPurpose:
Horizon glow or skyglow (unspecified), Urban/suburban sources (unspecified)


LightPurpose:
Decorative lighting, Illumination of outdoor areas for human use, Warn humans about obstruction (other obstruction lighting)


LampType:
Incandescent, LED, Metal Halide, Sodium Vapor (Low or High Pressure)


LightPurpose:
Wildlife trapping (birds), Urban/suburban sources (unspecified), Illumination of outdoor areas for human use


# concat_OUTCOME

Outcome:
Locations of individual birds, Abundance or density

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Visual observation/counts, Tracking (Radiotelemetry/GPS/Light-level geolocators)


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Number of foraging events (individuals not distinguished)


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird counts, Flight path characteristics, Mortality

Outcome:
Altitude, Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/absence, Absence of bird deaths or injuries


OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Tracking (Radiotelemetry/GPS/Light-level geolocators), Visual observation/counts


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird counts, Flight path characteristics

Outcome:
Direction, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Locations of dead or injured birds, Presence/absence


Outcome:
Flush (unspecified), Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Flush (unspecified), Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Velocity, Direction, Linear/non-linear flight path


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Capture of birds in flight


Outcome:
One individual foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Species richness, Stability


Outcome:
Modeled flight behaviour based on observations of bird locations or distributions, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Flush (unspecified), Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Diving, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Proximity of dead or injured birds to artificial light sources


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Immobilization, Running or walking, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Altitude, Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Presence/absence


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Absence of bird deaths or injuries


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction"


Outcome:
Diving, Immobilization, Other flee response, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Locations of individual birds


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Locations of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Flying, Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Flush (unspecified), Immobilization


OutcomeSubcategory:
Approach or flee response, Bird locations

Outcome:
Flush (unspecified), Locations of individual birds


Outcome:
Velocity, Linear/non-linear flight path, Distance of flight path from light source, Abundance or density


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Running or walking, Swimming


Outcome:
Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Presence/absence


OutcomeSubcategory:
Approach or flee response, Flight path characteristics

Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Flush (unspecified), Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction"


OutcomeSubcategory:
Flight path characteristics, Mortality, Presence of foraging birds

Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Capture of birds on the ground or water, Flush (unspecified)


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Flush (unspecified), Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water, Abundance or density


Outcome:
Altitude, Direction, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Absence of bird deaths or injuries


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Locations of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Locations of roosts or groups of birds, Abundance or density


OutcomeSubcategory:
Approach or flee response, Bird counts, Bird locations

Outcome:
Flush (unspecified), Distance moved, Abundance or density, Locations of individual birds


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird locations, Presence of foraging birds

Outcome:
Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Number of foraging events (individuals not distinguished), Locations of individual birds


Outcome:
Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Number of foraging events (individuals not distinguished), Light exposure of tracked individuals


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Mist net or other trap, Visual observation/counts


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Amount of food consumed


Outcome:
One individual foraging under artificial lights, Presence/absence


Outcome:
Discrete choice (instantaneous choice among lighting options)


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird counts, Flight path characteristics, Presence of foraging birds

Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Abundance or density


Outcome:
One individual foraging under artificial lights, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Observations of bird collisions


OutcomeSubcategory:
Flight path characteristics, Presence of foraging birds

Outcome:
Altitude, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Arrival or departure time of foraging birds


Outcome:
Velocity, Altitude, Direction, Change in flight direction relative to light source, Distance of flight path from light source, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Change in flight direction relative to light source


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird counts, Diversity, Flight path characteristics

Outcome:
Other flight behaviour, Abundance or density, Species richness

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Video/photography, Visual observation/counts, Vocalization observations/counts


Outcome:
Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction"


Outcome:
Distance travelled, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Locations of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Ability to orient in migratory direction

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Recordings of hops in Emlen funnel or time spent on perches


Outcome:
Free choice (time spent in each lighting option)


Outcome:
Velocity, Altitude, Direction, Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Absence of bird deaths or injuries


Outcome:
Altitude, Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Velocity, Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Modeled flight behaviour based on observations of bird locations or distributions

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Radar, Visual observation/counts, Vocalization observations/counts


Outcome:
Altitude, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Linear/non-linear flight path, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density


OutcomeSubcategory:
Flight path characteristics, Orientation behaviour

Outcome:
Other flight behaviour, Other orientation behaviour


OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Returns of hunted birds, Visual observation/counts


Outcome:
Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Amount of food consumed, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Velocity, Direction, Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Change in flight direction relative to light source, Capture of birds in flight


Outcome:
Altitude, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction"


Outcome:
Ability to orient in migratory direction, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Altitude, Direction, Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


OutcomeSubcategory:
Alert behaviour, Approach or flee response

Outcome:
Other flee response, Flush (unspecified), Other alert response


Outcome:
Altitude, Direction, Linear/non-linear flight path, Change in flight direction relative to light source


Outcome:
Altitude, Direction, Change in flight direction relative to light source


OutcomeSubcategory:
Approach or flee response, Bird counts, Mortality

Outcome:
Flush (unspecified), Distance moved, Abundance or density, Seabird bycatch


OutcomeSubcategory:
Alert behaviour, Approach or flee response, Bird counts

Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Running or walking, Swimming, Distance moved, Other alert response, Abundance or density


Outcome:
Flying, Diving, Running or walking, Distance moved, Swimming, Other alert response, Abundance or density


Outcome:
Altitude, Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Abundance or density


Outcome:
Other flee response, Abundance or density


Outcome:
Observations of bird collisions, Presence/absence


Outcome:
Free choice (time spent in each lighting option), Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights


Outcome:
Species richness, Functional diversity, Evolutionary distinctiveness


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Species richness, Abundance of species grouped by type


Outcome:
Presence/absence, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


OutcomeSubcategory:
Bird counts, Bird locations, Flight path characteristics, Mortality

Outcome:
Direction, Abundance or density, Locations of individual birds, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Observations of bird collisions, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Absence of bird deaths or injuries


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Presence/absence, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Free choice (time spent in each lighting option), Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Abundance or density, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Species richness, Beta diversity, Abundance of species grouped by type

OutcomeMeasurementMethod:
Mist net or other trap, Vocalization observations/counts


Outcome:
Direction, Abundance or density, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
One individual foraging under artificial lights, Locations of individual birds


Outcome:
Mean or median light exposure of a species


Outcome:
Mean or median light exposure of a species, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
One individual foraging under artificial lights, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Linear/non-linear flight path, Observations of bird collisions, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Unspecified, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Unspecified, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Presence/Absence, Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Abundance or density, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/Absence, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/Absence, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/Absence, Observations of bird collisions, Presence/absence


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Observations of bird collisions, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Counts or presence of dead or injured birds, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/absence


Outcome:
Presence/absence, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/absence, Observations of bird collisions


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Observations of bird collisions, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Direction, Presence/absence, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction", Presence/absence, Counts or presence of dead or injured birds


Outcome:
Capture of birds on the ground or water, Flying, Flush (unspecified), Immobilization


Outcome:
Flying, Running or walking, Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water


Outcome:
Immobilization, Capture of birds on the ground or water


# concat_POPULATION

PreyIfForaging:
Insects in flight, Insects on the ground


PreyIfForaging:
Insects on the ground, Insects in flight


Order:
Galliformes, Caprimulgiformes, Columbiformes, Pelecaniformes, Passeriformes, Charadriiformes


PreyIfForaging:
Insects on the ground, Other terrestrial invertebrates


Order:
Passeriformes, Charadriiformes, Gruiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Falconiformes


Order:
Passeriformes, Anseriformes, Accipitriformes, Columbiformes, Accipitriformes, Pterocliformes


Order:
Passeriformes, Charadriiformes, Charadriiformes, Strigiformes, Accipitriformes


Order:
Cuculiformes, Passeriformes, Passeriformes, Pelecaniformes, Coraciiformes


Order:
Anseriformes, Procellariiformes, Procellariiformes, Suliformes, Charadriiformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes


# Search_Results

Study Summary:
The authors estimated the number of birds aggregating around upward-facing lights of different colors (red, blue, white, and green) and flashing patterns on a night of high migration density and low cloud cover. They counted birds aggregating using vocalization counts and, in some cases, visual counts.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if building light affects collision rates. The authors used New York City Audubon's collision monitoring data from Fall 2013 to determine the number of collisions. They used a photographic analysis of building facades to determine the amount of light and glass on each building. The authors estimated the effect of the amount of glass and light on the number of collisions.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if a tall tower with obstruction lighting was disorienting birds or causing bird mortality. They used a portable ceilometer to count birds and observe flight path immediately below the tower and at a site 350m away from a tower. The tower featured obstruction lighting (flashing red and steady burning red lights).


Study Summary:
The study objective was to investigate the effect of a strong light beam on flight behaviours of nocturnal bird migrants.  The treatments involved turning on and off the light source for specific intervals. To measure flight behaviours, they measured the direction, vertical speed, and horizontal speed of flight and wingbeat patterns. Tracking of such behaviours was done through a tracking radar, and (during the intervals when the light was turned on) a telescope.


Study Summary:
The objective is to investigate the effects of artificial light of different colours and intensities on the flight direction of nocturnal bird migrants. For their treatment, they used lamps covered with different colour filters. The flight direction was visually assessed by the authors and the authors reported the proportion of birds with non-linear flight paths during each treatment.  They categorized birds or flocks as having "no reaction" (flying in a straight line in seasonally appropriate direction) or "reaction" (non-linear flight path). Birds flying in a straight line in another direction were not included in the analysis.


Study Summary:
On December 4th, 2010, drilling contractors observed many Lapland Longspurs dead or dying in the area surrounding in oil rig in Wyoming. On December 13-14 2010, USFWS personnel searched the area surrounding the oil rig for bird carcasses and collected 251 Lapland Longspurs within 171 meters of the oil rig.


Study Summary:
The author observed a mixed-species flock of migratory songbirds and egrets flying around a cruise ship. She surveyed the decks and recorded dead and trapped birds.


Study Summary:
On the evening of September 9th 1948, around 300 migratory birds were found dead around the ceilometer at the Nashville International Airport. Article reports on array of bird species present and clear visibility during the incident, recorded by an observer and weather data. Author notes that the ceilometer had been in use for some time and no similar instances had ever been recorded.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to document and determine the cause of death for bird carcasses found near an oil flare in Northwestern Alberta in late May 1980. From June 1978 to September 1980 the flare burned continuously. The mortality event occurred on the 18 May 1980 and was reported to the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division, who inspected the site the next day. Before inspection, the majority of the birds had been gathered up by oil industry employees and dumped into a barrel. AFWD set up transects to search for the remaining dead birds. They counted them and plotted their locations.


Study Summary:
The authors report on 25 instances of bird mortality recorded in the Eastern and Southern United States between October 5 and 8 1954. They occurred primarily at airport ceilometers, with a few reports from radio and television towers and small buildings. It is unclear how the data were complied, but in the acknowledgements section, they thank many "interested individuals" who responses positively to a questionnaire. The authors attribute these mass mortality events to an advancing cold front that caused birds to decrease their flight altitudes. The authors describe the number and species compositions of birds killed, as well as some observations of their flight behaviour. They summarize the reports from 24 of these instances and provided a detailed report on the mortality event at Warner Robins Air Force Base, where an estimate 50,000 individuals were killed.


Study Summary:
Bird mortalities were surveyed at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant during spring and fall migration seasons from Fall 1972 to Fall 1979. Article reports numbers of dead birds found near different structures as well as changes of the lights used on structures over time. All surveys included the recording of numbers, species, and locations of birds, as well as weather during each season.


Study Summary:
On the night of March 27th 1906, the observer witnessed English Sparrows circling above a large fire at a lumber yard in western Philadelphia, likely having been disturbed from their roosting place among the lumber. Other species were also reported circling or passing above the flame. The passing birds (nocturnal migrants) were flying in from the southwest to north-east, their flight path described as "scattered" and flight behaviour as "a somewhat zigzag manner." The direction of the migrants' flight did not seem to be influenced by the fire, but they may have been drawn down from a higher elevation because of the light of the flame. Some unnamed species of birds flying at low altitudes were overcome by the heat and perished in the flames.


Study Summary:
After the night of March 13-14, 1905, accounts of the destruction of large numbers of small brown birds (later identified as Lapland Longspurs) were printed in the papers of several Minnesota cities and villages. Dr. Dart was sent as a representative of the State Natural History Survey to gather all possible information on the event. Eight and nine days after the event, he went to Worthington and Slayton and studied the numbers and distributions of dead birds and interviewed residents who had been eye witnesses. Some of them reported on the proximity of the birds to the electric lights and wires in Worthington. In Slayton, the street lights were lit by gas and there were no wires. He systematically searched two lakes near Worthington and one lake near Slayton for carcasses. He also sent letters of inquiry to postmasters at about 23 villages in southwestern Minnesota. Eye-witnesses reported dead Lapland Longspurs in other nearby towns.


Study Summary:
On the night of September 7, 1949, birds were heard chirping around the Washington Monument, mild inclement weather was observed and some bird mortality was anticipated. Later, when the site was observed, no mortality was observed and very few birds were seen. Article also notes the presence of more bird vocalizations on the Monument grounds than in the city. Author notes the presence of two strong searchlights shining onto the Monument.


Study Summary:
The night of September 20th 1949, the observer witnessed groups of warblers fly in front of floodlights at a local ball park as it rained heavily in a local ball park in Washington D.C.


Study Summary:
The purpose was to observe the effects weather has on bird mortality during migration seasons. Through 4 migration seasons, bird mortalities were surveyed daily at the Omega Navigation Station in North Dakota. "The location and condition of each bird were recorded as it was collected." Differences in mortality between fall and spring migrations, as well as cloud-cover were reported. Differences in bird families mortalities during overcast or non-overcast nights were reported. Weather data was gathered hourly from the Federal Aviation Administration Flight Service Station.


Study Summary:
On September 15th, 1956, approximately 500 birds (mainly Warblers) were observed passing through a ceilometer beam in Albany Airport and about 230 were found dead on the ground. There were many small birds perched nearby, apparently uninured but unwilling to fly. Most birds in the area were flying low, with few birds seen flying over a 100 feet off the ground. Birds were seen in "low flight near terminal buildings, runways and parking areas." Observations continued until 6:30, approximately half an hour after it had become light. The authors state that they counted birds within the immediate vicinity of the ceilometer, but it is unclear how systematic their survey was.


Study Summary:
On October 5, 1953, nocturnal migrants were observed flying in a ceilometer beam at Memphis International Airport. Weather conditions were mild and cloud ceiling varied from when the birds were first noted at 7:15pm (ceiling was 700 feet) and increased until it disappeared at 11:40pm. The authors make various observations of bird behaviour around the ceilometer beam. Birds were said to be observed circling the ceilometer beam, and some were observed feeding on flying insects. Others (including a Black-crowned Night Heron and Green Heron), seemed to pass directly over without a noticeable pause. The following morning, the author and his wife searched for birds around the light and they estimated that 10-20 birds were grounded. The authors conducted further observations of migration from October 19-25, but only mention checking the ceilometer on the night of October 23red, and no birds were seen or found.


Study Summary:
The author constructed and tested the Fixed-beam ceilometer technique for visual studies of nocturnal migration. The author made observations of bird flight behaviour in the beam, noting that "very few birds were affected by the light; most flew through the beam without hesitation of deviation in direction." Each birds' flight direction was recorded in clock coordinates. He also noted that no bird casualties were observed at the ceilometer over the 2-year study period.


Study Summary:
Through 5 fall migration periods 1962-1966, at the WCTV tower at Tall Timbers Research Station in Florida, daily logs were kept bird mortality counts and weather data. the nights were classified for the presence/absence of north winds, clouds, and rain. Groups of nights with different combinations of weather conditions were compared for their number of bird mortalities. The mortality rates between clear nights/ cloudy nights, and north winds/ south winds are reported. The conditions leading up to a tropical storm during one of the migration periods and bird behaviour is also reported.


Study Summary:
The purpose was to observe the effect of the gas flare on bird attraction and mortality. At 2100H on September 19th 1981, the author reported seeing an estimated 300 Arctic Warblers, 120 flava wagtails, and other species of small passerines as well as around 300 Northern Phalaropes around an offshore gas flare on the Tembungo Oil Terminal Platform. Strong winds were reported, as the development of typhoon 'Clara' was developing but visibility was reported as clear. Visual observations were made by the author.  Many passerines were seen flying too close to the flare and perishing. The author reported that most birds avoided the flare but remained attracted to it and continued to circle. When the author returned the following morning, no birds were visible.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to compare ceilometer incidents at Knoxville and Nashville international airport on one night in 1951 and one night in 1954, and determine if the species composition of nocturnal migrants (as sampled by ceilometer mortality) was significantly different. They reported the number of each species collected at each ceilometer. The manner in which the carcasses were collected is not described.


Study Summary:
The researchers studied the nocturnal passage of birds using a stationary headlight set up on the ground facing the flying birds. Birds were either observed visually or captured using a mist net that was positioned behind the headlight and a hoisting net that was positioned in front of the headlight. The authors state that they recorded "The ways of behaviour of birds in front of the light and their evaluation," but they do not report these observations in the article.


Study Summary:
A study was conducted at three television towers in central Illinois (WAND, WBUI, and WILL) to examine their effects on bird mortality. They authors studied how tower structure (lighting, height, and guy wires) and weather condition (wind direction, cloud cover) contribute to mortality rates. WAND and WBUI had 13 flashing white lights and no steady burning lights, while WILL had 3 red flashing lights and 12 red steady burning lights.


Study Summary:
Report of four major bird mortality events at Topeka WIBW television tower during fall migration periods. The tower was not monitored on a daily basis and the mortality events reported are not the only, and not necessarily the largest, mortality events to occur during the time period. Only mortality, not flight behaviour, was recorded.


Study Summary:
An experiment was conducted on November 26/27, 1979 from 0100 to 0530 to see if Palearctic migrants would be caught attracted to a car headlight. The purpose of the study seems to have been to determine of the use of headlights could aid in obtaining information on overhead migration. The author erected a mist net about 10 meters in front of the car headlight and reported the number of birds seen near the light and the number of birds caught in the mist net. He also described the circling flight behaviour of the birds around the light.


Study Summary:
The purpose of this study was to document songbird migration over an illuminated monument in Sagres, Portugal. It is unclear whether the authors intended to document nocturnal migrant aggregation around the lights. They state that the nocturnal lighting at the monument "often attracts nocturnally migrating birds," and that birds were "possibly attracted to the fortress illumination," but they only document birds passing over, not aggregating. Researchers performed 5 min counts of migrating songbirds between 23:00 H and 24:00 H, 60m from the entrance of the Sagres Fortress. Researchers assumed they could count all birds flying below 30 m and hear the calls of birds that are flying higher.


Study Summary:
The purpose was to observe the effect artificial light from a ceilometer had on bird flight behaviour and mortality. On the evening of September 12th 1961, greater than average numbers of birds were seen fluttering around the ceilometer at the Duluth Municipal Airport. An observation was done the following morning and reported many bird mortalities surrounding the ceilometer. A pile of carcasses was also observed and counted, having moved the birds from the runway. An additional mortality count for the incident was done the next morning. That evening, birds were seen circling the ceilometer. No signs of mortality were observed the following morning. Weather conditions throughout the incident and the surrounding days were reported as well as specific species mortality counts.


Study Summary:
Harvey and Lenz (two of the authors of this report) noticed "thousands of migrants" calling from inside the football stadium near Cornell University on 2130 on 11 October 2005. They contacted additional observers, and together they recorded observations within and long the periphery of stadium until the lights were turned on at 0200 on 12 October 2005. They observed many species perched and/or foraging in the illuminated stadium, and also note 2 instance so of bird mortality. They briefly describe similar events on 29 August and 15-16 September 2006.


Study Summary:
Brown-headed Cowbirds in a single-choice experiment were released from the first chamber into the second chamber. On entering the second chamber, they were forced them to make a choice between going right or left, with different visual clues (light or no light) on each side. The experiment was designed to test how light affecting their quick decision-making under diurnal light conditions. Five wavelengths of LED lights were tested.


Study Summary:
The authors observed the total number of nocturnal migrants and the number of Peregrine Falcon hunting attempts from the observation deck of the Empire State Building during spring and fall migration. Their goal was to describe nocturnal Peregrine Falcon hunting activity and compare the timing of falcon hunting to migration intensity. They were able to observe nocturnal migrants and Peregrine Falcons because the upper floors of the building were illuminated with external, upward-facing halogen lights, and the spire above the observation deck was illuminated with internal florescent lights. These lights allowed them to count nocturnal migrants up to 30 meters horizontally and 30-60 meters vertically from the observation deck, and allowed them to see peregrines chasing small birds up to 80 meters away. They defined migrants as birds that passed north-to-south or south-to-north across and imaginary east-west line and continued north (or south) of site. When >100 birds were simultaneously circling the building, they estimated the maximum number of birds circling per hour and recorded it as the number of migrants seen for that hour. They did not include migrating waterfowl, herons, or gulls in their counts. They defined a hunting attempt as one in which a Peregrine Falcon approached within 1 meter of its intended prey. They compared the time of arrival after sunset of the first migrant with that of the first Peregrine Falcon and the first Peregrine Falcon hunting attempt.


Study Summary:
Nocturnal migrant mortality incident at a gas flare from Canaport LNG in Saint John, New Brunswick occurred on the night of September 12th, 2013. A large number of birds were reported to have been drawn to the flame, circling around it before perishing in the flames. Many birds were also injured, either from burns or becoming disorientated and crashing into nearby buildings. Weather conditions were reported as foggy and overcast at the time of the incident. It is unclear how the mortality data were collected, though one of the observers quoted in the article describes the mortality estimates as "crude."


Study Summary:
This article gives an overview of observations of grounded birds at the floodlights at Ngulia Lodge in Kenya from 1969-2012, and the bird banding program that took advantage of these grounding events. The lodge opened in 1969 and powerful flood lights were installed to illuminate drinking pools for game. The authors recorded that birds flew in and landed near the lights, and described how the number of bird landings changed with weather and lunar conditions. They also described a mortality event at an illuminated white wall, and how the problem was resolved when they removed the light. The authors took advantage of these bird attraction events to catch and band birds. Some birds were picked up at night inside the lodge, but from 1972-1976 most were caught from dawn through the morning in mist nets South of the lodge. In 1976, they installed nets immediately in front of the Lodge below the flood lights to at night, resulting in larger catches, especially after nights during mist. In 1985, they deployed a mobile 1Kw lamp and placed it near the net for the purpose of attracting birds, resulting in larger catches. In 1994, they installed new nets surround the illuminated area so that many birds would be caught when taking off in the morning. Using this system, a record 29000 birds were banded in 1995. On active days, post-dawn netting caught over 1000 birds within the first 1.5 hours. The night-time mist netting on misty nights continued as before. In 1993, they began attempting to use tape-recorded bird song to attract birds to the land.


Study Summary:
This study describes Ethiopian species observed the Ngulia Lodge in Kenya from December 1969 to December 1977. While other studies from the lodge included in the map (Pearson et al. 2016 and Nikolaus and Pearson 1983) focus on Palaearctic migrants, this article reports on observations of Ethiopian species. This lodge had powerful north-facing lights that illuminated game ponds and attracted large number of birds, especially on misty nights when the moon was not visible. Researchers set up a bird-banding program to take advantage of these attraction events. The authors note that "between October and April a wide variety of Ethiopian species has been encountered at night or at dawn in circumstances suggestive of attraction to the lights during nocturnal movement." For dozens of Ethiopian species observed at the site, the authors describe the dates on which they were observed, characteristics of their flight (e.g. circling), where/if they landed, if any mortalities occurred, and (for some species) the approximate number which have been seen.


Study Summary:
Systematic survey of mortalities and bird presence on offshore research platform FINO 1 located in the southeastern North Sea from October 2003 to December 2007. Around 3 times a month, bird corpses were collected for later investigation and bird calls were recorded continuously throughout the total observation period. Weather data is recorded but not able to be related directly to any corpses, mortalities are associated with the weather conditions for a seven-day period ending with the collection date.


Study Summary:
To determine if artificial light at the Pilgrim Power Plant influenced the flight paths of migrating birds, personnel from the nearby Monomet Bird Observatory tracked bird flight paths with radar on 9 nights in the spring of 1976. They computed several variables for each bird track, include the direction of movement relative to the earth's survey (TRACK), direction of movement relative to the air mass (HEADING), speed of bird relative to the earth's surface (GROUNDSPEED), and speed of movement relative to the airmass (AIRSPEED). They divided the bird tracks the birds into "experimental" birds flying over the power plant area and "control" birds flying over the dark area. They made this division using line running ENE-SWW (the approximate direction of migration) southeast of thee power plant.


Study Summary:
The authors used a 19-year dataset on bird collisions at McCormick Place in Chicago to study how bird collisions related to artificial light for flight-calling and non-flight-calling species. The extent of night-time lighting was measured as the proportion of window bays that were illuminated during pre-dawn surveys. Carcass surveys were conducted between 1978-2016 and light data were recorded from 2000 - 2018.  For each species, the compared the number of collisions to local abundance estimates (based on diurnal observations from eBird). For flight-calling and non-flight calling species separately, they tested for a correlation between nightly collisions and proportions of illuminated windows.


Study Summary:
They used records of bird-building collisions during nocturnal migration in Chicago (40 years, 1978-2016) and a smaller dataset from Cleveland (Autumn 2017 and Spring 2018) to study how flight calling influences species' collision rates. For both cities, they tallied the total number of lethal collision records for each species and the number of sampling days during which the species was recorded at least once. They compared the number of collisions to the expected number of collisions based on relative abundance estimates from eBird data. Separate collision tallies were made for spring and autumn migration in Chicago, whereas all collision data for Cleveland was lumped together. They used linear models with collision frequency as the response variable and phylogeny, local relative abundance, and flight-calling/non-flight-calling as predictor variables to determine if flight-calling behaviour influenced collision frequency.


Study Summary:
The researchers collected data comparing tower support systems (guyed and unguyed) and tower height categories in Michigan. The lighting system on the medium towers between dusk and dawn was:  1 strobe-like, flashing red light at the top, two strobe-like, flashing red lights at 50% the height of the tower, and two steady burning red lights at both 33% and 75% the height of the tower. The lighting system on the tall tower consisted of a combination of red and non-red flashing lights. "Figure 1" illustrates the tower support systems and heights with the lighting systems that were used in the study. Technicians searched each tower at dawn for bird carcasses in a radius around the tower (radius equal to 90% of height).


Study Summary:
Three Honshu-Shikoku Bridges were constructed across straits in Japan, in the Seto Inland Sea. The authors surveyed the number of species and individual birds on each side of one of these bridges, the Shimotsui Seto Bridge, over a period of eight years (1990 - 1998) to assess the influence of illumination on birds. Surveys included route census (walking designated routes early morning and at night), point census (counting all birds at dusk, night, and early morning), and random observation. The article also states that observation of nighttime migration was conducted over 48 hours near Shimotsui Seto Bridge in Autumn, using a video camera with a night viewer, but it is unclear if this was a one-time or an annual survey. Illumination sources included highway lights, navigation safety lights, aviation alarm lights, and (during some periods) maintenance lights.


Study Summary:
The purpose of this study was to assess the number of birds attracted to and circling the gas production platforms after the lights were changed to low-red "bird safe" lights. The study recorded the number of birds around the platform over 3 nights in October 2007, when many birds are migrating across the North Sea, along with associated weather conditions for each night. These numbers were compared to the number of birds circling around the same or nearby platforms during prior studies to determine if the new lighting had any affect on the number of birds circling.


Study Summary:
Full text not available. Study summary provided in Van de Laar (2007) and Marqueni et al. (2008). Van de Laar (2007) reports that during Autumn 2000, the authors turned lights on and off on an oil platform (NAM platform L5-FA-1). Marqueni et al. (2008) report that the experiments were conducted from 1992-2002.


Study Summary:
Author observed a flock of about 30 migrating Yellow Wagtails perched at night on a fence or on the ground under light around the perimeter of a compound in Vietnam. He observed bird behaviour for an hour under these lights. This event occurred on a cloudy night where there was enough light from the perimeter lights to be able to identify the birds.


Study Summary:
A vertical cone of white light was directed into the sky during migration as part of an Optical Electronic Device monitoring system to count the number of birds aloft during different wind conditions (following wind, opposing wind, and calm wind) and observe flight trajectories of birds in the cone of light. The first analysis compared the number of birds observed aloft within the light cone during different types of wind. A second analysis conducted separately for each type of wind category, determined which factors (related to weather, lunar phase, and bird size) influenced the probability of occurrence of birds with non-linear flight paths within the light cone.


Study Summary:
The researchers compared the number of nocturnal flight calls in 16 rural areas with artificial lights to flight calls in areas without lights. They also compared the total number of unique species detected. Illumination measurements were taken at each site after nautical sunset with a light meter and nocturnal flight calls were measured with digital recorders mounted 3.5-4.5m atop steel poles attached to trees or posts. The microphones (4 song meters and 4 microphones) were within 1-5m of the light source.


Study Summary:
To determine if birds were attracted or disoriented by artificial lights on a tower, the authors observed bird flight path and vocalizations at a television tower with red lights on the night of May 29-30. Birds were visible through the use of an automobile spotlight, the beam reaching the top of the tower. The authors describe aggregations and flight paths of birds in the area.


Study Summary:
The purpose was to determine if birds were aggregating around a television tower. This was done by assessing and counting bird calls around the base of the tower when red obstruction lights were turned on and off on November 5, 1957 between 3:30 am-5:30 am. They also observed flight behaviours and assessed bird mortality around the base of the tower. Control observations were made at two sites without towers, 1 and 2 miles from the tower.


Study Summary:
The authors measured aggregations of nocturnal migrants and changes to flight behaviour in response to the bright lights of the September 11th memorial, comparing periods when the lights were on to when they were off. They counted birds using radar and acoustic metrics. They observed bird flight velocities and circling behaviour using radar and visual observations.


Study Summary:
At the site of FINO 1 (which is brightly lit at night) the researchers used radar, video, microphone, and thermal imaging to quantify bird migration in the North Sea. Their aim was to determine if birds changed their flight altitude when approaching the research platform using a ship radar system installed on FINO 1 with a vertically rotating antenna (data used from 1st October 2003 to 14 November 2004). A second ship radar rotating on FINO 1 was used to determine the flight direction of the birds (data collected from 1 March 2004 - 31 May 2004). The researchers noted all birds found dead when platform was visited , and noted whether they had injuries indicative of collision through examination in the lab.


Study Summary:
The authors conducted a survey to determine if birds were attracted to a gas flare on an oil rig. They counted birds flying near a gas flare next to an oil platform in the North Sea and observed the birds' flight behaviours. They also observed seabirds which appeared to be attracted to the surface of the sea directly below the flare. Weather and wind conditions for each observation period were recorded.


Study Summary:
This study compared annual mortality at a lighthouse on Lake Erie from 1960-2002, focusing on comparing mortality before and after 1960 when the lighthouse beam was replaced with a narrower, less powerful beam. Mortality data was collected during a standardized 1 hour observational count each morning along a route that runs past the tower. Additional observations for dead birds were conducted on nights when weather conditions favoured the attraction of birds to the lighthouse.


Study Summary:
The researchers used a spotlight to study response of nocturnal migrations to all combinations of three factors: light colour (red, yellow, green, blue, or white), intensity (half or full), and flashing pattern (flashing or continuous). All possible combinations of these light characteristics were tested, for a total of 20 treatments and periods of darkness as a control. They used thermal imaging cameras to record flying birds and audio recordings to count and identify flight calls with a directional microphone. Video frames from thermal imaging cameras were combined into 60 second composites, showing images of flight tracks. These flight track images were labeled as bird positive (if a bird was detected) or bird negative. The analysis concentrated on nocturnal passerine individuals, so imaged showing large birds or flocks were not included. For each treatment block, the proportion of bird positive images was recorded. Video and panoramic cameras were also used to determine if stars were visible as a way to determine the cloud cover. The moon was not included in the detailed analysis. They used three separate models for analysis: lights on v. off (pooling data from all blocks when lights were on into one category), light variants v. off (each of the 20 combinations of intensity, blinking mode, and colour given a separate encoding and compared to each other and to darkness); and light specification (compared effects of intensity, blinking mode, and light color in a GLMM with dark periods excluded from model).


Study Summary:
From Sept 21st to 29th 1888, an observational study was conducted to determine the effect of the electric lights of Milwaukee Exposition Tower on bird mortality, aggregations, and flight pattern. The author compared the number of adults and juvenile bird mortalities by collecting carcasses. He observed behaviours visually. Bird aggregations or behaviour on nights were not studied when lights were not illuminated.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the report was to decrease the number of casualties by attracting birds from the lighthouse beams by drawing them to turf that is lit up by the decoy floodlights, drawing them away from the lighthouse. The decoy floodlights were set up 150 meters east of the lighthouse. Birds have long been known to be attracted to the lighthouse beam and were also attracted to a light shining on a microwave dish on the lighthouse balcony that was installed in 1989. There was no systematic monitoring of the number of birds attracted to the lighthouse before and after the installation of the floodlights, so most of the data were descriptive rather than quantitative. The behavior of the birds was observed in different weather conditions including clear and windy days in the presence of the decoy floodlights.


Study Summary:
The researchers compared avian fatalities for 20 day periods during May and September 2005 at towers lit with different combinations of red, and white, continuous, and flashing lights. These systems included: white strobe lights only; red strobe-like lights only; red, flashing, incandescent lights only; and red, strobe-like lights combined with non-flashing, steady burning, red lights. They randomly selected 21 towers from ~150 Michigan Public Safety Communications System towers within the 116-146 m height category. They randomly assigned treatments to each tower and modified tower lights to study specifications. In 2005, the towers were searched for carcasses from 10–29 May and 7–26 September before dawn using transect surveys, which covered a radius that was 90% of the tower height.


Study Summary:
Author reports on several mortality events and about mortality at North Sea gas flares (see Description of Replicates for details about these events). Author talked to oil rig workers to investigate the mortality of "migrating birds falling victim to gas flares on drilling rigs". He used eyewitness accounts and collected data on the bird species that died. Author investigated cover ups and rumours by oil companies.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if night-migrating birds responded differently to a bright white source depending on background illumination. An Optical Electronic Device (OED) provided bright white light cone pointing upwards and an optical system that detected birds aloft within the cone. They compared the shape of the birds' flight paths (classified linear,  weakly curved, strongly curved, and broken tracks with apparent circling) at an observation site in St. Petersburg (with urban lighting) to an observation site at the Courish Spit (with very little background illumination). 


Study Summary:
Banding stations in the Jinshan Yakou and Niaowang Mountains of Southwest China take advantage of the birds' attraction to lights to draw them into the mist nets. The authors investigated how various factors affected the number of birds caught in the mist nets, including migratory season, moon phase, and two weather condition (mist and wind).


Study Summary:
The authors observed the attraction of migrant birds to light sources, including car headlights and a spotlight. In October 1980 they attempted to "attract migrants using four 45 W (12 V) vehicle lights on the ENE-facing Erkowit escarpment".  In 1982, two car headlights and a spotlight were used at Erkowit. The authors noted the number and species of birds that were attracted to the lights.


Study Summary:
The objective of the study is to record the flight behaviour and orientation of European Starlings under four lighting regimes including "Light" (1400 lux), "dim" (1.2 lux), "dark" (no light), and "reference" (with a luminescent strip midway up the front screen to represent the horizon). Test birds were released into a chamber with full light (1400 lux) and the light regime was changed to the treatment condition 10-15 seconds into the trial. The researchers maintained constant lighting conditions from 15s to the end of each trial. The trials for each regime were videotaped using an IR video camera. The study was conducted in a wind-tunnel laboratory and the birds used in the study were not migratory. The researchers measured the number of times each bird took off during each trial and the method of landing (controlled, crashed, or drifted into walls).


Study Summary:
The purpose was to document bird mortalities at turbines on the Buffalo Mountain Windfarm and estimate bird mortalities per turbine, comparing it to mortality rates made in 2000-2003 when only three turbines were installed. Three turbine/lighting combinations were included in the study: V47 turbines with 2 white strobe lights, V80 turbines with 6 red strobe lights, and V80 turbines with no light. Authors gathered data by systematically searching 50-meter circular plots around each turbine from April-December, 2005.


Study Summary:
The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of artificial lights from offshore oil platforms on the Ashy Storm-Petrel and Scripp's Murrelet, though other species were also recorded. The study used a combination of nocturnal radar and audio-visual monitoring surveys during the spring, summer, and fall of 2013 to detect the presence of birds at the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf offshore oil platforms. They used the radar surveys to estimate nightly light attraction rate (birds/hr/km) and characterize their flight speed and direction. They also made visual observations of seabird interactions with the platforms lights and conducted nightly surveys for grounded birds.


Study Summary:
The objective of the study was to examine bird mortality as a result of tower collisions at a wind resource area (WRA) in north-central Iowa from 2003 to 2004. The towers in the study area were lit with the following 3 light regimes: non-pulsating red beacons; pulsating red beacons; a combination of pulsating white beacons and non-pulsating red beacons. The researchers measured mortality through carcass surveys, collecting carcasses along transacts under the towers. They estimated the total number of mortalities by adjusting for search probability, scavenger efficiency, search efficiency, and proportion of towers searched.


Study Summary:
The authors document the flight patterns of birds in the collision-risk zone and the abundance of birds at various sites in a wind resource area. The authors determined the avoidance behaviour of birds by recording three response variables during point counts: abundance, distance from the observer, and flight height. They conducted point counts at 4 types of sites: tower sites within the wind farm that were not used for carcass surveys (Type A), tower sites within the wind farm that were used for carcass surveys (Type B), non-tower sites within the wind farm (Type C), and off-windfarm sites (Type D).


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to develop a method for observing the passage of low-flying nocturnal migrants with a ceilometer. In the course of testing this method, they recorded few instances of birds hovering or otherwise attracted to the ceilometer. Observations were made with one and two 100-w ceilometers which shone a cone of light directly upwards and a telescope/binoculars used for viewing. Observations were made during the time period from 19:00-20:30.


Study Summary:
To determine if artificial light was contributing to bird-building collisions, the authors compared data on the amount of artificial light at buildings to the number of collisions. Volunteers patrolled downtown Toronto to collect live and dead birds. The species and location of each bird with respect to the nearest building were recorded. Photographs were taken of buildings at night to determine proportion of windows lit, which was multiplied by the number of floors of the building to calculate a light index.


Study Summary:
The objective of the study is to examine the mortality of long-distance migratory birds as a result of collisions with communication towers. The study was conducted during spring and fall migration seasons in Arkansas and carcasses were counted. The influence of 4 tower attributes on bird mortality was analysed: physiographic region (Delta or Highlands), tower height (greater or less than 150 meters AGL),  colour of aviation safety lights (Red or White), and guy wires (presence/absence). Technicians searched for carcasses at sunrise in a circular transect around the tower. The modeled the effects of tower attributes on carcasses per day (a more conservative estimate) and feather piles per day (may have included both collision mortalities and other mortalities).


Study Summary:
Research to quantify bird mortality was conducted at an unguyed USCG Rescue 21 communication tower. It was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top level and mid level and also with non-blinking, red lights at the midpoints between the top-level and mid-level strobes and between the mid-level strobe and the ground. They collected and recorded bird carcasses from around the tower in May and September of 2008 and 2009 on early mornings.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study is to record the species composition and patterns of flight-calling behaviour of vocal nocturnal migrants in the Gulf of Mexico. They made audio recordings of flight calls of migrants at the Viosca Knoll oil platform off the coast of Alabama during fall migration using a pressure zone microphone (PZM) and video cassette recorder. They also made visual surveys of the platform during the day to count the abundance of landbird migrants on the platform.  They categorized the weather into 7 types of synoptic weather patterns and determined how the two most common weather types affected the call counts and the number of birds landing on the platform. They do not provide much information about the lighting on the platform, but they note that the rig is artificially lit and that lights were turned on to illuminate the rig approximately 8 hours after sunset.


Study Summary:
Bird migration intensity was recorded non-stop day and night from the research platform F1N01, recording the number of birds passing and their flight altitudes with a vertical marine radar. A second horizontal radar was used to detect deviations from the expected main migration direction. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.


Study Summary:
A BirdScan fixed beam radar installed on F1N01 was used to monitor migration rates every night inside and outside the Alpha Ventus windfarm from October 2010 until the publication date (2014). They calculated the migration traffic rate inside and outside of the windfarm and used three different radar angles to detect birds at different elevations. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.


Study Summary:
A camera system called VARS was mounted on the nacelle of the AV4 wind turbine. The camera automatically records the day and night-time activity of birds moving trough an areas of the rotor blades. The VARS system operated both day and night. Birds quantified inside the rotor-swept zone and compared to the overall migration rates determined by radar. They combined the information from the VARS with the information from the radar to make and estimates of phototaxis and micro-avoidance. A second VARS system mounted on the base of AV4 recorded the bird activity in the area above deck (20m above sea level). They compared the number of birds on the platform to the number of birds in the rotor-swept zone. The illumination on the deck was "considerably stronger" than that in the rotor-swept zone.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to record a mass mortality event on the night between Nov 1-2, 2010 on the alpha ventus wind farm. Information from various remote sensing devices regarding bird activity on the nights preceding the mortality event was used to elucidate the factors leading to the avian collisions with the illuminated structures and the rotating blades. These remote sensing devices were installed in and around the alpha ventus wind farm on the F1NO1 research platform, on a transformer station, and on one of the turbines. They included: a pencil-beam radar to estimate the migration traffic rate (MTR) across a fictive horizontal line 1kilometer in length; a rotating marine radar to record migration patterns flight tracks within the wind farm; a Visual Automated Recording System (VARS) that used infrared light to automatically detecting flying birds day and night; acoustic recording; and a thermal imaging camera system to monitor the rotor-swept zone of the wind turbine and the area around the F1NO1 research platform. The authors do not describe the artificial light on the turbines or platforms, though they consider it a possible causal factor for changes to bird abundance and flight behaviour.


Study Summary:
Researchers monitoring bird migration from oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico recorded birds circling around platform lights at night that "clearly occurred due to the lights on the platform." The weather, flight direction, number of birds and species involved were recorded.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the magnitude of bird mortality from collisions with buildings in urban downtown Toronto. Volunteers collected dead, alive, and injured birds by hand or with a net. They recorded the species and location with a handheld tape recorder or paper. Injured birds were donated or taken to rehabilitation centers, and uninjured birds were placed in paper bags and released. The authors attribute these collisions to disorientation and attraction to the artificial light of the buildings, but they do not measure artificial light levels or compare light levels to collision rates.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study is to record bird interactions during fall and spring migrations from 2010-2011 at 7 Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) production platforms(Edith, Gina, Gail, Habitat, Hermosa, Irene, Henry) located in Santa Barbara, Point Arguello and San Pedro regions of Southern California Bight (SCB).  Bird interactions with POCS platforms were categorized as "No Interaction(circle or fly near) or "Direct Interaction(landing on the platform on water)". Additionally, "Behavioural responses to artificial lighting were characterized as indifference, attraction, repulsion, or disorientation".  The author measured the attraction of birds to artificial light sources (platform lights) as well as the effects of ambient light, lunar phase, weather conditions on hunting, roosting and nesting behaviours of migrants. Seasonal avian surveys and human bird observations were made at the platforms and recorded on standardized data forms. Observers also collected remote imaging camera(BirdCam) observations and photographic records using 10-power binoculars and digital cameras from May 5-June 10 2011.


Study Summary:
To determine how birds react to different wavelengths of artificial light at night, the author broadcasted lights at different wavelengths (blue, green, red, and white) and flash rates (continuous and flashing) from a portable spotlight situated on top of a car for 20 minute periods followed by a 10 minute period of darkness before the application of the next treatment period. They used x-band radar to documented the trajectories and heights of nocturnal migrants as they passed the light source. The compared the absolute flight altitude and the change in flight altitude to migrants that were not exposed to light. The radar was able to track movements of individual migrants up to 1500 m away and travelling within a 500 m wide path intersecting the spotlight. Figure 5-2 illustrates the experimental set up.


Study Summary:
Since 1997, participants in Project Safe Flight (PSF) have monitored bird building collisions in Manhattan. For this study, the authors analyzed the data from 1997-2008 to determine the top 20 species involved in collisions and investigate the role of various factors in causing bird collisions. They ranked over 180 sites to determine the top 10 sites with the highest collisions numbers. For these sites, they list the total number of collisions recorded at the site, monitoring dates, and information relating to vegetation, windows, building height, and artificial light. Artificial light for each building was categorized as follows: 1 = little to no light emissions, 2 = emissions from internal light source only, and 3 = emissions from internal light and external bright lights at the top of the building. Light intensity was measured during random night-time visits and by looking at photographs of the sites at night.


Study Summary:
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that most bird-building collisions occur during the day. From May 7-14, 2005, they intensively monitored six buildings in downtown Manhattan, four of which were skyscrapers that emitted artificial light during nighttime hours, and recorded the number and locations of bird carcasses found.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Tall Communication Towers

Study Summary:
The purpose of this study is to understand and reduce the negative effects of obstruction lights on migratory birds. The researchers conducted carcass surveys at 6 tall communication towers (>277m AGL) with guy lines in the northern Michigan area from 2008-2009. 2 of the towers had red blinking incandescent lights in addition to non-blinking red incandescent lights, 1 had only red blinking incandescent lights, and one had white blinking LED strobe lights. They conducted carcass surveys, in addition to observer detection and scavenger removal trails, to compare mortality rates at these three types of towers and determine if either of the following interventions could reduce bird mortality: replacing red incandescent obstruction lights with white blinking LEDs, or replacing steady-burning red incandescent lights with flashing red incandescent lights.


StudyName:
Patterson 2012 Self-supported Rescue 21 Tower

Study Summary:
The purpose of the study is to quantify the frequency of avian collisions at the self-supported (unguyed) United States Coast Guard(USCG) Rescue 21 tower 107m(350ft) AGL, during spring and fall of 2008 and 2009. The tower was lit at night with blinking red strobe lights at the top and mid levels and with non-blinking red lights at some points on the tower.


Study Summary:
The author compared the number of bird mortalities at two ceilometers - one that was turned off and one that was left on. Based on the weather conditions on the night of Sept 24/25, 1955, the author suspected that there would be a concentration of migrant birds at the ceilometers. He went to the Nashville ceilometer at 2145 and founds hundreds of birds fluttering in the beam. He also gathered a few dozen birds from the runway. The Weather Bureau immediately turned off the ceilometer beam temporarily to allow the birds to disperse. It is unclear if or when the ceilometer was turned back on that night. The author called the Sewart Air Force Base at Smyrna, about 10 miles south-east of the Nashville ceilometer, and asked them to use a filter to filter out all visible wavelengths (leaving only UV light), which had been used successfully to reduce bird attraction on previous occasions. This filter was not properly operated and the visible light continued to shine. The author visited both the Nashville and Smyrna ceilometers the following morning and compared the number of bird mortalities between the two sites.


Study Summary:
The study analyzes the lighting proportion and area of surface facades of buildings  to determine if their artificial night at light (ALAN) and polarized light pollution (PLP) levels affect the number of bird collisions with buildings. At 13 buildings with a total of 48 facades, they measured the area of glass emitting ALAN and the total area of glass surfaces. The measure PLP using a manual polarimeter, capturing the maximum, minimum, and range of degrees of polarization for each surface on each facade. The buildings were also systematically monitored for stunned and dead birds during the spring, early summer and autumn migration. Location, date, species and time the bird was found were all recorded. They used a GLMM to determine if ALAN and PLP predicted collision counts.


Study Summary:
The author observed "bright specks of light spiralling up and down at all altitudes" in the beam of light from the ceilometer at Sewart Air Force Base, Smyrna at 9pm on October 7th. On the morning of October 8th the author collected and counted some dead birds around the base.


Study Summary:
The researchers studied how building features, including artificially lit area, affected the number of  bird collisions and the number species colliding during migration. 21 buildings were systematically monitored daily for bird collisions during the spring, early summer and autumn migrations. Trials were conducted to account for human and scavenger removal of the carcasses, surveyor detection of carcasses and other factors that may bias mortality estimates. The GLMs modelled a total of 11 response variables (including raw collisions, bias-adjusted collisions, number of species colliding, and species or season specific analyses). They included lighted area, total glass area, proportion lighted, building height, and the interaction between the building and characteristics of the surrounding environment (e.g. amount of vegetation) as predictor variables.


Study Summary:
To determine how artificial light affects stopover distributions of nocturnally migrating birds, the authors used weather surveillance radar data from two radar stations on the Yucatan Peninsula to estimate the number of birds taking off at dusk in Spring and Fall. They used boosted regression trees to model how artificial light at night, land cover, and distance to coastline affected stopover density. They used two measures of ALAN  based on VIIRS nighttime light products - distance to bright light source (defined as areas where night-light radiance is >= 26 nw/cm^2sr) and light intensity at the stopover site.


Study Summary:
The authors investigated the effect of weather on the frequency of flight calls during nocturnal migration over an unmanned illuminated platform. Their purpose was to determine under what conditions birds concentrate around illuminated offshore structures and run the risk of colliding with them. They assert that the frequency of calls is high during mass mortality events, so high frequency of flight calls is a good indicator of situations with collision risks for birds. They recorded flight calls with automated recording units (ARUs) and identified vocalizations for 3 focal species (European Blackbird, Song Thrush, and Redwing). Calls of single birds or groups of birds passing were stored in separate audio files and the minimum number of birds calling in each file was estimated. For each minute, the audio file with the highest number of individuals calling was chosen for analysis. Weather variables included relative humidity (as a proxy for visibility), wind direction, and wind speed. They calculated the tailwind component (TWC) and crosswind component (CWC) based on the mean autumn migration direction for each species and calculated the change in TWC from 19:00 to 1:00 to indicate improving or deteriorating migratory conditions over the course of the night.


Study Summary:
Data collected from 2012 and 2013 are reported here as the initial findings of the Lights Out Columbus Monitoring Program. Their aim is to reduce the number of birds collisions and determine if artificial light is contributing to these conditions. Systematic monitoring was employed in the spring and fall of 2012 and 2013 at 20 different buildings to locate injured or dead birds. Date, building ID, and species were recorded. They create a light index by photographing the building, calculating the proportion of the building that was illuminated, and multiplying it by the number of floors in the building. They also counted upward-facing lights. They used linear regression to test for a relationship between the number of dead birds found at a building and the building's light index and number of upward-facing lights.


Study Summary:
The purpose was to determine which wavelength of light (blue, green, yellow, or red) attracts the most nocturnal migrants. Zuomeiguo and Jinshanyakou in Yunnan Province were used as sites. A mist net was set up on a mountain facing the direction of migration at two sites: Zuomeiguo (ZMG) of Kaiyuan City and Jinshanyakou (JSYK) of Zhenyuan County. Each of these sites has banding stations and the local forestry departments take advantage of the phototaxis of migratory birds to catch them in the banding nets. The banding nets were set up in the direction of migration and lights were set up behind the nets. Attracted birds were banded, recorded, and then released. The authors used GLMMs to analyze the effect of light color and weather on the number of birds caught.


Study Summary:
The purpose of the study was to compare three methods of monitoring bird migration - observing birds passing through a ceilometer beam, radar tracking, and mist-netting. Ceilometer and radar observations were made at Rocky Point, Plymouth Massachusetts. Mist-netting observations were made at the Manomet Bird Observatory on Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Using ceilometer and radar, they recorded the number of birds passing per hour and the direction of migratory flight. The authors used the ceilometer technique described in Gauthreaux (1969), which is also included in this map. The authors do not report any flight behaviour that would indicate attraction. They compare the flight directions and bird abundances estimated using the ceilometer to those estimated with radar.


Study Summary:
The author investigated differential vulnerability to building collision among species, trophic guilds, and age classes of migratory songbirds during fall migration. She used data from bird collision surveys conducted as part of the Fatal Light Awareness Project (FLAP) in the core downtown Toronto and from two banding stations - Tommy Thompson Park (TTP) and Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO). During FLAP surveys, volunteers recorded any birds found, the date and time, and whether the bird was dead or alive. She estimated the capture efficiency for all species at TTP and LPBO (assumed to be constant across species and years at each site) and FLAP (assumed to be constant across years) and estimated the catch ratios between each banding program and FLAP as a measure of collision vulnerability. Species with high catch ratios were considered to be the least vulnerable to collision, while species with low catch ratios were considered most vulnerable to collision. She did not include artificial light in her analysis nor emphasize artificial light in her Discussion.


StudyName:
Buij and Gschweng 2017 nocturnal migrants

Study Summary:
While systematically observing Eleanora's Falcons hunting avian nocturnal migrants (see study named "Buij and Gschwen 2017 foraging falcons"), the authors report on nocturnally migrating passerines that aggregated around upward-facing floodlights on Essaouira beach in Western Morocco. They report on the species observed aggregating around the light source, their flight behaviour, and collisions with floodlights and restaurant windows.


Study Summary:
The authors sought to determine whether the higher proportion of immature birds typically observed at coastal than inland sites during migration (the "coastal effect") was due to a) Ralph's hypothesis that immature birds concentrate beyond the edges of a species' regular overland migration routes or b)  Murray's hypothesis that adult and immature birds fly the same route, but immature birds stop as soon as they reach land while mature birds continue inland before stopping. The authors examined the ratio of immature to mature mature birds at 3 types of sites in northeastern North America: Coastal banding stations, Inland banding stations (more the 5 km from coastline), and nocturnal kills at lighted man-made structures. They also compare age ratios at three banding stations on Lake Erie operatedd by Long Point Bird Observatory (LPBO): one banding station at the top of the 33-km peninusula extending from the North shore of Lake Eirie (Long Point), where a lighthouse was also present, one banding station midway along the peninsulsa, and one banding station 5 kilometers inland. These lakes are not on the edge of migration routes, so the presence of more young birds at the peninsula stations would support Murray's hypothesis that they tend to stop as soon as they make landfall.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Article describes the timing of fall migration for various species and describes the nature of aggregation and mortality events. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Reports of birds aggregating or colliding with lantern or found dead on the ground were opportunistically reported by the lighthouse keeper during Fall migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The article does not report specific events. It describes in general terms that many species aggregate and are found dead around the lighthouse.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Article is an exploration of the lighthouse itself, which was isolated and had not been previously reported on. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Author reports in general terms that birds are captured at the lantern during migration. Does not specify a time period or that any regular surveys occur. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Author reports in general terms that lighthouse keeper often catches a number of birds about the lantern during migration. On Christmas Eve (year not reported), "no fewer than three hundred lapwings, with a few larks, thrushes, and plovers, were secured in the course of a few hours." Author does not report that any birds were found dead during this event. This is the only mention of birds in the article


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: This report is primarily concerned with weight loss during migratory flight based on Veeries (Hylocichla Jescecens) and Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) attracted to the lighthouse at Long point, Ontario during nocturnal migration DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: All Veeries and Ovenbirds present at lantern (both alive and dead) were collected at intervals during the night on 6-7 May 1965 (Veeries) and 21-22 September 1966 (Ovenbirds),  and the weight of each individual is reported. Veeries (both alive and dead) were collected each hour starting at midnight. Live Ovenbirds were collected as they arrived and dead Ovenbirds were collected at irregular intervals. Author also describes in general terms how birds aggregate in large numbers and some are killed at the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 80 Veeries were collected on 6-7 May 1965 and 96 Ovenbirds were collected on 21-22 September. It is unclear if these nights represented unusual aggregation and mortality events, or if these numbers were typical during migration. Article also reports in general terms that mortality and aggregation events occur at the lighthouse.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Investigation into the harm done (in terms of injury and death) by lighthouses to birds, within Ontario and Quebec.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This was a survey; responses were collected from 68 lighthouse keepers throughout Ontario and Quebec. Includes descriptions of bird injuries caused by collisions into lighthouses and number killed (generally per x amount of time). The table also states, for each lighthouse, the weather conditions under which mortality most often occurs. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Table given stating height above water, "amount of destruction" , weather conditions and any additional remarks by the lighthouse keepers.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: A general study on the impact of lighthouses in Southern British Columbia on birds. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This was a collection of opportunistic reports from the lighthouse keepers of 46 total lighthouses from a survey ordered by the Commissioner of Canadian National Parks. The survey asked questions about the characteristics of the light (fixed or revolving), location of lighthouse, estimates for the number of mortalities and conditions associated with mass mortality events. Survey responses are published in detail and recorded in a table on p. 172-173 titled "Tables showing type of light, location, and yearly casualties." DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The article reports in general terms that mortality and aggregation events occur. Most mortalities occurred at 12 stations, and mortalities never occurred or were rare at the other stations.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Simply a report on a new species of bird observed for the area. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistically reported birds by light-house keeper. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: UA


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Reporting on bird mortalities DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This study provides opportunistically recorded bird collisions with the Skerryvore Lighthouse. The keeper recorded observations during both spring and fall migrations, as well as noting the behaviour of the birds flying around the light. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two mass mortality events were described in this article. One describing the mass mortality of hundreds of Meadow Pipits that occurred on the night of September 20. No exact numbers were given as many birds that were killed fell into the sea. Other species observed during this event include a number of Wheatears, 1 Starling, 1 Ring Ouzel, 2 Jack Snipe, 3 White Wagtails, 1 Thrush, and one Yellow-browed Warbler.
The second mass mortality event described notes a massive flock of Redwings, Fieldfares, Blackbirds, and Thrushes that occurred on October 21. Thousands of birds are described to have collided with the lighthouse but only 98 were found on the gallery due to high winds.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose was to observe bird species migrating past the light ship. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Daily and nightly observations of migrating birds from a lightship over the course of two weeks. Odd behaviours and aggregation and mortality events were also reported in addition to daily weather and wind conditions. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two major events described, both under very similar conditions; a stormy night where thousands of birds perched on parts of the ship, circled the revolving light or crashed violently into the lantern. The first was on October 21-22, involving redwings, song thrushes, starlings, meadow pipits, skylarks, and a few other assorted species. The second was on October 31-November 1 involving mostly skylarks and starlings.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Reporting on avian observations at the Flamborough lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistically reported collisions and observations DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On September 7, a large mass mortality of 300 Gulls circling the light, many colliding with the lantern. 11 events of mass aggregation noted on January 9, March 15, April 2, May 13, September 7,  October 14, October 22, October 28, November 15, November 27, December 13


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose this article is to provide a record of all the birds observed at the Cay Lobos Lighthouse, Bahamas. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Systematic collection of specimens collected at the lighthouse with the date it was collected, the sex of the bird, and the weather at the time of observation. Observations are organized into a table at the end of the article on page 149. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: No mass mortality or aggregation events reported.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the this report is to record the bird moralities from the Fanthom Bank Lighthouse DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records were opportunistically recorded from collected specimens from lantern collisions. Records are of birds found on the ground and birds found fluttering around the light. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 51 events described, most of a single or a few birds found. The largest record is of 24 Siberian Thrush found dead around the lighthouse.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is to document the nocturnal migration of bird species using the collection of wings from birds which struck at the Egyptian lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report consists of description of wings collected from birds which struck at Egyptian lighthouses.  The main interest of these record is not the actual species obtained (all of which are common in Egypt at the time of striking), but what seems more of importance is the information bearing on the movement at night by some species of birds. They were able to collect wing samples of birds such as Flamingoes, Arctic tern, and Skuas which were though not to move at night. The identification of wings were listed on both of the pages, labeling the birds that were found dead by the striking of lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The recordings of dead birds were collected from Rosetta, Borollos, Damietta, Zaffarana, Ashrafi in Egypt. The author states that birds were collected during spring and autumn seasons which is not favourable for striking. They also tabulated their findings on page 643/644 which included the date, wind, weather, species name, number of species found dead, and the length of their wings (mm).


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this article was to summarize the birds killed at the Skadan Lighthouse during the fall of 1976. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds were recorded opportunistically by the lighthouse keeper and summarized into a table. Events were all described from fall migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Three large events were described, the largest one being from the night of October 25/26 where a total of 76 birds were found dead, 63 of them being Redwings. The other large events occurred on September 26/27 describing 15 mortalities and the third one from October 20/21 with 14 moratalities, 11 of these being Redwings. Four other nights were reported, each with 8 or fewer mortalities.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the article was to report the first observed Siberian Chiffchaff(Phylloscopus collybita tristis) for Scotland. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records were of opportunistically reported birds by the light-housekeeper on December 3, 1916. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: One event described with multiple species observed "at the lantern."


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to discover where the majority of mass mortality events involving lighthouses occur. The data was collected through opportunistically report events by lighthouse keepers. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report highlights a number of opportunistically recorded collisions from light-house keepers across the United States. Most collisions were reported during the spring and fall migrations. These reports were from 24 different lighthouses along the East and West coasts of the United States. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The lighthouses with reported mass mortality events include Cape Cod Light, Cape May Light, Cape Hatteras Light, Hunting Island Light, St. Augustine Light, West Rigolets Light, and a large mortality event occurring on the steamer 'Glaucus' off the coast of New York. The mass mortality events described range from 50 birds up to 200 birds depending on the lighthouse. Most of the mass mortality events occurred along the coast of the Southeastern U.S.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report was to describe bird behaviours and moralities around the Seguin Lighthouse.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistic records and general observations made by the second assistant lighthouse keeper over a five year period. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Describes in general terms that birds tend to aggregate towards the light and persistently fly into the glass. Describes specific, notable instances and specific species on pages 3-6.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the recording of birds at different lighthouses around Southern Australia (Melbourne) and Tasmania Island. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The birds were recorded by lighthouse keepers around Southern Australia. The recording of these birds are at different dates and times (these were opportunistically found) where they were able to observe them in large flocks, some that were segregated, and birds that struck the lighthouses (dead or alive). These recordings were conducted at 10 different lighthouses in southern Australia and Tasmania Island. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Here is the list of lighthouses and its description of events that recorded some form of bird mortality: 1. Swan Island, Tasmania: Several Petrels were struck during rainy or cloudy weather on June 16th, at 4:30 am.c 2. Althorpe Island Lighthouse, Southern Australia: One White-faced Storm-Petrel struck in September and was caught alive. Did not specify whether the light from the lighthouse attracted the bird or not 3. North Reef lighthouse, Queensland: Reports of many bird strike the lantern in thick weather and nearly all birds were not identified due to strong wind 4. Lady Elliott's Island: Nine Mutton-birds struck at the lighthouse(four on the 14th, four on the 20th, and one on the 22nd of September) were recorded. 5. Cliffy Island: The superintendent states that many Zosterops Coerulescens struck on 17th April, and 40 dead ones were picked up at the foot of the tower next morning. Additionally, on the 21st and the 30th of April, three Artamus sordidus struck and a Graucalus melanops struck and was killed respectively.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is to keep records of birds observed at the Spurn lighthouse in 1896 from January till December. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this report is to keep records of birds observed (where some were found to be striking the lighthouse) at Spurn lighthouse in 1896. The record starts from January till December and it provides the date, the identification of the dead bird, wind direction, and weather report. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The records of dead birds reported from January till the end of December in 1896 are on page 245-247. The are too many reports to write out but here are some commonalities: Weather during mortality events are usually overcast and/or foggy. Birds found striking the lantern or the tower windows. Slight wind recorded in most of these reports. Mortality events are usually past midnight. Starlings were the most common bird to strike the lantern or other parts of the lighthouse


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to summarize the reports made by the two light house keepers of the St. Catherines Lighthouse between 1905 and 1908. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Records consisted of opportunistically reported moralities from the St. Catherines Lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Mass mortality events described for  Whitethroat, Willow Warbler, Starling, and Skylark.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the article was to report on the number of Grasshopper-warblers reported at the Tuskar Lighthouse and to prove that they are more prevalent than previously thought. The author alludes the skulking behavior of the bird as the reason for why it is so difficult to detect. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The author describes many sepcies aggregating around the lighthouse, not just Grasshopper Warblers. The birds were described as fluttering around the lighthouse with a few instances of smaller birds getting blown into the glass by the wind. He describes the flight behaviour of Grasshopper Warblers in detail and describes the weather on 4 nights when grasshopper warblers were trapped. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were no mass mortality events described, largest mortality events described only included a few birds. The majority of the reports were of birds fluttering around the lantern or passing by the balcony.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: It was a report on a mass aggregation and mortality event to demonstrate how potentially dangerous lighthouses an be for migrating birds. At the end of the report the author prompts the R.S.P.B. to take more measures to prevent bird casualties at lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: This article only describes one particular night of mass mortality and aggregation of birds, recorded opportunistically by a lighthouse visitor. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Only one event on the night of October 10th (year not specified, likely either 1960 or 1959). Number involved in aggregation unknown, but author describes gathering approximately 400 dead birds and releasing 412 birds that had been injured in this incident.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the report is to study why there were so few Robins recorded during Mr. Patten's 124 day residence at the Tuskar Light Station. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The reports for this article were opportunistically recorded birds that flew near the lighthouse lantern. The records were taken from both the spring and fall, with birds being observed slowly flying up to the glass where they were captured by hand for examination. The author does make note of some instances were birds collided with the lantern, but none of them were from the Robin for which he was studying. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The only mention of a mass mortality event is from a flock of 70 Blackbirds found dead on the balcony of the lantern.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is the observation of birds at the Spurn Lighthouse in 1897 and part of 1898. Some of these birds were found to be striking the lighthouse and found dead at the base of the tower. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Each record consists of date, Bird identification, the wind, and the weather observations during the events. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The are many aggregation and mortaltiy events described (page 345-347). Here are some commonalities with the events: The weather conditions during mortality events were dark and overcast. Slight wind in some of the morality events but not significant. Various species of birds either in large flocks or in small groups were found striking the lantern or found dead at the base of the lighthouse.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this book is to keep records of events in literature form from the Bell Rock Light house, off the coast of Angus, Scotland (from April 1901 to April 1904). DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: They started their observation in April 1901 up until April 1904. Most of their observations involve bird migration and weather forecasts. There are two bird mortality/aggregation events briefly described in the text (one in October 1901 and another in October 1902).  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: First event in October 1901: During hazy moonless night with rain/wind E, various members of birds are airborne during autumn migration flight. Many of these birds such as red wings, fieldfares, blackbirds, larks, starlings, wheaters, finches, and tits were observed to fly straight for the light, hitting against the the heavy plate glass of the lantern. Some ducks have also have gone clean through the lantern, bringing the machinery to a complete shutdown. Second event in October 1902: Compared to events in 1901, the observer noted that there is a substantial decrease in the number of arrivals probably due to the increasing number of lights on coast accounts that are more attractive to the birds. Again, many of these birds were identified dead or in 'fagged condition' by striking the lantern. Fieldfares, blackbirds, and redwings were the most common to be found, whereas some were more noteworthy captures such as, peregrine falcon, large horned owl, small brown owl, kestrels, sparrow hawks, crows, cormorants, corn-crakes, and turtle doves. They didn't specify the weather conditions or the exact time but some birds were found during 'foggy conditions'.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the records of a mass mortaltiy event  at the Casquets lighthouse on the morning of May 13th, 1902. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The report is a short account of the author's visit to the Casquets Lighthouse on Tuesday, May 13th, on the morning which a large number of Red-breasted flycatcher (Muscicapa parva in text, now called Ficedula parva) were found dead by the base of the lighthouse tower by striking the lantern. They recorded 200-300 small birds that were either in skeletal form or 'fresh' form. The author also reports that the lighthouse keeper saw Doves passing the lighthouse but very few of them had struck the lantern. The weather during this condition was fairly clear with light haze at times. The wind during this conditions was mainly light E.N.E but it varied during the night they said.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Only one event was described. The mass mortality event happened on May 13th, 1902 where the author found nearly 200-300 dead small birds and a couple of Doves. The author identifies the birds as Red-breasted Flycatchers, but the editor notes that based on the lighthouse's location, they were probably Robins. All the birds that have been recorded dead were found at the base of the lighthouse due to striking the lantern. Overall, the article reports in general terms that morality aggregation events occur.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of the report was to fill in missing information on bird migration across the North Sea as observed from the Dudgeon Light-vessel. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were two events of mass aggregation described, one from the night of October 14th and one from the 15th. The event on the 14th described large numbers of Meadow Pipits and Skylarks congregating around the ship. The event on the 15th describes Starlings and Skylarks congregating in the thousands around the ship.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The report documents birds killed at the lighthouse. Changes in the lighthouse were also reported (described under "New Developments at the Light") DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Opportunistic reporting of all birds killed by the lighthouse that year given by species on a table on page 49. Changes in the light and lighthouse that could potentially effect birds listed on page 47. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On the night of April 22/23, 30 birds were "taken" and one was killed. Other events not described, only reported in general terms that they occur.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is to record the 317 birds that fell at the Danish light vessel "E.R." in the North Sea, 70 miles West of Jutland. The authors recorded the cause of death for all birds found DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: During 1953, 317 birds fell at the Danish light vessel "E.R." in the North Sea (70 miles West of Jutland). 139 of these birds were said to die from fatigue whereas the other 178 birds had no cause of death recorded in the description. Some birds (that are not included in the 317 count) fell into the sea. For this report they focused primarily on the deaths of 28 Starlings on 23-24 of March and 4-5 of April.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: They concluded that the cause of death was exhaustion from lack of food reserves and breakdown of cell proteins aided by diarrhoea from drinking excessive amounts of salt water from the deck of the lighthouse. There were no reported bird mortalities from striking the lantern or any other part of the vessel. They only reported bird death from either extreme fatigue or from drinking salt water


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: It was to track the migration of bird species using observations from various lighthouses and light vessels. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS:  They were opportunistic observations of mortality/aggregation events by the lighthouse keepers. There were also systematic observations on the movement of migratory birds as seen from lighthouses by lighthouse keepers. A total of 103 lighthouses participated in this study. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Two specific aggregation/mortality events mentioned in article. In October of 1877 at the Skerryvore lighthouse, over 600 birds died, most of which were common thrushes and the ring-ousel. 
On October 7 from 11 pm to 3 am at the Casquets (a light vessel off the coast of Alderney) there was a mass aggregation event where land-rails, water-rails, woodcocks, ring-ousels song-thrushes and swallows were seen. A hundred swallows and a few birds of other species were killed. Larger birds also seen following the light at Casquets but staying clear of the glass.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The report was an observation of the bird behaviour around the lantern. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: On the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966, Taverner observed passerine migrants as they were singing and circling about 20 feet away from the lantern.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The circling events were observed on the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966. On the nights of 18/19 and 19/20 April 1966, passerines were observed circling around the lighthouse and vocalizing. According to Derek Goodwin and K.E.L Simmons birds tend to sing in uncomfortable and stressful situations and in situations where they are in close proximity with other birds (making them aggressive). They also found that the frequency of the singing also increased throughout the night. The results were compared to a similar occurrence on 5th May 1956 where 200-300 swallows (Hirundo mustica)  and Sands Martins (Riparia riparia) circling around a lighthouse (found in the Portland logs).


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The overall purpose of the study was to report the casualties and to survey the affects of these lights on bird populations. (As reported by Stokes, the casualties were too few to be having a significant impact on the populations). DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: "In 1975-76, through the Department of Transport, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service received quarterly returns of bird casualties at Australian lightstations as part of a survey of the effect of such lights on bird populations." Bird species were identified by resident light-keepers and a table was arranged with the species and the number of each found in each month of 1975-1976. There was only one lighthouse (Booby Island) reported in this study. The time if the year when specific species were found are noted in Table 1.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The survey persisted through 1975-1976. The article reports that in general over the two years, 790 individuals of 54 species and 11 unidentified individuals were reported.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To better understand the timing and species composition of bird migration and the conditions associated with aggregation and mortality events at lighthouses DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Lighthouse keepers were asked to record bird observations (including both live and dead birds) and send deceased specimens. Data sheets included date, number and species of birds, hour, force and direction of wind, direction of birds, weather (clear or fog, rain, or snow etc.), and number of birds striking glass of lantern. Lighthouse keepers did not disclose their observation schedule, and many observations were likely opportunistic. Records appear to primarily refer to Spring and Autumn migration. In the book, Barrington summarizes the records from 1881-1897. For each species, Barrington summarizes the number of observations, dates and first and last observations, and the number of recoveries each year (p 1-262). Barrington also analyses patterns in the observations (p 263 - 285). At the end of the book, annual reports for each individual year (1888 - 1987) are published. These reports are organized by species, noting observations and mortality events for each species in that year. In this map, we include only information gathered from Barrington's analysis of the reports (p 263 - 285). DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: To the best of our knowledge, there is no table in the book that includes all of the mass mortality events. Barrington remarks on several patterns in the mass mortality events, including more collisions during moonless nights, more collisions during autumn than spring, and more birds striking when flying landwards than seawards. He notes that "it is well known that fixed lights are more fatal than revolving or intermittent ones, and white light is believed to be more destructive than red" (p 265).


StudyName:
Irish Light-Stations 1925 - 1930 and 1944 - 1953

Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To study the timing and species of bird migration and document bird mortalities DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Lighthouse keepers reported observations of birds at Irish light-stations, which were compiled into annual reports. Lighthouse keepers were asked to record bird observations and send deceased specimens. Data sheets included date, number and species of birds, hour, force and direction of wind, direction of birds, weather (clear or fog, rain, or snow etc.), and number of birds striking glass of lantern. Annual reports exist for the years 1925-1930 and 1943-1953, published in The Irish Naturalists' Journal. These reports summarize birds observed and carcasses recovered by lighthouse keepers, including notable species and records of nights when a remarkable number of migrants were observed or found deceased around lighthouses. Many of the reports comment on weather associated with "rushes" or migrants around the lighthouses. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: In each annual report, the author describes "great bird rushes" when birds aggregate and strike, and the weather events and lunar phase associated with these rushes.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Observe migration patterns.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Patten investigated the Wrens that  struck the lanterns on the east coast of Ireland, over the course of several nights and investigated further into the individuals. The author remained on the balcony all night to observe the birds and recorded any wrens approaching or striking the lantern. On these nights "the birds comes along very quietly, makes little, almost no noise at the glass, and straight away settles down to rest in a recess or on a sash of the window pane." "Wrens which appeared at the lantern came flying almost perpendicularly Up from below, ascending to the glass through the spaces between the balcony railings." The researcher also stated  that he "was much interested watching large numbers of Wrens as they crept in and out among the rock crevices during the daytime of April 14th and 15th, and in small numbers on April 16th" of which he collected 6.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Before the author made his observations, there was a record of a solitary example of a Wren as having been taken at the Tuskar, Co. Wexford, the date being October 16th, 1888, and only four examples altogether as having struck the lanterns on the east coast of Ireland, the remaining three being from the Maidens, Co. Antrim. Of these one was obtained on November 19th, 1898, one on May 8th, 1890, and the third on May 12th, 1899. Patten then went on to captured 4 grounded birds on the night of 13th April and 3 on 14th April by the lanterns.  On October 4th he had obtained 2 Wrens from the Tuscan rock. In total he obtained twelve specimens, and saw large numbers on certain occasions during eight weeks' residence at the Tuskar and noted that this is an area of significant Wren migration.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Overall purpose of the study was to observe bird migration in the British Isles during the spring and fall migrations. The migration was observed from the top of a lightship ( Kentish Knock lightship)  that happened to lie near the centre of the migratory stream that the researcher wanted to investigate.   DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: In an effort to observe and study bird migration in the British Isles during the fall migration, Clarke stationed himself atop a lightship (Kentish Knock) that happened to lie near the centre of the migratory stream that the he wanted to investigate in Autumn 1903. His goal was to study the various movements of the birds and the conditions under which they were performed free from the light from other shore light stations and other such distractions. He noted that the character of the light on the ship was  especially likely to attract night migrants. Clarke reported to have measured a variety of different bird behaviours such as circling behaviour around the light, numerous bird aggregation events (especially under "bad" weather conditions) throughout his time on the Kentish Knock. All of these observations were detailed in the article with the exact time that he observed the events occurring along with the specific birds that were effected.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The observations were made in fall 1903. Specific dates are listed in the article along with the specific observations made on each date.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: They were observing the night migrations of these species.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Reports on bird specimens collected from two lighthouses: one on Cay Lobos from August 1900 - May 1901 (12 months), and another on Cape Sal covering spring migration of 1901 and autumn and winter movements of 1901-1902. Data were also collected from "The Bird Rock" from 9-19 Sept 1901. Reports on specimens collected and observations of birds that were observed flying. It is unclear if all speciments were the result of collisions with the lighthouse, or if some were shot or trapped. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 40 species were observed. For each species, the article lists the nights that specimens were collected.There are several events that are described for each location and species- all of which are listed in the article. In these the author lists the date, species, weather, and side of the light that the bird struck on.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To describe bird attraction, trapping, and mortality DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: For the years 2011-2014, the Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory Report contains a section titled "Lighthouse Attractions." Attractions, trappings, and collisions were recorded every night by an Assistant Warden stationed at the Lighthouse in 2011-2014. It is not clear whether the warden was stationed at the lighthouse in previous years. The articles record the number of attraction events, the total number of birds, and the total number of species in Table 1. Table 1 in the report for 2014 includes these numbers for each year between 2005-2014, showing the trends in the number of attractions. In May 2014, they removed the revolving white light from the Lighthouse and replaced it with a white LED until October, when it was replaced by a new red LED. Nearly all collisions that occurred in 2014 occurred before the switch to the red LED was made. The Lighthouse Attraction section is not included in the observatory's annual report in subsequent years, which likely indicates that birds were no longer aggregating around and colliding with the lighthouse in large numbers. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: For the largest mass aggregation events, the annual reports list the cloud cover (in Octas), wind speed and direction (using the Beaufort Scale), and visibility (based on whether or not a distant mountain, peninsula, or lighthouse could be seen), and lunar phase. For each of these events, a table shows the number of each species attracted, trapped, and killed.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Collection of wings from the Red Sea Lighthouse Service DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Wings of any birds which have struck the lights during migration were collected and recorded by the Red Sea Light-house Service at four different locations: Sanyanel Light, Daedalus Light, The Brothers Light, and Shawn Light. The records of species of birds and the total count of them at each location can be found on page 282-283, separated into four sections. The author didn't provide any details of the mortality events that took place at each of the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Article reports in general terms that mortality aggregation events occur. The collective list of recorded birds are separated by where they were found (four different lighthouses), which can be found on page 282-283. Sanyanel Light recorded the highest count in bird mortality and the number of species, whereas Hirundo Rustica (Barn Swallow) was the only species found and had the lowest mortality rate at the Shawn Light.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Examination of a rare species of Skylark DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this report is the examination and identification of a strange species of Skylark that had been procured at the Tuskar Light-Station. In October 1911, the professor went out to the roof of the dwelling house of the lighthouse to find two of these dead Skylarks. Proposition was made for the mortality cause to be striking of the lantern glass during "adverse" weather conditions, at the same time where a great number of dead birds of other species were present, such as, Blackbirds, Song-Thrushes, Starlings, Wheaters, Gold-crests, Redstarts. The professor picked up 39 specimens in total for further examination. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The birds were gathered round the lantern, forming a fraternity, as some outright killed themselves by either striking the glass, the balcony rails, or other parts of the frameworks. Larks were numerous in death count, and considerable amount in all other species listed above except for Wheaters. Although many Wheaters were present during the incident, very few came into actual contact with the glass by the allure of the light, as most disappeared. The professor only picked one Wheater up out of the 39 specimens found.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: Collection of responses from 45 lighthouse keepers situated along the Atlantic coast regarding destruction of bird life at their individual lighthouses.  DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The purpose of this article is for the collection of responses from light house keepers situated along the Atlantic coast regarding destruction of bird life at their individual lighthouses. 453 questionnaires were sent and 197 were retuned, 45 of which reported birds found dead. The classified species of birds found dead are listed on the first page. It has been observed that most of the fatalities occur on rainy or foggy nights. The cause of these fatalities mostly come from striking the lighthouse framework or the lantern itself. From page 2-8 consists of reports from each of the 45 lighthouse keepers on mortality/aggregation events that took place. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: Each of the 45 incident reports are composed of a lighthouse description, weather conditions during mortality event, and the cause of fatality. Classification of bird species are also included in a few reports. For most of the reports, mortality and bird flight behaviour are in general terms. All of these reports are on page 2-8.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: This purpose of this report is for compiling published notes on the periodical movements of birds and related phenomena in northern Denmark. The author states the the records are strictly limited to 1885, but the lighthouse keepers' reports also note bird aggregations and mortalities on other years. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds recorded opportunistically by lighthouse keepers are also reported in this article for the purpose of observations of bird related phenomena in Northern Denmark, strictly limited to 1885. All 107 species are recorded during this year (list on page 552/553) and some were found from bird aggregation near lighthouses. From page 553-593, you can find the location of the birds where they were spotted. From page 594-599, are listed the bird aggregation/mortality events at various lighthouses across northern Denmark. There are 63 reports from 6 different lights, each report coming from a lighthouse keeper on any event that led to eventual death/disabling/striking of birds. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There are 63 incidents that have been described by different lighthouse keepers. Each report varies for their amount of information concerning mortality events. Some reports only consists of the number of birds that were found dead, whereas some contained a much more descriptive analysis of these events, for they have included such things as, flight patterns, classification of birds, time of the event, and lighthouse description. It is often mentioned in these reports that many birds strike without disabling or dying, and many of them were young birds. The reports also show that lights in small exposed points of land that is some distance from shore, attract more birds. On the contrary, in more or less land locked situations, nearly no birds strike. The height of the lantern does not seem to affect bird mortality in this case


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of this report is the collection of observational reports from lighthouse keepers. Birds killed on striking the lights were sent to the Zoological Museum of Kjobenhavn. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Bird reports come from opportunistic observations by lighthouse keepers, beginning on May 1st, 1886. The report consists of three main sections: List of lighthouse and the designated keepers of them, general reports on bird sighting separated by date and location, and bird fatalities at lighthouses. For the section where mortality events are recorded, each report varies in the amount of detail where most recorded only the number of deaths and very few recorded flight patterns, bird classification, and lighthouse description. They tallied up these responses from 24 lighthouse stations, receiving 469 specimens of 37 species. Various notes from the light stations start from page 417. "Diary of Birds coming to the Lights" begins on p. 423. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: 24 stations out of the 67 reported observing some form of aggregation/mortality amongst birds which are listed from page 417. Most reports include time, weather conditions, flight patterns, and the occasional classification of birds. Almost all reports stated decrease in mortality rate due to the exceptionally continuous snow lasting about March 20th and the great delaying of the arrival of the earliest migrants.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the report was to compile a report on the migration of birds as observed from light stations in East and West Scotland and East England. The lighthouse keepers document birds on migration and birds that aggregate around or strike the lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The paper contains the observed bird migration reports from lighthouses in the east coast of Scotland (from 13 lighthouses), the east coast of England (from 25 lighthouses), and the west coast of Scotland (24 lighthouses). For each of these areas, the author summarizes reports for each species (p. 162-169, p. 173-185, and p. 190 - 202) and describes general trends of birds observed on migration and circling or colliding with the lighthoues (p. 169-172, p. 185-188, p. 202-204). All of the lighthouses are listed along with a description of their flashing patterns (fixed, flashing, or rotating), color (white or red), and flashing or revolving rate (p. 161-162, p. 172 - 173, p. 189). DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The light aggregation events are noted for many species in these species reports as well as for all species in the general trends. This information is detailed and often included the wind direction along with the weather and artificial light conditions at the time of each aggregation event. It was also noted the types of light at the lighthouses (blinking vs. continuous, colours, period of rotation, etc). The author also reports the specific times when the birds were found (grounded or dead). On the east coast of Scotland, the other reports on an aggregation even on the 2nd of March at Bell Rock ligthouse and notes that almost all records of birds caught, killed, or striking lanterns occured on cloudy nights with fog on precipitation. On the east coast of England, the author notes that migrants will crowd and circle the lanterns of lightships until the clouds break or the sunrises, or they collide with the lantern and fall into the sea. On the west coast of Scotland, a mortality vent was observed from the 1-6th of October, and the observer estimated that about 1000 birds gathere around the light each night, and the total number killed was about 600.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The purpose of this report is to estimate weight loss during migratory flight for 10 species of passerine birds captured at Long Point lighthouse. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: Birds captured or found dead at the Long Point Lighthouse were weighed for the purpose of estimating weight loss over the course of the night (not for the purpose of recording aggregation events). The samples were obtained on various nights from 1965 to 1972. Live birds were picked up from the window ledges and gallery of the lighthouse as they arrived. Birds killed when they struck the lighthouse provided additional specimens, which were picked up from where they fell. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There was very little specification with any form of mortality events. They briefly mentioned about including dead birds into their recorded specimens for weight estimations. They stated that, "Birds killed when they struck the lighthouse provided additional specimens, which were picked up when they fell or at recorded intervals during the night". Article reports in general terms that mortality aggregation events occur.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The Calf of Man observatory is a location where ornithological work is carried out. They study things such as bird migration, breeding of birds etc. In the migration portion of the study the report reported on timing of various species' migration and breeding activities from March to November of 1976. DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The researchers reported on the bird migratory patterns from March - November of 1976 at the Calf of Man observatory.  The data was presented on a month by month basis with general weather trends and with significant bird behaviours around the observatory being noted during each month. Significantly they also noted birds as "being drawn to light", like on 20th October when they recorded a selection of birds (10 Mistle Thrushes, 21 Ring Ouzels, 50 Blackbirds, 125 Song Thrushes, 250 Redwings, some Goldcrests) "attracted to the lighthouse's light" overnight.  DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: In most of the records, they list the number of each species passing but do not indicate that they were aggregating around or colliding with the light, only that they were passing. On October 20th, Redwings and Song thrushes were "attracted to the lighthouse in good numbers during the night. Goldcrests too were recorded at the light (169)." On October 28th, "There was a large Lighthouse attraction of Thrushes overnight,... including 760 Song Thrushes, c. 1,000 Redwings, and 10 Ring Ouzels." Other aggregation events may have been recorded in the 126-page document, but we did not find them when skimming it.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the article is to report in wildlife and other aspects of the lighthouse, including bird mortalities. The Introduction focuses almost entirely on bird aggregation and mortality DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The records were opportunistically recorded by the lighthouse keeper throughout his time spent at the Smalls Lighthouse off the Pembrokeshire coast. The author only describes records from spring migration. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: The author describes one event at the beginning of the book detailing a night with 20 to 30 small warblers and chats colliding with the lighthouse. Most of the deceased birds were sedge warblers, with a single spotted flycatcher and grasshopper warbler. Additionally, there were 3 live Manx's shearwaters collected by the keeper which were later ringed and released.


Study Summary:
DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: The records were opportunistically collected by Mr. Patten on his visit to the Tuskar Rock Lighthouse. Mr. Patten was at the lighthouse from August 1911 until September 1911 to compare the movement of migrating species with previous observations collected from the lighthouse. All records were from the one lighthouse. The observations were of birds that collided with the lantern as well as birds that were observed flying around the lantern. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: There were no mass mortality events described. The only observation of a large aggregation of birds was on August 19th when a misty evening brought in a large number of Swifts and Wheatears. MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: The main purpose of the report was to collect observations from the Tuskar Rock lighthouse to compare with prior observations. The author wanted to track the timing of fall migration along the coast of Ireland.


Study Summary:
MAIN PURPOSE OF REPORT: To describe three mass mortality events; DESCRIPTION OF RECORDS: They describe each event and provide a table showing the species killed in each event. DESCRIPTION OF MASS MORTALITY EVENTS: On September 9, 1929, the lighthouse keeper picked up over 600 birds. There was another event on September 10 resulting in the death or injury of at least 171 birds, and another on September 25 involving 250 birds. The lighthouse keeper said that birds were often killed, but not in such great numbers.


# tblA_STUDY_BASE

StudySummary:
To determine how artificial light and moonlight influenced habitat use by Double-banded Plovers in an estuary, the authors counted plovers at two intertidal sandflats over 40 observation periods and radio-tracked four birds. They compared plover density between day and night in both sandflats to determine if density increased at night in the artificially lit sandflat. The compared locations of tracked birds during the day to the same birds at night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors compared plover density in 0.5 hectare quadrats at two feeding areas, Mobbs Bay and RSL. Both sandflats received artificial light at night from the nearby town of Ballida, but RSL received more. There were approximately 60 individuals in the estuary. They counted the number of plovers at 10-minute intervals over a four-hour survey period that included low tide. A minimum of 40 four-hour surveys was conducted at each site, with 20 during the day and 20 at night. Each site was visited over the course of 4 lunar phases. Daytime observations were made using a spotting scope. At night, they used a spotting scope with the aid of a 50-watt spotlight with an infrared filter. Only foraging individuals were included in the density estimates. For the radio-tagged birds, the position of each bird was determined at mean low water during the day and night over at least three consecutive days during each of the four lunar phases.


StudySummary:
The authors estimated the number of birds aggregating around upward-facing lights of different colors (red, blue, white, and green) and flashing patterns on a night of high migration density and low cloud cover. They counted birds aggregating using vocalization counts and, in some cases, visual counts.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They had 4 replicates for green (1 night), 5 for blue (over 2 different nights), 14 for white (3 different nights), 4 for flashing white (1 night), and 10 for red (3 different nights). They also had 3 replicates for flashing and 2 replicates for non-flashing red incandescent aviation obstruction beacon (same night). Each light-on period (10-35 minutes) was followed by a light-off period (4-12 minutes). Vocalizations were also counted at two control sites with no light 107 km away.

DescriptionOfResults:
Notable aggregation observed visually and more call notes recorded during blue, green, and white light treatments. No aggregation observed and few call notes recorded during flashing white and red light treatments. The call rates were much more variable at the treatment site than at the control site, indicating that the light treatments were affecting the call rate. The largest calling rate variation between adjacent 10-minute periods at the control site was 160%, with a mean of 42%. At the treatment site, the largest variation was 290% and the mean was 53%.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if building light affects collision rates. The authors used New York City Audubon's collision monitoring data from Fall 2013 to determine the number of collisions. They used a photographic analysis of building facades to determine the amount of light and glass on each building. The authors estimated the effect of the amount of glass and light on the number of collisions.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During 45 observation days, Project Safe Flight citizen science volunteers monitored the park for dead and injured birds. The sidewalk across the street from each side of park was considered a "site". There were 4 sites (4 sides to the park). Each volunteer was assigned one day of the week (Mon-Fri) to monitor the site, taking between 45 to 60 minutes walking along all sides of the park. The sites were each monitored once daily between 7-10 am. Volunteers recorded each dead or injured bird as a collision. A total of 35 birds were found, 31 dead and 4 injured.

DescriptionOfResults:
Found a significant positive relationship between the number of collisions and interior building lights, but the amount of light was highly correlated with the amount of glass on building facades so it was impossible to determine which was contributing to collisions - the amount of glass, the amount of light, or both.


StudySummary:
Their objective was to test the effect on bird proximity of a pulsed UV LED that was designed for use in residential applications to deter birds from windows. The authors used remote cameras to count visits at feeders with rotating treatments. Four treatments, including: pulsating UV light,  unlit UV light, a light-reflecting CD, and a control with no object present.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They had 4 treatments; treatment A consisted of a UV LED facing the feeder, treatment B used the same light setup, but with the LED turned off, treatment C involved positioning a compact disc in place of the light so that it hung freely and reflected sunlight, and treatment D used no object near the feeder, serving as a control. They used a randomized block design by applying four treatments sequentially in two rotations across eight time periods to each of the eight sites. At each site, they applied one of the four treatments for 4 days before rotation. They performed six permutations of treatment cycles. And each treatment cycle was replicated twice over the eight time periods to produce 16 replicates of each treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
The unlit UV light increased visitation rate significantly above the control, and the UV light and CD reflector increased visitation slightly above the control. Authors suggest that in a foraging context, novel objects may serve as an attractant.


StudySummary:
They tested the effectiveness of red and green lasers at deterring blackbirds from roosting in cattail-dominated wetlands. They directed lasers at birds roosting in a wetland and recorded the number of movements during each treatment. A flight of any distance (whether that of a single bird or multiple birds) was counted as a movement.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There were 5 replicates total. Each replicate consisted of a series of three treatments: control (no laser), followed by red laser, followed by green laser. There was one-minute rest period between each treatment in a replicate.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The sample size was too small to make any statistical inferences, but the trend was towards no deterring effect of lasers"


StudySummary:
The authors sought to determine if light from a gas flare was attracting birds. They compared bird movement rates (individual birds or flocks detected/hour) and flight behaviour (directional v. non-directional flight patterns) on a night with a gas-flaring event to previous and following nights without gas flaring. Used radar, binoculars, and night-vision equipment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Collected data during 25 minute observation periods between 1800 h and 0600 h each night (about 20 sessions per night). 14 nights without gas flaring, 1 night with gas flaring. Each flock of birds was considered one sampling unit, regardless of size.

DescriptionOfResults:
Movement rates (number of bird flocks seen/hour) were higher during gas-flaring event from sunset to 0130 h. More flocks exhibited non-directional behaviour on the gas-flaring night between sunset and 0130 h. There were fewer targets and none exhibited nondirectional behaviour after 0130 h on the gas flaring night. Flocks of Long-tailed Ducks and Glaucous Gulls appeared to be attracted to the gas flaring, while flocks of eiders and loons did not appear to be. They could not record with certainty whether any birds were killed, but there were workers on the island whose job it was to monitor the area and they did not report any downed birds.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if roost dispersal was effective at reducing livestock depredation by black vultures. The authors trapped and tagged 200 vultures. 20 vultures also received 35-g VHF radio transmitters that were glued to the wings. The authors recorded changes in the number of vultures at roosts and livestock sites for 2 weeks and then dispersed the Radford roost using vulture effigies and hand-held lasers. They also used radio transmitters and visual counts to track the vulture's use of the roost and livestock sites. They continued to monitor after 8 weeks.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
ROOST DISPERSAL: Deployed lasers at the Ratford roosts on the evening of 26th February for 3 evenings. (Feb 27 - Mar  2006). Installed effigies and carcasses at roost from Feb 26 - April 20 2004. TRANSMITTER DATA:  Equipped 20 individuals with radio transmitters and tracked their use of roosts and study sites from 13 Feb - 21 April 2004. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS: Monitored roosts for two hours each morning starting approx. 20 min before sunrise. Recorded vulture activity at livestock sites 3-4 times weekly from 13 February - 5 April 2004. These observations lasted for 1 hour between 10am and 3pm.

DescriptionOfResults:
Lasers were effective at deterring vultures from roosts, but the vultures moved to other nearby roosts and continued to use the livestock area


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if a tall tower with obstruction lighting was disorienting birds or causing bird mortality. They used a portable ceilometer to count birds and observe flight path immediately below the tower and at a site 350m away from a tower. The tower featured obstruction lighting (flashing red and steady burning red lights).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
20 minute watch periods at the treatment and control sites. Number of periods not consistent across nights. Total number of nights not reported. Trials were conducted on average four nights per week during 18 April - 1 June and 19 August - 26 October 1972, 2 April - 31 May and 16 August - 27 October 1973. Total number of watches across all nights was 344 (calculated from Table 1 in article)

DescriptionOfResults:
On overcast nights there were more birds at the tower than control site. On clear nights, the reverse was true. Angular dispersion was greater at tower than control. Milling behaviour noted around tower.


StudySummary:
This observational study focuses on Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni) during fledging periods in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Through community-based rescue campaigns, citizens collected the fallout birds; in 2014-2016, the citizens also reported information on fallout date, location, presence of artificial light, weather conditions, and bird mortality. In 2016, systematic searches were also conducted along survey routes to validate the incidental recoveries and determine the likelihood of a fallout event being affected by artificial light, moon phase, and weather conditions. They calculated the density of artificial light sources and bird fallout to identify clusters and determine if bird fallout clusters closely matched artificial light clusters. To determine if some types of light fixtures attracted more birds than other, they counted the number of birds found within 25 meters of each light fixture.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In 2006-2008 and 2012-2013, the public rescued grounded fledglings (found alive or dead) on an ad-hoc basis. In 2014-2016, the fallout data was collected in a more detailed manner, with local drop-off points for recovered birds and data recording sheets for fallout date, location, presence of artificial light, weather conditions, and bird mortality. Most of the analysis of fallout events is based on the 2014-2016 data. In 2016, teams conducted 32 systematic searches in March 5th-30th for 17 nights; they searched every second night until March 13th/14th then nightly thereafter, along 32 km survey routes composed of 12 km of lit area and 20 km of unlit area. Route was completed by car with flashlights, covering both coastal and inland parts of Kaikoura and surroundings during 2300-0100 h and 0500-0700 h.

DescriptionOfResults:
During the 2016 systematic surveys, 17 grounded birds were recovered which were all in lit areas. Incidental recoveries in 2014 and 2016 reported 9% of birds found in unlit areas, and in 2015 reported only 1%. Dead birds were only found in lit areas in all years. In both 2014 and 2016 (the years when fallout locations were recorded), the majority of birds were recovered along coastal roads in an area called "The Esplanade", while other artificially lit areas had almost no recoveries. In the 2016 systematic surveys, the core fallout area closely matched the extent of the artificially lit area at The Esplanade. Within The Esplanade and coastal roads, fallout did not directly correspond to the density or extent of artificial light clusters. The most common light type associated with fallout was SHP 150W, though it was difficult to discern an effect of light type because lights of the same type tended to be clustered in the same area. In all years on record, the occurrence and magnitude of fallout were greatest during periods of low moonlight. Rainfall, visibility, and wind speed were not significant predictors of fallout.


StudySummary:
The authors demonstrated a night-lighting technique to catch sandgrouse. They used a thermal imaging camera to target birds, then another observer shone a spotlight (attached to their helmet) on the birds to "dazzle" them as he/she approached and caught them in a net. They recorded the capture success (0 = no birds captured, 1 = at least one bird captured). For a subset of the sessions, they recorded the capture rate (the number of birds caught per session). They analyzed how weather and lunar variables influenced capture success.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
81 3-hour capture sessions, catching a total of 92 sandgrouse (86 pin-tailed sandgrouse, 6 black-bellied sandgrouse). They recorded capture rate for 21 of these sessions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Some birds were "dazzled" by the spotlight, allowing the researcher to capture them in the net, while others would flush before they could be captured. An average of 1.4 individuals were captured per session out of 2.08 attempts per session. Capture success was higher on dark nights (new moon or cloudy skies). One reason the authors gave for capture failure was "failing to properly dazzle the target individual (spotlight not always aimed at the bird when approaching)."


StudySummary:
The authors were trapping Sage Grouse to study effects of sagebrush alteration on Sage Grouse in Colorado. They used spotlights to "blind" and capture Greater Sage Grouse. They located areas where grouse roosted at night and located grouse by scanning known roost locations with a spotlight. Individual grouse selected for capture were "blinded" by directing the spotlight into the grouse's eyes and approaching the bird with the spotlight. A second person walked behind the person holding the spotlight until close enough to capture the bird in a handheld net.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1326 birds were caught using the spotlighting. The number of attempts is not reported.

DescriptionOfResults:
Spotlighting was most effective of all trapping methods tested. The authors did not report how many birds remained immobilized or displayed an avoidance response to the light. They noted that trapping success was highest on overcast nights, and the clear nights with a full moon were much less successful. Juvenile birds were less likely to flush than adults.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Saad Nizamani, Fares Mandour, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine a more effective method of capturing incubating Common Loons (Gavia immer). Loon activity was monitored for nesting activity during the day and the nest locations were recorded. A 3 person crew in a motor powered canoe was used, consisting of one driver, one netter, and one person in charge of spotlighting. Incubating loons were approached by boat and, when within about 30–60 m, a spotlight was focused on the loon. Once at the nest, the loons were captured using a hoop-landing net. The authors noted that the loons flushed as they were approached with a spotlight.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They captured 23 loons out of 29 attempts (79% success rate), 15 of which were female, 7 were male (1 female was caught twice) between 13th May - 22nd June in 2005 and 2006. Loons were captured from their nests 12 times as they flushed from the nest, and 11 times shortly after they flushed. Failed capture attempts were due to the boat not being positioned properly (thrice), loons flushing away (twice) or the net getting stuck in a bush (once).

DescriptionOfResults:
They captured 23 loons out of 29 attempts (79% success rate), 15 of which were female, 7 were male (1 female was caught twice) between 13th May - 22nd June in 2005 and 2006. The authors report that all the loons were captured when they were flushing: 12 of them immediately after flushing, and 11 shortly after they flushed Failed capture attempts were due to the boat not being positioned properly (thrice), loons flushing away (twice) or the net getting stuck in a bush (once). It was mentioned that night-lighting is most effective in low light conditions (with little moonlight). Otherwise, it is a very effective method of capture.


StudySummary:
Fledging short-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris) were collected by rescue patrols along main roads across Phillip Island, located in south-eastern Australia. This observational study spanned 15 years (1999-2013) and assessed factors that may affect number of ground birds (found alive or dead) such as date, moon phase, wind direction and speed, and number of visitors during the Penguin Parade and holidays. From April 18th to May 8th, patrols along the road were conducted twice a night (between 17:00 and 22:30)  and morning before sunrise (between 05:30 and 07:00).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
15 consecutive years from 1999 to 2013 with total of 8871 ground birds collected (found alive or dead).  Data from 1999-2006 were recorded as a yearly count of number of fledglings found. Data from 2007-2013 record the number of individuals found each night, time of day, location, and status (alive or dead).

DescriptionOfResults:
When considering data from all years, more birds were grounded on night with higher wind speeds and less lunar illumination. Increased number of visitors, which presumably led to increased light pollution, did not show a significant relationship with the number of grounded birds. Results showed that most of the birds rescued (dead or alive) were fledgelings showing that the fledgelings were the most sensitive to light pollution. When considering data from the years when lights were turned on and off, lighting management had a significant effect on the number of grounded birds, with fewer birds grounded when the lights were turned off.


StudySummary:
They were trying to study the roosting behavior of the Okinawa Rail on Okinawa Island in Japan, by using lights to drive along the forest roads at night using powerful car headlights and a spotlight to locate the birds. They made some observations about how the birds responded to the spotlight.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Using the headlights of the car and a spotlight, they located 47 birds in a total of 98 days of surveying.

DescriptionOfResults:
"Most Rails did not appear to respond to the light that we used to find them." "Other rails were observed to turn away from the light and to climb into other branches."


StudySummary:
The study objective was to investigate the effect of a strong light beam on flight behaviours of nocturnal bird migrants.  The treatments involved turning on and off the light source for specific intervals. To measure flight behaviours, they measured the direction, vertical speed, and horizontal speed of flight and wingbeat patterns. Tracking of such behaviours was done through a tracking radar, and (during the intervals when the light was turned on) a telescope.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The radar tracks of 114 birds were examined for their flight behaviours in response to turning on and off the light beam. The light beam was turned on for 20-50 s and off for 20-60 s in sequence. For some analyses, all 114 tracks were used whereas other analyses used only 56 tracks in which four 10-sec switch-on intervals and four switch-off intervals were available. Wingbeat patterns were provided by 19 birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
When the spotlight was turned on, birds tended to decrease ground speed, increase variation in flight direction, and decrease their climbing rate. An index of change involving all three variables showed that birds closer to the light sources changed their flight behaviour more than birds farther away. Beyond 1 km, the birds no longer reacted to the light. "Using the telescope mounted parallel to the light beam, the birds were often seen hovering briefly and then trying to escape from the beam sideways" (p 1021).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Taekwan Yoon, Jacquelyn Schenk, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The objective is to investigate the effects of artificial light of different colours and intensities on the flight direction of nocturnal bird migrants. For their treatment, they used lamps covered with different colour filters. The flight direction was visually assessed by the authors and the authors reported the proportion of birds with non-linear flight paths during each treatment.  They categorized birds or flocks as having "no reaction" (flying in a straight line in seasonally appropriate direction) or "reaction" (non-linear flight path). Birds flying in a straight line in another direction were not included in the analysis.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Four light colours were white, red, green, and blue, and the duration of each replicate was 45 minutes followed by 15-min breaks. Two colours were alternated and tested throughout the night. Observations were made on 41 nights during autumn migration, starting at around 10pm and lasting throughout the night. The total number of observed birds in clear sky during observations was 96, whereas that in overcast conditions was 285. The intensity of each light configuration was controlled with opaque filters. The control in their study is white light, because it is typically used on oil platforms.

DescriptionOfResults:
The proportion of birds/flocks deviating from the seasonally appropriate direction (attracted to the light source) was highest in response to the white light, followed by the red light. They deviated to a lesser extent in response to the green light and had no significant deviation in response to the blue light. The effect of disorientation is the most apparent on overcast nights, regardless of light colour.


StudyName:
Gineste et al. 2017 population trajectories

StudySummary:
Two large-scale nocturnal acoustic surveys were conducted (September-March in 1996-1997 and 2013-2015) across Reunion Island, France to analyse the population trends of Tropical Shearwaters. The authors hypothesized that inland colonies may have declined more than coastal colonies due to increased exposure to light pollution. To investigate this, they tested for a correlation between colony vocal activity and altitude, using altitude as a proxy for fledgling exposure to artificial light on their first flights out to sea.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The first prospective survey was conducted for one season in September-March of 1996-1997. The second survey was conducted for two seasons in September-March of 2013-2015. It excluded all the sites from the first survey that did not find any Tropical Shearwater colonies (also all sites in general past 1600 meters above sea level), as well as full moon periods (full moon +/- 4 days). All surveys were conducted between 40 minutes after sunset and first 3 hours of the night, for the highest vocal activity. Vocal activity (number of vocalizations per minute) for each colony was calculated as a proxy for colony size . During the 1996-1997 survey, listening lasted 10-15 minutes per site. During the 2013-2015 survey, listening lasted 5 minutes if no calls were heard previously, or 15 minutes. In 1996-1997, 152 colonies were precisely localized and their vocal activity measured; 124 of these colonies were re-surveyed in 2013-2015 along with 96 newly-discovered colonies.

DescriptionOfResults:
The vocal activity levels compared between the 1996-1997 survey and the 2013-2015 survey indicate a stability in population of Tropical Shearwaters, despite their sensitivity to artificial light. There was no relationship found between change in vocal activity and altitudes of the colony, suggesting that increased light exposure of fledglings from inland colonies compared to coastal colonies is not resulting in population declines for inland colonies.


StudySummary:
SEOR was created in 1996 to organize rescue operations of grounded birds on Reunion Island. Through its public awareness campaigns, citizens of Reunion Island collected grounded birds and brought them to either a rescue center or one of many collection points located across the island. Light pollution data of Reunion Island in 1996 and 2013 were collected from NOAA DMSP satellite observations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The number of grounded birds collected by the public was recorded from 1996 to 2015. During that time, over 13000 Tropical Shearwaters were found grounded due to artificial light attraction.

DescriptionOfResults:
Between 1996 and 2015, over 13000 Tropical Shearwaters were found grounded due to artificial light attraction. 95% of these grounded birds were fledglings. The number of grounded birds increased rapidly since 1996, coinciding with the two-fold increase in light pollution (both intensity and coverage) from 1996 to 2013. Increased public awareness, along with the light pollution, seem to be responsible for the increased number of grounded birds found.


StudySummary:
The Chatham Island Taiko was rediscovered and aspects of behavior, habitat, morphology, and ecology of the species are reviewed by capturing them using noise and lights. The light station 2km from the mouth of the Tuku River was equipped with two lights, one on a slope behind the ridge and a second lower down. These lights were used to attract the birds. Speakers played tape-recordings of related Pterodroma species as well to attract the birds. Once the birds were attracted by the floodlights, spotlights (Quartz-halogen bulbs) were used to confuse the Taiko, causing them to land. 2 spotlights were used when possible, one behind and up the slope from the main light, and the other closer and below it. If possible, a third person was there to catch the Taiko when it landed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 42 birds were seen or caught/banded at the light sites from 1st January 1978 - January 1992, with 12 recaptures.

DescriptionOfResults:
The system involving floodlights and spotlights appeared to be effective at attracting birds and then confusing them, causing them to land. A total of 42 birds were seen or caught/banded at the light sites from 1st January 1978 - January 1992. The birds appeared to be attracted by the stationary floodlights and confused by the spotlights that were moving and directed at the birds. The lights were more effective during the period of little or no moon and on nights with fog, mist, and low cloud.


StudySummary:
This experimental study compared the numbers of grounded Newell's Shearwaters before versus after artificial lights were shielded at The Kauai Surf Resort in Lihue. 12 of the brightest security lights were shielded on alternate nights from October 1 to November 15, 1980, then again from October 20 to November 6, 1981. Most of these lights were on top of 11-story buildings and all were facing upward. Shielding consisted of a hood that redirected most of the light downward and prevented any from being seen from above. To recover grounded shearwaters, at least two people from the research team searched grounds and rooftops every night shortly before sunset for 6 hours or for 2 consecutive hours during which no birds were found. The grounds and rooftops were searched again the following morning for any further birds. On nights of exceptionally large numbers of birds found, searches continued until 0200-0300 AHST the following morning.  Additional birds were collected by the resort staff. Data forms were completed on date, time, condition of the bird, and mapped location in which the bird was found. Moon phases were also noted for the duration of the experiment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 upward-facing bright security lights were shielded on alternate nights from October 1 to November 15, 1980 (23 unshielded + 23 shielded), then again from October 20 to November 6, 1981 (8 unshielded + 8 shielded). At least two people searched grounds and rooftops every night shortly before sunset for 6 hours or for 2 consecutive hours during which no birds were found. The grounds and rooftops were searched again the following morning for any further birds. On nights of exceptionally large numbers of birds found, searches continued until 0200-0300 AHST the following morning.  Additional birds were collected by the resort staff.

DescriptionOfResults:
In both 1980 and 1981, more Newell's shearwaters were found during unshielded nights than during shielded nights. The overall reduction in attraction resulting from the shielding was almost 40%. However,  the two experimental years were different: "During the lower levels of nightly recovery in 1980 the reduction was only about 30%, whereas reduction during the seasonal peak in 1981 was more than 50%." The full moon also seemed to decrease attraction to artificial lights because the moonlight reduced the number of birds found.  The researchers came to three conclusions: the full moon reduces attraction to lights; light shielding reduces attraction; and, the fledgelings seemed to be attracted to the light sources rather than the areas that were illuminated by the light sources.


StudySummary:
The author conducted an experiment on October 10 - November 9, 1982 at the Kauai Surf Resort in Lihue, Hawaii, to find out if horizontal polarization of artificial light would reduce seabird (Newell's Shearwater) attraction. 12 of the brightest security lights, most of which were on top of 11-story buildings, were vertically polarized or horizontally polarized using filters on alternating nights. Every night at least 2 people searched the resort grounds for grounded birds shortly after sunset for 6 hours or for 2 consecutive hours during which no birds were found. Additional birds were recovered by the resort security guards and guests.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Every night from October 10 to November 9, 1982, 12 of the brightest security lights, most of which were on top of 11-story buildings, were vertically polarized (control) or horizontally polarized (treatment) on alternating nights (16 total for control and 15 total for experiments). Every night at least 2 people searched the resort grounds for grounded birds shortly after sunset for 6 hours or for 2 consecutive hours during which no birds were found. Additional birds were recovered by the resort security guards and guests.

DescriptionOfResults:
Between October 10 and November 9, 1982, 149 Newell's Shearwaters were found on 16 nights of vertically polarized nights (control), and 146 were found on 15 nights of horizontally polarized nights (treatment), showing no significant difference in attraction and fallout between the two treatments.


StudySummary:
The authors recorded Turquoise-browed Motmots feeding in the evening insects attracted to artificial lights. Someone told the authors that Turquoise-browed Motmots came regularly to feed on insects attracted by the lamps in the evening. Thurber visited the sites on two nights in 1975 and 1976 and observed a single Motmot on each night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Thurber made observations at the lights on two separate nights, observing for an undefined period after sunset. Authors report that another observer made observations until midnight.

DescriptionOfResults:
One bird was observed foraging on each evening under the mango tree. It is unclear from the text how many birds foraged under the streetlight. At the mango tree, the birds (maybe one individual or two different individuals) in the first and second night of observations arrived 42 min and 52 min after sunset and departed 33 and 39 minutes later, respectively. Neither bird returned before midnight when the observation period ended. Authors reported that nocturnal feeding was more efficient, with 15 sallies resulting in 5 successes compared to an estimated rate of <5 attempts per 10 minutes during diurnal foraging. Authors note that they have not observed this behavior at other sites in El Salvador.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Corbin Bishop, Megan Diep, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
This article is a very brief account of Alpine Swifts feeding on moths that were attracted to a floodlight near a lake. The birds were feeding "in the evening," though it is not clear if the evening refers to sunset or later into the night.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study notes the presence of moths near the artificial light source attracting foraging Alpine Swifts. Number of nights of observation and number of birds not reported.


StudySummary:
The article reports on observations of Southern Black-backed Gull foraging near sawmills with artificial light sources. Researchers and sawmill workers/owners observed gulls foraging on flying insects congregating under artificial lights at night. In addition, gulls were observed foraging on beetles on the ground.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds foraging on flying insects were observed on 15 separate nights and occurred every time that the site was visited. Between 5-20 birds were observed each night. Separately, multiple gulls (estimated 15-50/night) were observed eating live and squashed beetles on the ground under artificial lights on multiple occasions during February 2014 and 2015.

DescriptionOfResults:
Southern Black-backed Gulls were observed feeding on two species of beetles: Burnt Pine Longhorn Beetle (Arophalus ferus) and Huhu Beetle (Prionoplus reticularis). Gulls were observed feeding on flying insects under the artificial lights every time that the sites were visited (estimated 5-20 gulls per night). Gulls were also observed foraging on beetles on the ground under artificial light (estimated 10-50 on differing nights). The authors state that nocturnal feeding behaviour is unusual for the Southern Black-backed Gull.


StudySummary:
The authors conducted nightly surveys to observe Common Nighthawks and bats foraging in the cone of light produced by six large spotlights illuminated a sign at an Ohio hotel. The purpose of the study was to document the presence of foraging birds and their interactions with bats. They report the presence of foraging birds, but did not count the birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From June 6th to July 31st foraging behaviour was observed under the same light source. Observations were made on 40 different nights in 181 half hour time-spans.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors report that Common Nighthawk were foraging on insects in the light cone. They do not report how often birds were present in the light cone or how many were there.


StudySummary:
Observation of a single Black-tailed Gull feeding on Japanese halfbeaks (Hyporhamphus sajori) that jumped out of the water when car headlights of passed. Other birds were observed at the port, but were not foraging: A Slaty-backed Gull (Laurus schitisagus), three Spot-billed Ducks (Anas poecilorhyncha) and a total of 20 Black-tailed Gulls (15 adults and 5 juveniles).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Unsystematic observations conducted between 21:47 and 22:27 on one night (15 Aug 2011).

DescriptionOfResults:
Fish jumped from the water when exposed to the headlights of passing cars. Two feeding attempts on flying fish were successful out of an unspecified number of attempts by one of the Black-tailed Gull observed. Other birds, including 20 other Black-tailed Gulls, were present at the port but were not observed feeding on the jumping fish.


StudySummary:
A male American Redstart was observed by a screened window eating insects attracted by lights inside at 3AM. The bird was captured, identified, then released. After release, the bird returned to the window to continue foraging. This behaviour was not seen again, though an observer was present in the room until 0300-0400 most nights for the following week and a large number of insects were often on the screen.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Incidental observation on one night. Behaviour was not seen again, through an observer was present every night for the following week.

DescriptionOfResults:
A light from inside attracted insects to the window which the bird was observed feeding on for 5-10 minutes at 3AM. The bird was captured in an insect net to be identified. Nocturnal feeding had not been recorded for an American Redstart, a diurnal species, before. After release the bird returned to the window to feed after 5 minutes. An observer was present between 3 and 4 AM for the rest of the week, and large numbers of insects were present on the screen, but no birds were observed foraging at the window again.  


StudySummary:
An American Bittern was observed fishing by the yellow light of a lamp on one occasion at 11:30 pm.

DescriptionOfResults:
A single Bittern was described as "fishing" at night under an artificial light.


StudySummary:
On December 4th, 2010, drilling contractors observed many Lapland Longspurs dead or dying in the area surrounding in oil rig in Wyoming. On December 13-14 2010, USFWS personnel searched the area surrounding the oil rig for bird carcasses and collected 251 Lapland Longspurs within 171 meters of the oil rig.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Only one mortality event was reported. 241 carcasses were found.

DescriptionOfResults:
251 carcasses were recovered within 33m to 171m of oil rig. No carcasses were recovered within 33 meters of oil rig. All birds examined were found to have died from trauma.


StudySummary:
They recorded birds while walking a fixed route (2630 m) on roads in a vegetated residential area near a small lake and open field, recording the position of the bird within 50 meters of the route and the timing of the observation. For one of the censuses (0430 - 0530 on December 8th), they compared the locations of European Robins to random points along the census route to determine if birds were closer than random to artificial light. Route was illuminated by streetlights in its entire length. Nocturnal light conditions varied from well-lit areas under lampposts to almost complete darkness.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Only 1 census (December 8th, 0430 - 0530) was used to determine if European Robins were closer to streetlights than random points. This census walk was selected for analysis because it gave the highest number of birds. Only European Robins had enough observations for analysis (n=8).

DescriptionOfResults:
European Robins were closer than random points to streetlights, leading authors to conclude that European Robins preferred illuminated areas at night.


StudySummary:
This study compared the community composition of 56 randomly chosen sample plots in the city of Kraków. It assessed the influence of habitat structure, food resources, and urban effects (pollution, noise, and artificial light) on the assemblage of overwintering birds. Community metrics included density, richness, and interseasonal stability.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
56 randomly chosen 500m x 500m plots. Each plot had two transects, each 500 meters long. Two surveys carried out each year (one in early winter, one in late winter) in 2014 and 2015 for a total of 4 surveys along each transect. Surveys took place between 8:00-15:00. All birds seen or heard within 100 meters of transect were counted. Birds flying overhead were not included.

DescriptionOfResults:
Best models explaining species richness and interseasonal coefficient of similarity of species richness did not contain light pollution. Best models for density and interseasonal similarity in density contained a positive effect of light pollution.


StudySummary:
The study is an observation of the American Kestrel foraging for insects under artificial light on a single night at a sports stadium.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A single observation session on a single night

DescriptionOfResults:
A kestrel was first observed flying over the stadium. A second flight occurred 5 minutes later where the bird flew into the light beam and captured a large insect. 10 minutes later this behaviour was repeated. The kestrel appeared to ignore small insects attracted to the lights and capture only dobson flies (Megaloptera).


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Julia Lee, Lucas Wessner, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
To investigate fallout effects of artificial light on seabird fledglings along the paths from nest to ocean and back to land after reaching the ocean, 8 hypothetical models were built, with varying basic assumptions related to fledgling movement and artificial light (e.g. fledglings are only attracted by light only from their natal sights, fledglings are attracted to light viewable along their flight path from their natal sites to the coastline, or fledglings are attracted to light viewed from their natal sites out to 1 of 3 cut-off distances beyond the coastline (1, 5, and 10 km)). The full list of model assumptions considered is provided in Table 1. Fallout records were gathered during the Save our Shearwaters initiative from 1998 to 2009 in Kauai, USA, during which citizens were encouraged to bring downed birds to rescue stations. A mean light intensity in each sector was obtained using the 2009 DMSP satellite data. Expected fallout distributions were then calculated for each of the models. Observed fallout distributions were compared to the expected distributions from each of the 8 hypothetical models to determine which assumptions related to fledgling reactions to artificial light best explained the observed patterns.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
3175 downed birds collected from 1998 - 2009 in 32 fallout sectors were used for analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
The observed fallout patterns of Newell's Shearwater fledglings from 1998 to 2009 were the most similar to the patterns predicted by two hypothetical models: one model assumed that birds were attracted to sectors of the island with greater mean light intensity regardless of their natal sites, and the second model assumed that birds were attracted by light up to 10km out into the ocean.


StudySummary:
The authors captured Magenta Petrels using the light trapping technique described in Crockett 1994. They used floodlights to "attract" the petrels in flight, and then used spotlights directed at the birds to "baffle" them and cause them to land. They report on the number of birds captured using this technique.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In 1993, 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003, they captured a total of 52 petrels using this method.

DescriptionOfResults:
From 1993-2003 (not every year had treatments) they captured a total of 52 petrels using this method. The authors described that the birds as "attracted" to the floodlights, then "baffled" by the spotlight treatment


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Fares Mandour, Devika Shreekumar, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
A five man nightlighting crew captured Ruff Grouse. Each person carried a handheld or headmounted light. Two people carried a backpack mounted spotlights. Two others carried dipnets and the fifth person was the radioreciever.  When they located a bird, they shone the spotlight towards it and captured it with the net. If an attempt failed, they relocated the bird and attempted to catch it again.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Nightlighting was attempted on 55 radio-tagged grouse and 39 were captured (71% success). Nightlighting was attempted on 14 non radio-tagged grouse for 4 nights and none were captured (0% success rate). During attempts to capture the radio-tagged grouse, 59 unmarked grouse seen or heard flushing. Of these, 7 were captured.

DescriptionOfResults:
- The grouse were seldom completely disoriented, while most flushed. Nightlighting was most effective from May - October.
- Nightlighting was attempted on 55 radio-tagged grouse and 39 were captured (71% success)
- Nightlighting was attempted on 14 non radio-tagged grouse for 4 nights and none were captured (0% success rate)
- During attempts to capture the radio-tagged grouse, 59 unmarked grouse seen or heard flushing. Of these, 7 were captured.


StudySummary:
The aim of the study was to determine under which conditions birds were most likely to collide with ships. The authors report that "light-induced" bird strikes are not uncommon in Greenland when ships use powerful spotlights to navigate icy waters. They asked navy, cargo, and fishing vessels to report incidents of bird strikes during 3 winter (2006-2009). For each incident, they recorded the number of birds involved, the GPS position, and environmental variables. Environmental variables included season, time of day, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, visibility and the distance to land. They did not record environmental variables at periods when bird strikes did not occur, so they could not determine how these factors correlated with bird strike probability. Instead, their analysis determined if any of these factors correlated with the number of birds involved in the bird strike incident. They also used spatial analysis of high bird and traffic density to predict areas where Common Eider strikes would be more likely to happen and then compared those results to what was actually reported.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
480 birds from 5 species were found dead or injured in 42 incidents of bird strikes over the 3 winters. 95% of the birds were common eiders, 3% King eiders, 1% long-tailed duck, 1% black guillemot, and <1% thick-billed murre. Mean number of birds killed or injured per incident was  11.4 ± 3. The Danish Navy (2 coast guard vessels), Royal Arctic Line (transatlantic cargo shipping, 6 vessels), KNI-Pilersuisoq (local cargo shipping, 5 vessels) and Royal Greenland (fishery, 6 trawlers) were asked to report incidents of bird strikes. Information was received from the Danish Navy providing information in three consecutive winters (2006–2009, Oct. 1–Mar. 31), whilst the Royal Arctic Line, KNI-Pilersuisoq, and Royal Greenland contributed to the study during the first two winters. Additional information (one bird strike incident) was received from a tourist boat from Nuuk. Daily movements of fishing vessels in Southwest Greenland were obtained from the Greenland Fisheries License Control Authority for the winter 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 which provided information on about 130 vessels.

DescriptionOfResults:
480 birds from 5 species were found dead or injured in 42 incidents of bird strikes over the 3 winters. 95% of the birds were Common Eiders, 3% King Eiders, 1% Long-tailed Duck, 1% Black Guillemot, and <1% Thick-billed Murre. Mean number of birds killed or injured per incident was  11.4 ± 3. All bird strikes occurred at night or in twilight periods and occurred with a higher frequency during the dark mid-winter period. The authors only report on one analysis of how weather conditions correlated with the number of individuals involved in each incident -  the number of birds involved was significantly smaller in incidents when visibility was good (n=14) than when visibility was poor (n=28). 78% of collisions occurred within 4 km of the shore and there was a non-significant tendency for collisions closer to and to involve more birds.


StudySummary:
On April 15th, 2013 13,500 migrating Eared Grebes were downed on Dugway Proving Ground. The birds encountered inclement weather during spring migration and were attracted by the lights. The authors report locations of bird downings in relation to artificial light sources.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Downings are recorded from one night, from one site (DPG). A total of 13,500 downed birds observed, an estimated 38% killed outright.

DescriptionOfResults:
13,500 birds were found downed at the Dugway Proving Ground, 38% died on impact and 876 carcasses were found after rescued birds were released. Most birds were found in the immediate vicinity of illuminated areas. Hundreds of birds were found around the church 300m from the base entrance. The density of dead birds decreased outwards in a 40-m radius from the 10-m high illuminated steeple at the church. Several hundred more birds were found at a vacated gas station 12km from the base.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Shza El Maadawy, Saba Gul, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The author observed a mixed-species flock of migratory songbirds and egrets flying around a cruise ship. She surveyed the decks and recorded dead and trapped birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
She did one 45 min survey of 2 decks. Observations were made during one night. During the sweep (0015 to 0010hrs, EDT) 8 common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were found dead. Multiple birds were trapped within the enclosed portions of the deck.

DescriptionOfResults:
Eight Common Yellowthroats found dead were recorded due to impacts with glass windows and exhaustion from wind drafts caused by the ship. Multiple birds were observed to be trapped in the partially enclosed portion of the decks. Other species were observed resting on the ship. An observed a mixed-species flock with a magnitude within the thousands aggregating around the ship. The author described their flight behaviour as "erratic" and "non-directional"


StudySummary:
First, the crew would play recordings of woodcock peents, flight songs and wing twitterings to attract and stimulate males using a tape player equipped with an external speaker. Woodcock that responded were approached by an observer with a long-handled net, aircraft landing light and the tape player unit. At 45m, the tape player was placed on the ground, the nightlight turned on towards the bird, and they moved towards the bird and attempted to capture it bird with the long-handled net is made. If the bird flushed and the attempt was failed, the observer would switch off the nightlight and wait until the woodcock resumed peenting. At this point, nightlighting capture was attempted again. The authors make a few behavioural observations of how the birds responded to the light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
When the birds were stimulated to peent, 77/129 (60%) of capture attempts and 7/12 (58%) of re-capture attempts were successful.

DescriptionOfResults:
When the birds were peenting, 77/129 (60%) of capture attempts and 7/12 (58%) re-capture attempts with nightlighting were successful. "Birds seemed to be more apprehensive of the noise than they were of the light or the approaching net." "Many birds continued to peent and/or perform display flights while being shined with a night-light." After the entire intervention process, only 2.7% of woodcocks deserted there area they had previously occupied.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Devika Shreekumar, Fares Mandour, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The authors were testing the efficiency of using night-lighting to trap waterfowls, pheasants and other birds. They worked in teams of one or two. Located the birds using light mounted from a football helmet and captured the birds using a net. They noted how various species typically reacted to the light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In 28 nights of spotlighting, 80 adult ducks were captured during 48 hours with an average of 1.7 ducks per hour. No attempts were made to recapture birds marked from previous nights. Diving ducks were captured by hand on two occasions. During 25 hours of spotlighting, 30 pheasants were captured, with an average of 1.2 per hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 28 nights of spotlighting, 80 adult ducks were captured during 48 hours with an average of 1.7 ducks per hour. No attempts were made to recapture birds marked from previous nights. On two occasions waterfowls were captured by hand when they swam toward the light source.
During 25 hours of spotlighting, 30 pheasants were captured, with an average of 1.2 per hour.
Both waterfowls and pheasants generally moved away from the light although some waterfowls would dive, swim in a "sneak" position then take flight, swim towards the light source, or flush for a short distance.
Researchers concluded that spotlighting was better than conventional methods of trapping.


StudySummary:
The authors used a night-lighting technique to capture waterfowl. A 2 person crew (one person to catch the birds, another person to drive the boat) used three total, with one 1 mounted on a headband and the other two be handheld. The netter was seated at the front of the boat, using a headlamp and a hand spotlight. Searching along the edge of vegetation, all three spotlights were used in the beginning to locate any broods. Once a brood was found, all of the lights were switched off except the headlamp of the netter. The authors report on the capture success of this technique and the behaviour or birds in response to the light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They spent a 3 year period (473 hours within the period; 39 nights) capturing, marking and banding 639 ducks of a variety of species at about 1.3 ducks/hour. There is no specification on the success rate in the article, it is assumed that they captured 639 ducks but they did not mention the total number of attempts and if any were failed. They also captured 245 other waterfowl birds, including Coots, Grebes, and Merganser, in their attempt to capture ducks as listed in Table 1.

DescriptionOfResults:
They spent a 3 year period (473 hours within the period; 39 nights) capturing, marking and banding 639 ducks of a variety of species at about 1.3 ducks/hour. There is no specification on the success rate in the article, it is assumed that they captured 639 ducks but they did not mention the total number of attempts and if any were failed. They also captured 245 other waterfowl birds, including Coots, Grebes, and Merganser, in their attempt to capture ducks as listed in Table 1. So in total, they captured 884 individual organisms of waterfowl. The authors noticed that the reason the spotlighting technique worked was because the waterfowl were temporarily blinded, so in effect they became immobilized. Some of the half-grown young would swim directly towards the light, or would dive and/or fly (depending on abilities) as a flee response. Therefore, the effect was quite varied. The observers did not give specifics into the exact numbers or how many waterfowl acted in a certain way.


StudySummary:
The authors used night-lighting to trap Musk Ducks. Researchers worked in teams of two at night. They used spotlights to locate the musk ducks in the water. Once a musk duck was spotted, they maintained a close distance of 2-3m between their boat and the musk duck. When the musk duck resurfaced for air, they used a net to capture it. The reported the capture success rate and made observations about the behaviours of the birds in response to the light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
29 musk ducks (17 males, 12 females) were captured in total using night-lighting on 12 different nights. Mean capture rate for each night was 2.4 musk ducks per night (range of 1 to 5). Of these 29 ducks, 2-5 ducks were captured on each of the seven nights early in the season and one musk duck was caught on each of the remaining five nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
29 musk ducks (17 males, 12 females) were captured in total using night-lighting on 12 different nights. Of these 29 ducks, 2-5 ducks were captured on each of the seven nights early in the season and one musk duck was caught on each of the remaining five nights. The study does not mention the number of ducks the method was attempted on. "Spotlights had no substantial mesmerising effects on Musk Ducks. However, maintaining ducks in the periphery of the spotlight beam did decrease their tendency to dive." The study did not conclude which trapping method was most effective, however, night-lighting captured the most musk ducks (29 ducks) compared to baited clover-leaf traps (14 ducks) and walk-in-nest-traps (3 ducks).


StudyName:
Buij and Gschweng 2017 satellite transmitters

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of nocturnal hunting in Eleanora's Falcons and determine if this behaviour was more likely under particular lunar or artificial light conditions. The authors tracked Eleonora's Falcons on their non-breeding grounds in Madagascar using satellite transmitters equipped with movement detectors. They calculated the percent of daytime and night-time locations at which movement was detected. For each nocturnal movement location, they used Google Earth satellite imagery to determine if the location was within 200 meter of streetlights, buildings, or villages.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Between 2003 and 2006, 7 Eleanora's Falcons were tagged and tracked for 3 wintering periods, generating 786 high quality data points. Nocturnal flight activity was detected in 6 of these falcons. Flight activity occurred at 32% of all daytime locations and 18% (62) of all night-time locations.

DescriptionOfResults:
Two of the 62 night-time locations where nocturnal flight was detected were within 140-180 meters of the nearest village (the artificial light source). The remainder of the locations were further than 200 meters from any artificial light source, "suggesting that falcons were not attracted to these."


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Qibang Feng, Kyle Tibayan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Report on grounded or dead Cory's Shearwater fledglings on Pianosa Island over 6 nights in October. The authors report that the main cause of shearwater attraction was two newly-installed halogen bright lights at the port. No Cory's Shearwaters had been found in the area in the autumn seasons of 2001-2003, before the lights were installed. These lights were replaced with softer, yellow high-pressure Sodium lights following the grounding effect and no groundings were observed over the following 10 days.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
9 fledglings were rescued or found dead for 5-6 nights from Oct 6-18, 2004.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors concluded that 9 Cory's Shearwaters were attracted to the bright lights. They reported ay least 9 birds were grounded. "Some disoriented shearwaters were also observed at night, continuously circling over the illuminated port, while it was raining." The study concluded, assuming that all the stranded birds were found and that none of them would have been able to reach the sea without human intervention, birds dazzled by artificial lights on their maiden flights would represent at least 12% of the juveniles fledged in 2004.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Shza El Maaadawy, Saba Gul, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine the cause of nocturnal bird mortality at three light blue buildings and a gray bridge. There were 10 night lighting posts around the 3 buildings. The three buildings were painted "milk-yellow" to determine if changing the color of the buildings would reduce bird mortality. The number of bird deaths was recorded before and after the paint was changed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
"In August 30, 2006, about 70 birds were found dead beside three buildings in the Port of Laotieshan, Dalian, China. In the following days the tragedy of about a hundred birds death per day continued." They do not report for how many days these mortality events continued. The bird kills occurred at three specific buildings with no kills at the taller five-floor building and bridge surrounding the three buildings. There were 10 lighting posts lighting up the three buildings at night. The authors report that in the four years after the building was painted yellow, no mortalities were observed. They do not give details on whether or not the buildings were consistently monitored.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds died from severe trauma to the head from collisions with the light blue colored buildings. On the nights when mortality was observed, heavy mists were present. On the same nights, there were no collisions with the surrounding grey five-floor building and the grey bridge. After painting the buildings "milk-yellow," no bird deaths were observed in the subsequent four years.


StudySummary:
A study was conducted to determine if green LEDs could reduce seabird bycatch in fisheries in Peru. During each fishing trial they used both a control (no LED lights) and an illuminated net, with LEDs were placed every 10 meters along the float line on the illuminated net. The control and illuminated nets were placed at least 200 meters apart. They compared seabird bycatch between control and illuminated nets in terms of catch-per-unit-effort: # of individuals captured/([net length/1000m]x[net soak time/24h]).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
114 pairs of nets were observed. 45 Guanay cormorants were caught in total, with 39 in control nets and 6 in illuminated nets. The illuminated nets also caught 4 Peruvian boobies.

DescriptionOfResults:
The LED lights appeared to be effective at reducing seabird bycatch. Only two species were caught in the nets, and only Guanay Cormorants had a sufficient sample size for analysis. Cormorant bycatch was significantly lower in illuminated nets than in control nets. Out of the 45 total cormorants caught in the nets, 39 were caught in the un-illuminated ones and 6 in the illuminated ones - thus showing a decline of 85.1% in the cormorants caught. All cormorants were recovered dead.


StudySummary:
On the evening of September 9th 1948, around 300 migratory birds were found dead around the ceilometer at the Nashville International Airport. Article reports on array of bird species present and clear visibility during the incident, recorded by an observer and weather data. Author notes that the ceilometer had been in use for some time and no similar instances had ever been recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From 12:30am- 4:30am approximately 300 birds fell around the ceilometer, most falling within the first hour. That morning, 248 birds were collected and taken to the Nashville Children's Museum for study. Weather data during the incident was recorded from 6:30pm to 4:30am. The observer watched the birds for over an hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
Around 300 birds fell while flying across the high intensity vertical beam of light sent up from the ceilometer. Most fell within 50 to 100ft of the ceilometer, but some were found at greater distances. High visibility and no precipitation were recorded the night of the incident. "Mr. Linville stated that as he looked up the shaft of light, as far up as he could see, birds were tumbling down to land on the ground and adjacent runway, mostly dead."


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to document and determine the cause of death for bird carcasses found near an oil flare in Northwestern Alberta in late May 1980. From June 1978 to September 1980 the flare burned continuously. The mortality event occurred on the 18 May 1980 and was reported to the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division, who inspected the site the next day. Before inspection, the majority of the birds had been gathered up by oil industry employees and dumped into a barrel. AFWD set up transects to search for the remaining dead birds. They counted them and plotted their locations.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The inspectors walked 6 transects, 3 meters wide and 75 meters long, radiating from the flare stack to determine the locations of the birds in relation to the stacks on the day following the mortality event. They could only detect birds that were missed by the oil industry employees in their previous collection attempt. The entire area between 75 m and 200 m radius of the flare stack was thoroughly search for dead birds. A total of 2318 were counted and collected, an addition 240 birds were counted but not collected, and an estimated 500 birds were observed but not counted.

DescriptionOfResults:
2318 dead birds were connected, an additional 240 were counted but not collected, and an estimated 500 dead birds were observed but not counted. Industry employees estimated that about 100 dead birds had accumulated beneath the flare stack in the week prior. All but one of the dead birds were found within 75 meters of the flare stack, despite extensive searches out to 200 meters. 81.7% were found within 50 meters of the stack. Birds may have been attracted to the flame during nocturnal migration and died due to exposure to toxic emissions. Laboratory examination found that no physical trauma or burns were found on any of the 56 birds inspected, and suggested that hydrogen sulfide poisoning was the cause of death as irritation of respiratory tract and pulmonary edema were found.


StudySummary:
The authors report on 25 instances of bird mortality recorded in the Eastern and Southern United States between October 5 and 8 1954. They occurred primarily at airport ceilometers, with a few reports from radio and television towers and small buildings. It is unclear how the data were complied, but in the acknowledgements section, they thank many "interested individuals" who responses positively to a questionnaire. The authors attribute these mass mortality events to an advancing cold front that caused birds to decrease their flight altitudes. The authors describe the number and species compositions of birds killed, as well as some observations of their flight behaviour. They summarize the reports from 24 of these instances and provided a detailed report on the mortality event at Warner Robins Air Force Base, where an estimate 50,000 individuals were killed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data from 25 mass mortality events across the eastern US between October 5 and 8 are described. At Warner Robins Airforce Base, the authors describe the dead birds as "strewn by the hundreds across the runways, taxi strops, grassy plots, and tops of buildings." They examined a sample of 2552 birds from one roof, which were "shovelled and raked together completely at random by the workmen."

DescriptionOfResults:
The fatal bird collisions occurred due to an onset of severe weather conditions, which lowered the birds flying altitudes and led to incidents involving airport ceilometers, radio and television antennae as well as tall buildings. "More than 100,000 birds of 88 species were killed at the 25 localities during these three nights." At Warner Robins Air Force Base, bird deaths were estimated at 50,000 in a single night. Only one behavioural observation was made: "an observer at Warner Robins Air Force Base noted birds flying straight downward in the beam and bouncing off a concrete runway!"


StudySummary:
Bird mortalities were surveyed at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant during spring and fall migration seasons from Fall 1972 to Fall 1979. Article reports numbers of dead birds found near different structures as well as changes of the lights used on structures over time. All surveys included the recording of numbers, species, and locations of birds, as well as weather during each season.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the mortality monitoring periods from Fall 1972 to Fall 1979, a total of 1561 bird carcasses were collected at the site. 1229 birds had collided with the cooling tower, 224 with the Unit 1 structures (turbine and reactor building) and 110 with the guy wires or weather tower. During spring migrations, 483 carcasses were found. While during Fall migrations, 1071 carcasses were found. Distribution of bird carcasses in each area for each year and migration period are summarized in Table 1.

DescriptionOfResults:
In fall, kills were more frequent because of larger numbers of bird migrating. 1071 carcasses were found, most birds were found in the SE sector of the cooling tower. 878 were observed around the cooling tower, 167 around Unit 1 structures, and 25 around the weather tower. The large number of deaths around the cooling tower may be attributed to the bird not being aware of the large structure beneath the lights, as the red navigation lights (or during two migration periods, white strobe lights) used did not illuminate the tower wall itself during the night. In spring,  483 carcasses were found and most bird were recovered in the NE sector of the cooling tower. 344 carcasses were found around the cooling tower, 55 around Unit 1 structures, and 64 around the weather tower. Number of carcasses found each year in each area for Fall and Spring migration periods are summarized in Table 1. Frequency of species found varied depending the season. Numbers of each bird species found during each migration period survey are summarized in Table 2. Total number of carcasses for each species found (with over 7 mortalities) in Spring and Fall are located in Table 3.


StudySummary:
The article reports on the use of night-lighting for trapping waterfowl and other marsh birds. The crew, consisting of a boat operator and a netter, approached in a shallow-draft, air-thrust boat that made an essential loud steady sound. Two highly placed 250-watt (for steering visibility) and two low-placed 500-watt (for spotlighting birds) outdoor floodlights were attached to the boat. With the background noise of the boat, the crew approached the birds, they then switched on the 500-watt lights to "hold" the birds and the netter would capture them. In 1960, they were using a different lighting set-up than what they used from 1961-1962. In 1960, they used three 300-watt floodlights. They report on how many birds they were able to capture and the flee behaviours of various species.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
It is assumed from the report that they captured all birds that were approached as their was no discussion of a success rate. From 1960-1962, they captured 1189 birds total. 1146 of those birds were all captured from 1961-1962 as 1960 was more of an introduction year.

DescriptionOfResults:
The birds reacted in a variety of ways, but mostly attempted to flee through diving or flying, whereas young broods would clump together. The authors do not report that any of the birds became immobilized. They found that the noise of the boat helped distract the birds so that they could approach within netting distance. Table 3 classifies bird species as "Easy to approach," "flighty but nettable," and "difficult to approach."  They captured 1189 birds total and do not give the capture success rate.


StudySummary:
The researchers drove around at night to locate Greater Rheas. Once a bird was located, the vehicle slowed down and its headlights were turned off. Then, a spotlight was used to "stupefy" the bird. While the bird was dazzled, one of the workers got out of the car and whirled their "boleodoras". The boleodoras is a device consisting of two or three balls attached to a strap of leather used to capture the birds. The worker with the boleodoras approached the bird within 10-15 m, then threw the boleodoras at the bird's legs to entangle them, causing the bird to fall down. After capture, the bird was marked with a plastic collar and then released.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On two days in June 1989 and 1990, 14 Greater Rheas (7 adults and 7 young) were captured in total.

DescriptionOfResults:
Between 1989 to 1990, 14 Greater Rheas (7 adults and 7 young) were captured in total. The researchers describe the birds' reaction as "the light beam generally dazzled the birds, giving the persons time to get out of the car…they swiftly approached the rhea to within a distance of 10-15 m without being perceived." As the person approached, the birds would flee: "When the bird stood up and began to run, the 'boleadoras' were thrown towards its legs."


StudySummary:
The researchers used playback calls of a closely related species, Black Bellied Storm Petrel and calls of the New Zealand Storm Petrel (NZSP) in combination with spotlighting to capture the NZSP.  Birds were caught mostly when they landed on the ground or after landing on a branch or a shrub then being "lured" by spotlighting. A few were also caught using a net.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On a total of 15 days between 17 February 2014–5 March 2014 and 22–27 March 2014, 25 NZSPs were caught using a combination of spotlighting and playback sounds. In 2015, between 9-20 February 87 NZSPs were caught using a combination of spotlighting and playback sounds.

DescriptionOfResults:
Capture efficiency was higher for playback with spotlighting  (0.46 NZSPS caught/hour) than for playback alone (0.24), though this difference was not statistically significant. Researchers observed the birds reactions as being "lured down by spotlighting." None were reported to exhibit a flee response. Within 50 meters of a known breeding site, playback alone was as efficient as playback and spotlighting. At distances greater than 1 km from a known breeding site, the combined method achieved greater maximum captures per hour effort than playback alone.


StudySummary:
The authors report on the effectiveness of night-lighting for capturing roosting pheasants at night. A crew worked using a 4-wheel drive vehicle that had five 150-watt flood lamps attached in a cluster for visibility when driving. They also used a hand-held spotlight as well as a 10-foot net. hey cruised fields to locate roosting pheasants at night. When a bird was sighted, they sped up to be able to place the netter in the correct position. The driver then simultaneously switched off the floodlights and switched on the spotlight and drove towards the bird with the spotlight beam centered on it. The netter then attempted to capture the bird, sometimes having to chase the bird slightly.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They captured (including recaptures) a total of 1334 pheasants in a 4 year period. The percentage of pheasants that were captured on average over the entire 4 year period was 35.3%, there was some variability within the 4 year period with some years being more efficient than others depending on conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
There were two main reactions to the spotlight treatment. The pheasants either were temporarily blinded by the light and immobilized/disoriented, or they flushed as to try and flee. 35.3% were immobilized, whereas the remaining 64.7% attempted to flush. They captured (including recaptures) a total of 1334 pheasants in a 4 year period. The percentage of pheasants that were captured on average over the entire 4 year period was 35.3%, there was some variability within the 4 year period with some years being more efficient than others depending on external variables, mostly weather and moon phase.



- The author said that this method of night-lighting was very effective even under challenging weather regimes


StudySummary:
The authors attempted to capture Marbled Murrelets using several methods, one of which was spotlighting. A spotlight was ran in front of the area shining 20 m ahead of the boat. Although they visited the area where murrelets were abundant in the late evening, they did not see any murrelets after 5 hours of searching, leading the authors to believe that the murrelets may have been avoiding the spotlight.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They searched the bay with a spotlight for 2.5 hours (2230 to 2400) on 2 nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors did not see any murrelets on the nights when they used the spotlight, despite visiting areas where murrelets were known to be abundant in the late evening, leading the authors to believe that the birds may have been avoiding the spotlight. They note that this species been observed diving when approached with a spotlight at night by other researchers.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
On the night of 30/31 January, MV Dorada (a 75 m trawler) was to the west of South Georgia, passing by Annenkov Island. Ice-lights (used to help the vessel navigate around icebergs) were on throughout the night with minimal other deck lighting in use. Between the hours of 22:00 to 04:00 (ship’s time), about 900 birds collided with the ship. They recorded the number of birds found on the ship, dead or alive. Records (species, weight, etc.) of all the birds found were made. The authors also note that bird strikes on the vessel are an almost nightly occurrence, though the level of mortality is generally low.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The aggregation/mortality event lasted for one night. Out of the 900 birds collected, 215 of them were dead. The remaining were collected and placed in a dry area to prevent further deaths. 684 birds were ultimately released alive while the rest died in captivity. Injuries and deaths were reported to be as a result of the collisions and/or hypothermia.

DescriptionOfResults:
900 birds were collected on the deck. They reported that the cause of bird death/injury was "directly due to collisions with the ship or to a combination of hypothermia and drowning, following prolonged immersion in water-filled cavities on deck." All collisions occurred during the hours of darkness (22:00 to 04:00). The study also reports on similar occurrences from January 1992 on the MV Aurora Australis where 200 birds were found in the morning dead of similar reasons. Another occasion: on 11 March 2002,  at South Georgia abroad MV Sigma with all deck lights on found a total of 62 petrels on deck (2 dead, rest grounded). Both incidents also occurred at night. Author pointed out ice-lights and  other deck lighting as a key factor that was common in all three incidents.


StudySummary:
In January 1992, on the MV Auruora, over 200 birds were found dead and many more (unspecified number) were released alive. The aggregation/mortality event occurred while the ship was in harbour. The deck lighting was on, but the ice-light was off.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
200 birds were found dead and an unspecified number were released alive on a single night

DescriptionOfResults:
200 birds were found dead as a result of collisions with the vessel. Many more were released alive. As a result of the incident, shipping operations in the area changed so that deck operations could no longer be conducted in the hours of darkness.


StudySummary:
On March 11, 2002, an aggregation/mortality event occurred on the MV Sigma, a ship moored at in South Georgia with all of the deck lights on. The following morning, 62 petrels were collected from the deck - 2 dead and the rest alive.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
An aggregation/mortality event involving 62 birds on one night

DescriptionOfResults:
62 birds were found on deck in the morning. 2 were dead.


StudySummary:
This report summarises bird strikes and resultant mortality caused aboard the MV Edinburgh over three fishing seasons, from 2010/2011 to 2012/2013. Since 2010/2011 fishing season, Tristan fishery observers were on board to record all seabird interactions and any incidents at night on the vessel. Tristan observers also minimized the use of lights on the vessel during the night by having deck lights turned off at night and having portholes and windows covered with blinds or curtains. Seabirds found onboard alive were released. The authors compare the average number of birds found in the study years to an estimate from 1989 (reported in Ryan 1991) to show how bird mortality has been reduced since light reductions were implemented. They note that most of the mortalities during the 2010-2013 study period occurred on nights when deck lights were required to be illuminated due to exceptional circumstances.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the three fishing seasons, 723 seabirds from nine species were recorded aboard the fishing vessel, and at least 39 (5.4%) birds died. The authors report on a few mass landing events during which the majority of the bird strikes occurred.

DescriptionOfResults:
The MV Edinburgh vessel implemented a light minimization program and saw a reduced number of birds coming aboard (1-2 per night) during the 2010-2013 season compared to the average for similar vessels in the 1989 season (about 131 per night, reported in Ryan 1991). Over the three fishing seasons, 723 seabirds from 9 species were found on the vessel and at least 5.4% died. Most of these birds came aboard during rare instances when deck lights had to be lit at night. For example, in 2010/2011, 80% of all storm petrels recorded on the vessel landed on deck on a single night while deck lights were on. In 2011/2012, 80% of all birds recovered on the vessel that year were recorded in a similar single incident.


StudySummary:
On the night of March 27th 1906, the observer witnessed English Sparrows circling above a large fire at a lumber yard in western Philadelphia, likely having been disturbed from their roosting place among the lumber. Other species were also reported circling or passing above the flame. The passing birds (nocturnal migrants) were flying in from the southwest to north-east, their flight path described as "scattered" and flight behaviour as "a somewhat zigzag manner." The direction of the migrants' flight did not seem to be influenced by the fire, but they may have been drawn down from a higher elevation because of the light of the flame. Some unnamed species of birds flying at low altitudes were overcome by the heat and perished in the flames.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations of the birds and the flame occurred between 8 pm and 11 pm, but the event was still in progress at midnight. It is estimated that 200 birds were in sight at any given moment during the height of the event (10 pm) and the author observed 20-30 birds perish in total.

DescriptionOfResults:
Initially, English Sparrows circled above the fire, likely having been disturbed from their roosting place among the lumber. Other species were reported passing above the flame, and the author writes that these migrants were passing steadily from the southwest to north-east, flying "in a somewhat zigzag manner." The direction of their flight did not seem to be influenced by the fire, but the author notes that they may have been drawn down from a higher elevation. Some unnamed species of birds (20-30 individuals) flying at low altitudes were overcome by the heat and perished in the flames. The author reports that at the height of the event (10pm) an estimated 200 individuals "were in sight at any given moment".


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Julia Lee, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Annual Save Our Shearwaters (SOS) program data from 1980 to 1993 provided 151 downed Petrel fledglings and their fallout locations. The public was encouraged to collect any grounded shearwaters or petrels they found and take them to boxes set up at fire stations on the islands. The article only focuses on the petrel data. The researchers noted any decline or increase in number of fledglings found by the SOS program over the years.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Annual data from 1980 to 1993 were provided by Save Our Shearwaters (SOS) program which came from citizens collecting downed 151 Petrel fledglings and recording their places of discovery. SOS data from 1978 to 1979 were not used due to possibility of low efforts during the first two years of the program.

DescriptionOfResults:
According to the 1980-1993 Save Our Shearwaters (SOS) data, the number of downed Hawaiian Petrel fledglings increased gradually through 1990 then declined. The author suspects that the significant decrease in 1992-1993 was due to the reduced artificial lights after Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Moreover, increasingly higher proportion of downed Petrel fledglings were found in Hanalei (33% in 1987 and 100% in 1992). Rising numbers of artificial lights and citizens seem positively correlated with the rising number of downed Petrel fledglings found.


StudySummary:
Members of the public were asked to collect grounded birds when they encountered them and phone CRFS-La Tahonilla. Each bird's date, geographic location relative to the municipalities on the island, age class, phase of the moon and date and location of release were registered. This study analysed the data from between 1998-2006. They tested for a correlation between the number of birds grounded and light pollution, using the number of inhabitants and the urbanized area (ha) as a proxy or light pollution.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Over the 9 years of study (1998 - 2006), at least 9880 petrels from nine species (Table 2) were found grounded in urban areas. Cory’s Shearwater were 93.4% of the birds recovered. The rest of the birds consisted of local breeding species and three non-breeding petrel species: Great Shearwater, Leach’s Storm-petrel and White-faced Storm-petrel .The mean number of birds recovered annually were 1098 ± 212. Fledglings made up 93.9% of the grounded birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
In the area below 400 m asl, the number of birds grounded was positively correlated with the light pollution (measured using number of inhabitants and urban area (ha) as proxies; r = 0.63 and r = 0.65, respectively). The highest numbers of grounded birds were recorded in October (16.6%) and November (74.7%,) which coincided with the first flights of Cory’s Shearwater fledglings. "For five of six breeding species in Tenerife the peak of light-induced mortality occurred during the period when fledglings undertook their first flights." Fewer Cory’s Shearwater fledglings were found daily during full moon than during any other phase of the moon. If the full moon coincided with the first flight, that species had a lower number of fledglings ground.  "Geographically, the grounding of birds was more intensive in coastal cities and tourist resorts and the majority of rescues were carried out at an altitude of less than 400 m asl. Thus, more than 65% of birds were found in the municipalities of the southwest coast." Most grounded birds were fledglings.


StudySummary:
After the night of March 13-14, 1905, accounts of the destruction of large numbers of small brown birds (later identified as Lapland Longspurs) were printed in the papers of several Minnesota cities and villages. Dr. Dart was sent as a representative of the State Natural History Survey to gather all possible information on the event. Eight and nine days after the event, he went to Worthington and Slayton and studied the numbers and distributions of dead birds and interviewed residents who had been eye witnesses. Some of them reported on the proximity of the birds to the electric lights and wires in Worthington. In Slayton, the street lights were lit by gas and there were no wires. He systematically searched two lakes near Worthington and one lake near Slayton for carcasses. He also sent letters of inquiry to postmasters at about 23 villages in southwestern Minnesota. Eye-witnesses reported dead Lapland Longspurs in other nearby towns.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Dr. Dart visited Worthington on March 22, eight days after the mortality event. He gathered dead birds from the streets of the town and estimated the number of dead birds on two nearby frozen lakes by carefully counting the number of birds in selected 20-square-foot areas. He visited Slayton nine days after the event and looked for dead birds in the town and on a nearby lake. All other evidence is from eye-witness accounts.

DescriptionOfResults:
The mass mortality event occurred simultaneously in several towns and villages, and there is anecdotal evidence that the greatest destruction occurred near light sources. Dr. Dart concludes that after becoming confused by the darkness and heavy falling snow, the birds were “attracted by the lights of the towns.” In Worthington, villagers noted that on the night in question the longspurs seemed to be everywhere, but they were most numerous near streetlamps. In employee of the electric company states that the next morning dead birds were most numerous under the electric lights and wires, and the ground was “literally covered with them” in those areas. Based on the surveys on the two lakes near Worthington, Dr. Dart estimated that there were 750,000 Lapland Longspurs on the surface of the two lakes. In Slayton, where the streetlights were lit by gas and there were no electric wires, Dr. Dart found dead birds “everywhere in town” when he visited 9 days after the storm. Many villagers he interviewed reported collecting dead and live birds on the morning after the event. He did not find any dead birds on the lake near town, and one of the eye-witnesses reported not finding any dead birds outside of the village. Another eye-witness reported that “the birds were circling over the town and twittering as though lost and confused.” Many struck windows. After 10pm there were only three street lights burning in town, and dead birds were most numerous around these lamps. Based on the replies to his letters of inquiry sent to postmasters, Dr. Dart received reports of mortalities in other towns and estimated that the mass mortality event was spread across at least 1500 square miles.


StudySummary:
From 1987 to 1985, Kauai residents were asked to collect downed seabirds (live or dead Newell's Shearwater, Hawaiian Petrel, and Band-rumped Storm Petrel fledglings) and drop them off at one of twelve "shearwater aid stations" located across the island. Fallout date and location, and age of each bird were recorded at the aid stations, then state and federal wildlife personnel made daily collection runs to all the aid stations. The downed seabirds collected at Kauai Surf Hotel were also included. Nightly Shearwater fallout numbers were correlated with moonlight intensity.  To determine fallout locations, Kauai was divided into ten districts. Fallout intensity was compared to the amount of artificial light and in each district.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From 1987 to 1985, the state and federal personnel made daily collection runs to all twelve aid stations and Kauai Surf Hotel. Fallout date and location, and age of each bird were reported. Between 1000 and 1800 birds were collected each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
Between 1978 and 1985, the annual number of downed Newell's Shearwaters ranged between 1023 and 1836. Less than 3% of them were adults, and the author speculates that Shearwater adults are not strongly attracted to lights and likely collided with unseen utility wires in the dark. Furthermore, most fledglings collected were still alive, so they likely become disoriented or blinded by artificial lights, instead of crashing into structures. The fallout was concentrated around brightly-lit urban areas along flight paths of fledgling Shearwaters. There were also a few owned Hawaiian Petrels and Band-rumped Storm Petrels found. The author hypothesizes that there are at least five variables that may have contributed to the fluctuating fallout numbers: Shearwater productivity, efficacy of the salvage program, light-shielding experiment at Kauai Surf Hotel (1980-1983), amount of artificial lighting on Kauai, and amount of moonlight in relation to the fledgling peak period in October and November. Most of these could not be measured in a practical way, but the moon phase was the most important variable affecting daily fallout rates. When the moonlight intensity was high, the nightly fallout was low, and when the moonlight intensity was low, the nightly fallout was high.


StudySummary:
The study involved a voluntary group of individuals known as "Puffin Patrol" who would conduct nightly searches in the communities: Witless Bay, Mobile, Tors Cove, Burnt Cove, St. Michael’s and Bauline East between 9 p.m. and  2 a.m., either by car or with a flashlight. The number of volunteers varied each year. Live grounded Atlantic Puffins were captured with a butterfly net and were to be held overnight to be released in the morning. They volunteers recorded the weather and the moon conditions each night to examine how environmental conditions impacted the number of grounded fledglings.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Nightly surveys were conducted during the fledgling periods of 2011 and 2012 between the hours of 9pm and 2am. During the fledgling period in 2011 (August 7-29), 13 live and 10 dead fledgling Atlantic Puffins were captured. In 2012 (Aug 6 - Sept 5), 417 live fledgling Atlantic Puffins were captured and 82 dead fledglings were found.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2012, 97% of fledglings were captured between 6 and 21 August and the highest count occurred on 12 August (62 fledglings). The patrolling volunteers tended to find more grounded birds on nights when the visibility was low due to fog. From hourly visibility data they pulled information from Environment Canada’s National Climate Data and Information Archive to compare the qualitative visibility observations that was recorded by the Puffin Patrol and then compared the counts of live puffins found on nights with good visibility and the nights with poor visibility. They found there to be no significant difference “(t-test = -0.253, df = 14, P = 0.804).”
They found that the presence of the full moon offset the birds’ attraction to the artificial light. Using the data of nightly proportions of visible moon information (USNO 2012) and comparing that with the number of fledglings collected at each moon phase they came to a clear conclusion. Most birds were found around the 2 week window of the new moon. The number of fledglings collected during the peak fledging was lowest on the day of the new moon. This was most likely due to a storm that passed at night that might have influenced the fledglings to seek shelter for the night from the heavy winds and heavy rains. Figure two in the article is an excellent representation of this information. 
They found that cold and wet conditions in August 2011 resulted in hundreds of dead Atlantic Puffin chicks on the breeding slopes of the Gull and Great Islands that had died due to hypothermia.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Qibang Feng, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The study aims to report an experiment designed to test the effect of anthropogenic light (house lights) on collisions with a man-made object, and outside of the fledgling period when only adults are present at breeding colonies. On May 27, 2015, the researchers recorded data on collision incidents for six consecutive pairs of intervals in a specified location (the Island Office). For each pair of intervals, the house lights were left on as normal for 135 seconds, and then they were turned off for 135 seconds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The researchers conducted 6 sequential treatment intervals of lights on or off during a usually foggy night. The entire experiment started at 23:30hr and lasted 27 minutes. The lights were left normal for 135s and then turned off for 135s.

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers found a highly significant relationship between lighting condition and collision frequency. The collision rate in the presence of lighting was around 25 times that in its absence. There was an almost instantaneous reduction when the artificial lights were extinguished.


StudySummary:
On the night of September 7, 1949, birds were heard chirping around the Washington Monument, mild inclement weather was observed and some bird mortality was anticipated. Later, when the site was observed, no mortality was observed and very few birds were seen. Article also notes the presence of more bird vocalizations on the Monument grounds than in the city. Author notes the presence of two strong searchlights shining onto the Monument.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
At the site, chirps of migrating birds were heard from 9pm to 10pm. Predicting some bird mortality, the site was visited from 10:30pm to 11:30pm but no morality was observed.  The only birds observed were 5 small passerines "at one moment when the wind was somewhat strong and mist enveloped the summit."

DescriptionOfResults:
Observers searched for dead birds, but no mortalities were observed despite cloudy and drizzly conditions. The only birds seen were 5 passerines that flew past the monument. The article notes that since the addition of two strong searchlights, birds were observed being diverted from their course and attracted to the area, but there were fewer bird mortalities. The article also notes the observation of many birds vocalizing on the monument grounds near the artificial light (continual chirping), with less vocalizations heard in other areas of the city.


StudySummary:
The night of September 20th 1949, the observer witnessed groups of warblers fly in front of floodlights at a local ball park as it rained heavily in a local ball park in Washington D.C.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The groups of warblers that flew in front of the floodlight batteries consisted of 3-7 individuals. The groups came in from the north, flew to the lights in the south, then the lights in the north, before departing to the south. The event occurred at 9:30pm and lasted for about a minute or less.

DescriptionOfResults:
The groups of 3-7 warblers flew in from the north, flew to the lights on the south side of the field, then turned and flew to those on the north side, before turning again and flying away to the south. Each event only lasted a minute or less.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jamie Lam, Jacqueline Yang, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
From 2003 to 2013, 1,956 seabirds (133 dead on admission and 1,823 alive) were admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Gran Canaria Island, Spain. The most frequent cause of morbidity was fallout (25.81%), which the authors attributed to light pollution. Species, gender, age, locality, date and primary cause of admission, and final disposition of each bird were recorded. Trend analyses were applied to study differences in admission rates among years and seasons.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From 2003 to 2013, 1,956 seabirds were admitted to Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Species, gender, age, locality, date, primary cause of admission and final disposition of each bird was recorded. Final disposition of seabirds were categorized as euthanasia rate, unassisted mortality rate and release rate. 505 of these seabirds were admitted after being grounded (fallout) which the authors attribute to light pollution.

DescriptionOfResults:
Among the 1,823 alive seabirds admitted, 505 were admitted due to fallout, which the authors attributed to light pollution. Fallout was the most frequent cause of morbidity and admission (25.81%). All 505 of these seabirds were admitted alive. A higher number of seabirds were admitted during the fledgling periods of the breeding season between fall and summer. There were also seasonal differences in fallout, where cases were more prevalent in fall (χ2 = 18.64, P< 0.0001).


StudySummary:
The researchers first scouted potential capture areas for Common Eiders during the day using a boat or an aircraft. Researchers then performed the night-lighting attempts on an "inboard/outboard" motor boat and an open boat. Once a bird was located, either the headlights of the "inboard/outboard" boat or iodine lights in the open boat were used to disorient the bird. After night-lighting, a deep net was used to capture the bird.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Between 1970-1973, a total of 762 eiders were captured. An average of 38 birds were captured per night (range: 4-141).

DescriptionOfResults:
762 Common Eiders were captured via night lighting. Researchers described the reactions as "eiders became disoriented by the lights and usually dove, but sometimes scooted to avoid the boat." Researchers concluded that "Local American Eiders of both sexes can readily be captured by night-lighting." However, they also state that night-lighting and other capturing methods are expensive, difficult, and specific to local conditions.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to deter birds from sewage ponds with a rotating beam. They compared waterfowl abundance on ponds with and without the deterrent. The rotating beacon was moved at random from pond to pond on different nights. The number and species of waterfowl on the ponds at dawn were recorded. For each species on each night, the number of birds on the pond with the deterrent was compared to mean counts on the ponds without the deterrents.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The deterrent was deployed for six nights. On each night, the deterrent was used on one of the four ponds. Bird counts were conducted once each night, at dawn.

DescriptionOfResults:
Ducks were deterred, wading birds were not. Mean counts of total ducks were 90% lower on ponds with deterrents. Counts of wading birds were not affected by deterrent. The author notes that wading birds were "neither deterred nor attracted by the beacon."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to deter waterfowl from using toxic liquid storages. They deterred birds from a tailings retention system (TRS) with rotating beams, in conjunction with gas cannon deterrents. Birds and carcasses were counted each morning 12 months before and 24 months following the installation of the deterrent.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data was collected every morning for 36 months (12 months before and 24 months following the installation of deterrents). The article does not describe the total number of ponds or deterrents installed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Compared to the 12 months before deterrent installation, bird deaths were reduced to 1/3 of previous mortality counts while deterrents were being installed and to 1/6 of previous mortality counts after the installation was complete.


StudySummary:
During the month of September 2009 to 2014, the local community and volunteers in Mallaig collected and rescued grounded Manx Shearwaters, especially between 22:00 h and 01:00 h. A volunteer would systematically check the harbour on foot for grounded birds every day in September starting at 22:00 h. The local community was also advised to search in other parts of the village. Located birds were ringed, weighed and released far away from land. Wind direction, wind speed and visibility for each night was extracted along with the hourly moon illumination data. A predictive model was developed using moon illumination, wind conditions, and visibility to predict the daily quantity of birds that were recovered on the ground. This was to determine if local conditions of moon phase and onshore winds (visibility conditions) could affect grounding from artificial light. They recorded the locations of all grounded birds and compared the spatial distribution of grounded birds to estimated light intensities.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
1646 grounded Manx Shearwater were recorded between 2009 and 2014 in Mallaig. Surveys occurred every day in September, starting at 02:00 h.

DescriptionOfResults:
Of the 1646 birds recorded between 2009 and 2014, the highest number of grounding was reported in September 2012 with 45%. Low moon illumination increased the probability of groundings because greater ambient light from the moon may cause a diminution of attraction to artificial light. Onshore winds and strong westerly winds also contributed to higher probabilities of birds grounding. This is due to the westerly wind being the strongest wind direction (average of 9.2 knots) and the location of Mallaig being west of Rum, leading to a higher number of inexperienced fledglings being blown in the direction of the light pollution in Mallaig. Extreme visibilities (low and high) were associated with strong westerly winds and contributed to the high numbers of groundings from disorientating and pushing the birds towards Mallaig. Overall,  adverse weather conditions and cloudy, rainy nights can cause an increase in the numbers of groundings. Figure 2 shows that most of the grounded fledglings were found in the harbour area, which had the most light pollution, though fledglings were also found in the dark areas of the island.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jamie Lam, Kyle Tibayan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
From 1999 to 2003, variability in the diversity, distribution, and abundance patterns of seabirds within and among seasons along a vessel-based, fixed transect route from St. John's to oil platforms on the Grand Banks were surveyed. Fluctuations in species composition and abundance within seabird aggregations near offshore oil platforms were recorded using stationary surveys from vessels next to the platform. During the stationary surveys, they also recorded bird behaviours such as foraging on birds or fish attracted to the lights and circling behaviour around the light source. Data on the number of seabird mortality due to flaring and collisions with offshore platforms were collected. The species names, counts and behavioural descriptions were collected. Great Black-backed Gulls preyed upon fish attracted to the surface waters by the platform lighting.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
12 transect surveys from moving vessels were conducted from October 2001 to June 2003. The survey vessel travelled a total of 350 km from offshore support vessels to the hydrocarbon platforms. Observers recorded all birds and mammals within 300 meters of the vessel. 12 surveys were also conducted from stationary vessels next to the oil platform, with systematic hourly scans conducted throughout the day and night, recording all birds within 500m for 15 minutes at 1-hour intervals

DescriptionOfResults:
Bird densities were generally higher near the oil platform than in the surrounding water. Many factors, including artificial light, could have contributed to this effect. The abundance of birds near the platforms was episodic in nature and especially high in the late summer and fall. Storm-petrels and shearwaters were common during summer and fall. Based on incidental observations, large numbers of storm-petrels were observed to die in the flare or easily preyed on by gulls when they fall in the water after impact with the platform. Large groups of Great Black-backed Gulls that roosted on the platform during the day were observed foraging at night on fish attracted to the illuminated water.


StudySummary:
Observation of 6 common Kestrels and later, a Great Grey Shrike feeding by artificial light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Common kestrels were observed on august 13 and 14 1991 from sunset at 18:50 to 21:30 on the 13th, and 18:50-22:30 on the 14th. A single Great Grey Shrike was observed on April 28 1991 at 20:00, 37 minutes post-sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
Common Kestrels were seen feeding under the Jasna Góra on insects attracted by the artificial lights. Likewise, a Great Grey Shrike was observed in the streets of Wroclaw feeding on moths attracted to streetlamps.


StudySummary:
Observation of Coot feeding near artificial light on a road.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Coot feeding near light on 15 January 1982.

DescriptionOfResults:
The Coot was drawn to the illumination of an orange mercury-vapour light and would pick up and drop various small items like cigarette butts while searching for food. It is unclear what it was eating. When flushed by a dog-walker it moved to a nearby garden and was last seen feeding on scraps beneath a bird feeder. The text does not say whether the garden and feeder were also illuminated.


StudySummary:
Researchers located shearwaters and phalaropes using spotlights. Once a bird was located, the boat approached the birds at idle speed within 2-3m as a result of the spotlight. When they became close to the bird, a hoop-net was used to capture them. Two handlers then leaned over the boat and lifted the hood and retrieved the bird. The authors describe how the birds typically stayed motionless when approached with the spotlight, which they claimed would "pacify" the birds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Between 2005 to 2008, 17 Great shearwater and 16 Sooty shearwater were captured using night-lighting.
In 2007, 2 Red-necked phalarope and 0 Red phalaropes were captured using night-lighting.
In 2008, 7 Red-necked phalarope and 8 Red phalaropes were captured using night-lighting. 
On one occasion in 2008, an Atlantic Puffin was caught using night-lighting.

DescriptionOfResults:
Researchers stated the birds' reaction to the lights as "most birds stayed motionless as the boat approached" as well as "when on occasion a bird took flight pursuit time was short." In response to the light phalaropes also allowed the boat to approach the birds within 2-3 m. Researchers concluded that night-lighting using spotlights and nets were a useful technique for waterfowl, alcids, shearwaters, and phalaropes, however, it is limited by finding the birds over the water at night. Some advantages of spotlighting was the ability to approach skittish birds, its low impact, and its ability to target individual birds and a disadvantage was that there was more danger associated with nighttime visibility. They also did combine chumming and nightlighting together, which was effective. The spotlight was used to "pacify" birds for capture.


StudySummary:
Using the "approaching technique" they located Yellow Rails by their calls where one person shined a spotlight on the bird in an attempt to immobilize it and then another captured the bird with a hand net, both without making any sudden movements. If the bird wasn't stunned, then they would be chased on the ground. This technique was used in 1993. This technique was improved upon by combining it with another part of the study (the "waiting" technique). What they did was they would imitate the clicking call made by territorial males and wait for a rail to approach. They then would attempt to capture by shining a light on them. This technique was used from 1994-1995.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They made 330 capture attempts on the rails. 183 of these were successful (55.5% success rate). The combination of both the "waiting" and "approaching" technique was the most successful individually at a success rate of 78.3%. The waiting technique by itself was in the middle at 57.5%. The approaching technique was the least successful overall, at a rate of 38.6%. 66.7% of the birds were captured by waiting, 9.3% by approaching, and 24.0% by approaching after waiting was unsuccessful.

DescriptionOfResults:
They made 330 capture attempts on the rails. 183 of these were successful (55.5% success rate). 66.7% of the birds were captured by waiting, 9.3% by approaching, and 24.0% by approaching after waiting was unsuccessful.  Combining both the "waiting" and "approaching" method was the most successful way to capture. This led to them almost always combining the methods in 1994-1995 (more so than in 1993). It was found that the birds were both immobilized by the light, but also attempted to flee at times. The authors did not specify the method in which they fled but mentioned that they had to chase them to catch them at times.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Qibang Feng, Fares Mandour, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of moonlight and wind on the effectiveness of night-lighting bird capture. The researchers used 16 years of data from the Ontario Waterfowl Airboat Banding Program to quantify the effect of ambient light from the moon and wind speed on flighted waterfowl capture rate. During the experiment period, two crew members were standing at the bow of an airboat and used bright halogen floodlights and a hand-held spotlight, as well as a steady loud noise. The airboat operator would search 20-100 m ahead of the boat to find a duck with a spotlight. They would then remove the spotlight and approach at a consistent speed (5-7 km/hr). As the bird came into view of the floodlights, the operator would shine the spotlight onto the bird to startle it. They would then capture the bird with a net or by hand.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In total, 34,285 ducks were captured and banded over the 361 nights of trapping from 1996-2011

DescriptionOfResults:
In total, 34,285 ducks were captured and banded over the 361 nights of trapping from 1996-2011 The operators would use the spotlight to locate a target bird, then remove the spotlight from the bird as the boat approached. Once within 5-10m, the operator would focus the spotlight on the bird to "startle and confuse" it and allow the netter to capture it. Authors do not note any immobilization responses. Birds flushed by flying or swimming away. The researcher concluded there was an increasing rate of decline in capture rate when the moon was > 75% full in all species. Increasing wind speed was positively correlated with capture rate for some species, but had no significant effect on capture rate for most species analyzed.


StudySummary:
The research was to test the effects of disturbance on local movements of radio-tagged woodcocks in relation to banding experiments. 16 woodcocks were experimented on. Each bird was located twice daily but left undisturbed until it established a regular pattern of movement between a diurnal covert and a nocturnal roost (for about 5 days). Following that, researchers attempted to simulate banding operations by night-lighting, capturing, handling, and then releasing the birds. After disturbance, most birds were not molested for 6 days and then were again flushed at night. Three of them were disturbed nightly or every other night to determine their reaction to repeated harassment. The researchers collected data on the birds' diurnal and nocturnal locations to determine whether or not each bird returned to the diurnal covert it had used on the previous day and, if not, how many days until the bird returned to that covert. For the nocturnal locations, they determined whether or not each bird returned to the site where it had been disturbed and how many nights it took before the bird returned. They compared these responses to the behaviour of a group of radio-tagged birds studied during 2 previous years consisting of the same age and sex composition, but left undisturbed after the initial capture for radio-tagging.

DescriptionOfResults:
All birds were reported to have flushed when night-lighted. This is quoted as a common reaction to night-lighting. After the night of disturbance, 10/16 woodcock returned to the diurnal covert they occupied the pervious day. 2 birds went to an older site and 4 birds went to a completely new site. The 4 woodcocks later returned to their original covert within three days. Nocturnal behavioural patterns changed significantly. Only 4/16 birds returned to their original roosting site, 1 went to a previously occupied area and 11 went to an entirely new area. 5 failed to return to the site of night-lighting after 6 days, but 4 of the birds frequented predisturbance areas. 3 birds were flushed twice with 6-13 days all of them moved to new roosting sites after the second disturbance. Three other birds were flushed 5-6 times with no more than 2 days between disturbance. 1/3 persisted in using the same field, moving to slightly different positions each night; the other 2 changed sites on 7/10 nights. All birds remained within the same locality, with only one bird flying more than 1 km from the study area.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Julia Lee, Kyle Tibayan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
In the autumn of 1993 and 1994, systematic surveys were conducted along power lines in southern and eastern Kauai to observe mortality rates of Newell's Shearwater fledglings. Attraction by artificial lights was one of the variables that were measured to determine causes of collisions that led to bird mortality. The surveys involved both driving and walking along set routes to look for downed Shearwaters (alive or dead). The data was then supplemented with incidental reports from Save Our Shearwaters (SOS) program from 1987 - 1994, during which citizens were encouraged to report or bring in downed birds. They used the data collected by the SOS program to develop hypotheses and to estimated detection probability of dead birds in areas that were covered by their systematic surveys and by the SOS program.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They uses SOS data from 1987-1994. During June-July of 1993, the authors made counted dead shearwaters on their daily commute between the north shore and the south shore (70 km). During October 4-27 of 1993, a 61 km-long south shore route (total 10 times) and a 54 km-long east shore route (total 8 times), covering the majority of coastal power lines, were driven on an alternating basis to look for downed Shearwater fledglings (alive or dead) within several meters from the immediate roadway. From October 4th to 13th, the circuit was driven twice in the evening (19:00-02:00) and once in the morning (before 12:00). From October 13th to 27th, the circuit was driven twice in the evening only (19:00-02:00). During October 5-17 and October 27-November 12 of 1994, the circuit was driven twice in the evening only (19:00-02:00), for a total of 12 times for each route. Within the same date range, volunteers drove in the evenings (20:00-22:00) the south shore route for a total of 15 times and the north shore route for a total of 21 times. During all the systematic surveys, the fallout location, general light intensity of the area, traffic level, and condition of the downed birds were recorded.

DescriptionOfResults:
Newell's Shearwater adult and sub-adult mortality rates at power lines calculated in summers of 1993-1994 were not correlated with the power lines' proximity to artificial lights. On the other hand, Newell's Shearwater fledgling mortality rate observed in autumns of 1993-1994 increased with the power lines being in greater proximity to artificial lights. At least 340 fledglings died each year due to collision along power lines in both coastal and urban areas. However, only a few adults and no sub-adults died in the same time range. The authors conclude that fledglings that successfully fly to sea may be attracted back to land by coastal lights then collide into power lines and fall to their deaths.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Megan Diep, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose was to observe the effects weather has on bird mortality during migration seasons. Through 4 migration seasons, bird mortalities were surveyed daily at the Omega Navigation Station in North Dakota. "The location and condition of each bird were recorded as it was collected." Differences in mortality between fall and spring migrations, as well as cloud-cover were reported. Differences in bird families mortalities during overcast or non-overcast nights were reported. Weather data was gathered hourly from the Federal Aviation Administration Flight Service Station.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The migration periods studies began in 1972 from March 30- June 4 (Spring), and in August 1- November 15 (Fall), and continued into 1973 from April 2- June 2 (Spring), and August 12- November 3 (Fall).  Daily searches for mortalities around the tower occurred at dawn. A total of 323 birds were collected after overcast nights, with 240 after non-overcast nights. 250 mortalities were recorded during the Spring migrations, with 313 mortalities during the Fall. Throughout the entire study, 563 mortalities were observed.

DescriptionOfResults:
Most fall mortality was observed on overcast nights, as migrants were observed to congregate around the structure, resulting in their death by collision. During the spring, more mortality occurred on non-overcast nights as the birds were affected more by favourable winds and migrants seemingly avoided the structure. Many of the mortalities that occurred on these nights were far from the central structure and caused by the outlying wires and cables.


StudySummary:
During the 2014 and 2015 fledging periods (from 19 April to 5 May), Rodriguez and colleges systematically captured and assessed short-tailed shearwater fledglings from a colony, a beach, and nearby roads on Phillip Island to compare their body condition. In this map, we only describe the collection of grounded or beach-washed birds, which occurred at the beach and the road. The authors surveyed the beach at sunrise to look for grounded birds. Park rangers surveyed and collected birds grounded on the main roads by lights. The results of these surveys for year 1999-2013 are described in Rodriguez et al. 2014 (also included in this map), while this study reports on the results from 2014 and 2015 and includes the additional surveys on the beach. They only report the number of live birds and whole carcasses found, not the number of partially eaten or damaged carcasses. Based on Figure 1 in Rodriguez et al. 2014, we can see that the beach had very little light pollution relative to the road. The authors state that the main sources of light pollution are streetlights, vehicles on the road, and private properties.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The details of the road surveys are described in Rodriguez et al. 2014 (also included in this map). The road  surveys were conducted each night (between 17:00 and 22:30) and morning before sunrise (between 05:30 and 07:00). Few details on the beach surveys are provided.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 2014, 14 live birds were found on the road and none were collected on the beach. The number of dead birds in each location is not provided. In 2015, they captured 128 live birds on the beach and 342 on the roads. They only report dead birds whose carcasses were whole, which included 2 on the beach and 56 on the road.


StudySummary:
The researchers conducted two types of spotlight surveys to count the Scripps Murrelets. The first was a standard survey which consisted of 2 parallel transects of 1.9 km each. These surveys were conducted in 3 nightly periods (times in PST, all between sunset and sunrise): evening (21:00-00:00), night (00:00-03:00) and morning (03:00-sunrise). The second was a round-island surveys of 19.2 km which circumnavigated all 3 islets between 200 m and 400 m from the shore, also conducted at night. Surveys were conducted in an inflatable craft by navigating along the transects in slow speeds using a GPS. Using a spotlight, the observer slowly passed the beam across a 90 degree arc from port beam to the bow to count all the murrelets, then repeated starting from starboard. They made limited observations of the birds' behavioural responses to the spotlight (e.g. flushing or approaching the vessel).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
130 standard spotlight surveys over 58 nights in 2001-2006

DescriptionOfResults:
The researchers stated that they "did not fix the beam directly on the individuals during spotlight surveys to avoid causing the birds to flush or move away from the vessel."  Researchers noted that "flying and flushed birds comprised only a small proportion (roughly 10%)" and "We very rarely observed diving or surfacing murrelets during the spotlight surveys." Few birds appeared to be attracted to or disoriented by the light. "Attraction to the survey vessel did not appear to be an issue during spotlight surveys. Swimming murrelets did not approach the vessel and the few flying birds that approached did so because they were disoriented by the spotlight rather than attracted to the vessel."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to develop a more effective strategy for capturing Double-crested Cormorants. Using a technique described by King et al. (1994), they attached floodlights to a boat, flushing the birds out of the trees they roosted in and then captured them with a large fishing net.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They captured more than 200 cormorants with the spotlight technique with 2 fatalities. No other statistics provided on this specific technique in the paper.

DescriptionOfResults:
They captured more than 200 cormorants with the spotlight technique with 2 fatalities. The birds would flush from their roosting trees when the floodlights were shone on them. The authors reported that this technique was the most effective for winter nights and that there is no other method that is as effective. The treatments were most effective  on very dark, still nights without any moon or artificial (city) lights and in remote lakes and oxbows.


StudySummary:
To determine the effects of a hazing-light system, the authors observed flight behaviour of Common and King Eiders using radar, binoculars, and night-vision equipment as they passed an artificial oil production island with flashing light deterrents. During data collection, deterrents were turn on/off every hour (60 min. on, 60 min off).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations were made for 20 nights during fall migration each year from 2001-2004. Each night, ~20 sampling sessions were conducted, each lasting 25 minutes, half of them with the hazing lights on and half with hazing lights off.

DescriptionOfResults:
Compared to when the lights were off, flight velocities when lights were on were lower at night but higher during the day. Number of targets passing per hour was not affected by lights. Lights had a non-statistically significant effect on flight behaviour: more course changes as eiders approached the island, greater angular changes when the changed course, and larger net increases in distance from the island as they passed.


StudySummary:
They located American Crow roosts in the urban area of Woodland, California and compared site characteristics (including ambient light levels) of roosts sites to random sites. The study also compared the characteristics of seasonal and year-round roosts. Other anthropogenic disturbances measured at trees included discrete measures of traffic volume, parked vehicles, and pedestrian activity.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Roost surveys were conducted weekly between September 1992 and July 1994. The authors recorded 87 roost trees (39) or multi-tree roosts (48) and 62 randomly-selected nonroost trees from August 1992 through July 1994. For multi-tree roosts, 1 randomly-selected tree was used for measurement. For control trees, only those with a dbh >/= 10.2 cm were considered.  On 3 occasions in 1992, they took ambient nighttime light measurements at the four cardinal directions at the base of 10 randomly selected roost trees and 10 random nonroost trees, and averaged these values for a total of 30 light measurements for roost trees and 30 for random trees. Temperature measurements were conducted at 5 randomly-selected roost trees and 5 random trees.

DescriptionOfResults:
Night-time light levels were higher at roost trees (6.0 lux) than at non-roost trees (0.4 lux).


StudySummary:
The author studied urban nest site selection by Western Kingbirds. She identified nest sites using nest surveys. She measured environmental variables, including distance to artificial light, at nest-sites and at randomly chosen sites in the study area. She describes these random sites as unused sites, indicating that she was certain that there were no nests at these sites. She used logistic regression to determine which environmental variables best discriminated between used and unused sites.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
She located nests via foot surveys from beginning on 24 April in 2005 and 23 April in 2006. She searched for nests at least once a week, checking all possible nesting structures. She conducted the surveys at least once a week until no new nests were located (15 August in 2005 and 19 August in 2006). She Identified 108 nest sites, but did not include nest sites for which there were duplicate values in the environmental covariates. The reduced dataset used for analysis included 43 nest sites and 41 unused sites.

DescriptionOfResults:
The author found no effect of distance to artificial light on roost site selection. Light was not included in any of the top models (delta AIC < 2).


StudySummary:
The authors tested the efficacy of lasers as a deterrent for cormorants for the purpose of deterring them from catfish aquaculture ponds. They recorded reactions of captive cormorants lasers while on ponds in pens.  They pointed the laser beam sequentially at each individual for 5 to 30 seconds and recorded how long the laser was on the individual before it responded. Responses of birds were categorized as flying, rapid swimming, slow swimming, diving, waking or no response (movement of less than 5m).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Desman Laser: A total of 228 trials (1 bird/trial) were conducted on 7 consecutive nights; Dissuader Laser: A total of 105 trials (one bird/trial) over 5 consecutive nights. With the Desman laser, they started each daily trial 2 h before sunset and continued the trial 20 minutes after sunset. With the Dissuader laser they started each daily trial at sunset and continued the trial to 40 minutes after sunset. Then, they pointed the laser beam sequentially at each individual for 5 to 30 seconds in both test groups from a 4-m high enclosed tower, approximately 10 to 15 m away and recorded their responses.

DescriptionOfResults:
Out of 333 focal-bird trials, only 8 birds responded to the lasers.


StudySummary:
Purpose was to determine the efficacy of the Desman laser and other selected laser devices in dispersing Double-crested Cormorants from their night roosts. From January through March 2000, they conducted 6 field trials with the Desman laser and 5 field trials with the Dissuader laser at cormorant roosts in the delta region of Mississippi and western Alabama. Recorded changes in number of cormorants at roost after 1-3 nights of harassment with laser deterrents.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Desman Laser: 6 roosts, each with at least 1000 birds, were tested. Treatment applied at each roost for 1-3 nights, with treatments lasting 12-133 minutes/night. Dissuader laser: 5 roosts, each with at least 1000 birds, were tested. Each roost tested once. One trial at a different roost each night. Each trial lasted 22-81 minutes

DescriptionOfResults:
Both lasers were consistently effective at reducing cormorant numbers by at least 90% after 1 to 3 evenings of harassment.


StudySummary:
On September 15th, 1956, approximately 500 birds (mainly Warblers) were observed passing through a ceilometer beam in Albany Airport and about 230 were found dead on the ground. There were many small birds perched nearby, apparently uninured but unwilling to fly. Most birds in the area were flying low, with few birds seen flying over a 100 feet off the ground. Birds were seen in "low flight near terminal buildings, runways and parking areas." Observations continued until 6:30, approximately half an hour after it had become light. The authors state that they counted birds within the immediate vicinity of the ceilometer, but it is unclear how systematic their survey was.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
At 1:30 am September 15, 1956, 500 birds were observed for 4 hours during a "ceilometer phenomena". A few birds were observed perched on window sills, guard rails and bushes, seemingly uninjured yet unwilling to fly. Over dead 200 birds were counted within the immediate vicinity of the ceilometer. At around 6:30 in the morning, most birds left the vicinity, leaving behind the dead and injured.

DescriptionOfResults:
The observer estimated that 500 birds were passing through the ceilometer beam. Other birds were flying low near the airport buildings. A few were perched nearby and apparently unwilling to fly. The observer counted 200 dead birds (and an extra 30 at a later time), which were collected for tabulation and identification. It is unclear how systematic their search was.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to find a more efficient way of capturing Double-crested Cormorants. They used small boat fitted for comfortable nightlight capturing from November-March 1990-1993. Three 500-W floodlights were mounted onto a bow rail for visibility, and 2 hand-held spotlights (400,000-1,000,000 candlepower) were used for spotlighting the Cormorants directly. Once the birds were located and spotlighted, they captured them with a landing net. Two people are required for this operation, one operates the boat and the spotlight, the other nets the birds. They waited 30 minutes after dark at least and approached a roost, attempting to cause the birds to flush, then they pointed the boat at a bird and aimed the spotlight at the target bird. The second crew member then netted the bird. The authors describe various behavioural reactions of the birds to the spotlights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They attempted captures of cormorants from November-March of 1990-1993, capturing 115 cormorants with this technique.

DescriptionOfResults:
They attempted captures of cormorants from November-March of 1990-1993, capturing 115 cormorants with this technique. In 1993, the rate of capture was 2.5 cormorants/hour (33 cormorants in 13 hours). They reported that the birds seemed disoriented by the lights and noise from the generator. If they were approached slowly the birds formed a tight group, allowing easy capture. If the birds were approached at too fast a speed, they would fly towards the light on the capture boat. If the birds were alone, they would be more wary than when in a flock and would swim and dive away.


StudySummary:
They did not go into the details of the method in which they spotlighted the birds. They based it off of a study by Drewien and Clegg 1992.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They attempted the spotlighting method on 4 separate days and did not make a single successful attempt

DescriptionOfResults:
They did not have a single successful capture attempt when using their spotlight method. This may indicate that the birds fled from the spotlight, though they do not discuss in the paper any explanations for the failure or descriptions of how the Brolgas behaved in response to the spotlight. They mentioned that although this method was unsuccessful in their study, it has been proven to work in other studies.


StudySummary:
The authors used night-lighting to capture ducks and other marsh birds in shallow marshes. In a boat, they mounted 2, 12-volt 100-watt aircraft landing lights, one on a football helmet on the person at the front of the boat and the other mounted on a hand grip by the motor operator. When a bird was located, the second light was switched off and a 16-inch wide dip net was readied by the person at the front of the boat (hence why their light is on a helmet). The spotlight on the helmet would then be shone on the bird and a capture attempt would be made with the dip net. The authors report on capture success rates and behavioural responses to the spotlight.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They captured 5,804 ducks (of a variety of species) over 164 nights from 1965-1968 during July and August at different rates each year. On average, they captured 5.4 ducks/crew hour and 31 ducks/night over the 4 year period. Marshes could be worked on multiple nights in a row.

DescriptionOfResults:
They captured 5,804 ducks (of a variety of species) over 164 nights from 1965-1968 during July and August at different rates each year. On average, they captured 5.4 ducks/crew hour and 31 ducks/night over the 4 year period. The noted that that behavioural responses to the light varied among and within species. They noted that the ducks "moved away from the noise and lights" but did not directly specify the type of flee response observed. They don't state whether or not any birds appeared to be immobilized by the spotlight. They described which species were easier to capture. Blue-winged teal of all age groups were captured easily. Green-winged teals, shovelers, pintails, and mallards were more difficult to capture and wood ducks were the most difficult. Divers were generally harder to capture than puddle ducks, with the exception of redheads, which were as easily captured as blue-winged teal. The spotlighting method was found to be very effective in capturing waterfowl and the authors stated that this method could easily be implemented in the marshes of the Dakotas, Saskatchewan and generally within Canada/ Weather conditions changed the reactions of the ducks capable of flight, but didn't alter the catchability of local birds. Immatures and flying adults were more easily caught on dark, foggy and rainy nights. Wind hindered catch effectiveness. They noted this was found in other studies as well. Capture was most effective in areas with at least 2 ft of water and stands of marshy plants that were completely or partially penetrable with the boat.


StudySummary:
On October 5, 1953, nocturnal migrants were observed flying in a ceilometer beam at Memphis International Airport. Weather conditions were mild and cloud ceiling varied from when the birds were first noted at 7:15pm (ceiling was 700 feet) and increased until it disappeared at 11:40pm. The authors make various observations of bird behaviour around the ceilometer beam. Birds were said to be observed circling the ceilometer beam, and some were observed feeding on flying insects. Others (including a Black-crowned Night Heron and Green Heron), seemed to pass directly over without a noticeable pause. The following morning, the author and his wife searched for birds around the light and they estimated that 10-20 birds were grounded. The authors conducted further observations of migration from October 19-25, but only mention checking the ceilometer on the night of October 23red, and no birds were seen or found.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations at the ceilometer were made on October 5, 1953 from 7:15pm to 10:30pm. The ceilometer was checked again on October 23 from 7:55 pm to 8:20 pm.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors make various observations of bird behaviour around the ceilometer beam. Birds were said to be observed circling the ceilometer beam, and some were observed feeding on flying insects. Others (including a Black-crowned Night Heron and Green Heron), seemed to pass directly over without a noticeable pause. Common Nighthawks were observed foraging on flying insects in the ceilometer beam. The following morning, the author and his wife searched for birds around the light and they estimated that 10-20 birds were grounded. The authors conducted further observations of migration from October 19-25, but only mention checking the ceilometer on the night of October 23rd, and no birds were seen or found.


StudySummary:
This paper was created as a document to refer back to in order to find an efficient method of spotlighting birds that was found to be effective with certain species in the Northern Territory, Australia. The author recommends going to  an open area at night where birds are likely to be found. Using a high powered spotlight, flash the light to the bird and capture them with a hand net, making sure to keep the light on the bird until they are captured by the net.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors found that when the spotlight was shown on the birds, they would most often be either "picked up or flushed" by the light. They then recommend keeping the light on the bird and approaching until close enough to net it. They do not describe any immobilization response to the light. They list 5 species who for which this method is "excellent" and an additional 8 species for which "it should also be successful."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of this night-lighting technique on Xantus' Murrelets as they are quite sensitive to other capture techniques for research (namely, mist netting and nest-trapping techniques). From 21:00-5:00, a capture crew typically consisting of a driver, a spotlight operator and a dip net handler would go out and attempt to capture Xantus' Murrelets. They would scan around the nearshore area they were with the hand-held spotlight, and when a bird was found, the spotlight operator focused the beam on the one bird (or group of birds) as the boat approached. As the driver approached to be at least within 1 m of the murrelet, then the netter would attempt to capture it. The authors describe their capture success rates and the behavioural responses of the birds to the light. They also captured some murrelets after they were apparently attracted to deck lights and came aboard the boat.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During April & May of 1995-1997, they captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (including 34 recaptures) and took 121.9 hours over 22 nights to do so with an average capture rate of 4.7 murrelets/hour. The most murrelets captured per hour was 12.3 murrelets/hr. 19 murrelets were attracted to the deck lights and were captured aboard the research vessel.

DescriptionOfResults:
From 1995-1997, they captured 575 Xantus' Murrelets (including 34 recaptures) and took 121.9 hours over 22 nights to do so with an average capture rate of 4.7 murrelets/hour. The effect of the spotlight on these birds varied. Some birds remained still (immobilized) as they approached, where as others were deterred and fled in a variety of response (diving, flying or swimming slowly). In addition, some were stated to have flushed in an unspecified manner. They did not state the number of birds that were immobilized versus deterred from the spotlight. They worked in a variety of weather conditions, but they had the most success with capture on "dark, overcast or foggy nights with calm seas." Additionally, 19 murrelets that were attracted by the deck lights and captured on the boat. The authors do not give more details about the conditions under which these birds came aboard.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Shza El Maadawy, Amna Akhtar, Vita Wen, Saba Gul, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The author constructed and tested the Fixed-beam ceilometer technique for visual studies of nocturnal migration. The author made observations of bird flight behaviour in the beam, noting that "very few birds were affected by the light; most flew through the beam without hesitation of deviation in direction." Each birds' flight direction was recorded in clock coordinates. He also noted that no bird casualties were observed at the ceilometer over the 2-year study period.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study lasted 2 years, including the spring and fall migration seasons in 1965 and 1966. Details on how often observations were recorded are not provided.

DescriptionOfResults:
According to the author, most birds were visible at altitudes ranging from 1000ft to 2100ft, while passerines below 1500ft were distinct and those above 1500ft were clearly visible. The quantity of migration was reduced below solid cloud cover(less than 2000ft) and the number of migrants increased after midnight and decreased before dawn. The author notes that most migrants flew north in spring and southwest in fall, indicating that the ceilometer beam was not changing their direction. "Very few birds were affected by the light; most flew through the beam without hesitation or deviation. No kills of migrants were recorded at either of these ceilometers during the two year period."


StudySummary:
This study was carried out in 2008 to 2009 reporting light-induced groundings of Cory's shearwater in São Miguel Island. Data on groundings were collected as part of the SOS Cagarro campaign, which involves local media asking people to collect grounded birds and a group of volunteers patrolling the streets nightly during the fledging season (October and November) to rescue grounded birds. During these rescues, the exact place and date for each rescued bird was recorded. The authors investigated the spatial correlation of locations of grounded birds and artificial light, using artificial light data from the 2008 composite of DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Data. They used GLMs with the response variables of 1) number of bird grounded and 2) distance of grounded birds from the colonies. The explanatory variables included 1) light intensity at the grounding locations, 2) ratio of light intensity at grounding location to that at the colony, and 3) colony size.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the months of October and November of 2008 and 2009, 769 Cory's shearwaters were found grounded on streets and roads on São Miguel. The survey protocols are not described.

DescriptionOfResults:
In this study, 26 colonies are analyzed and 769 Cory Shearwater was collected. 87% of the grounded birds were located on 4 of the 26 colonies. These 4 colonies were amongst the 5 colonies that were most exposed to artificial night lighting. More than 80% of the grounded birds were collected in areas of medium (DN 20-40) or high (DN>40) light pollution. In the model predicting the distance flown from colony to grounding locations, the best explanatory variable was the ratio of light-levels at the grounding spot to those at the colony of origin. The light intensity at the grounding location was also significant, but it was outperformed by the exposure ratio.


StudySummary:
Through 5 fall migration periods 1962-1966, at the WCTV tower at Tall Timbers Research Station in Florida, daily logs were kept bird mortality counts and weather data. the nights were classified for the presence/absence of north winds, clouds, and rain. Groups of nights with different combinations of weather conditions were compared for their number of bird mortalities. The mortality rates between clear nights/ cloudy nights, and north winds/ south winds are reported. The conditions leading up to a tropical storm during one of the migration periods and bird behaviour is also reported.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Fall migrations period bird mortality counts with corresponding weather data were made from August 24- November 15, 1962-1966 every day in the morning, totalling 420 nights. Throughout the survey, 8123 birds were killed, while nights with north winds had 6744 mortalities, nights with south winds had 1379 mortalities. 214 nights were classified as cloudy and had 6686 mortalities, the other 206 clear nights had 1437 mortalities. Only 32 of the 420 nights had no mortalities and on 36 nights more than 50 birds were killed, with 10 nights exceeding 100 mortalities. Total numbers of bird mortalities corresponding with number of nights with no clouds, clouds, and clouds and rain are presented in Table 1 along with wind direction (North or South).

DescriptionOfResults:
This study reports on 4 findings from the WCTV tower mortality and weather data: "(1) kills occur virtually every night in autumn (out of all 420 days, only 32 had no mortalities), (2) kills result during south winds as well as north winds, but north winds result in greater kills than south winds, (3) large kills usually result during the passage of cold fronts, and (4) overcast skies affect (increase) the number of birds killed whether with north or south winds." On 47 nights more than 50 birds were killed, with 10 exceeding 100 mortalities.

Locations of carcasses found along the tower with corresponding surface weather maps for September 24-30, 1965 are summarized in Figure 1.


StudySummary:
The purpose was to observe the effect of the gas flare on bird attraction and mortality. At 2100H on September 19th 1981, the author reported seeing an estimated 300 Arctic Warblers, 120 flava wagtails, and other species of small passerines as well as around 300 Northern Phalaropes around an offshore gas flare on the Tembungo Oil Terminal Platform. Strong winds were reported, as the development of typhoon 'Clara' was developing but visibility was reported as clear. Visual observations were made by the author.  Many passerines were seen flying too close to the flare and perishing. The author reported that most birds avoided the flare but remained attracted to it and continued to circle. When the author returned the following morning, no birds were visible.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The author observed the birds from 9 pm to midnight.

DescriptionOfResults:
At 2100H on September 19th 1981, the author reports seeing an estimated 300 Arctic Warblers, 120 flava wagtails, and other species of small passerines as well as around 300 Northern Phalaropes. When the author returned the following morning, no birds were visible. Many different species of small passerines were seen circling the gas flare. The author described how they "wheeled around in a hapless mass." Many of the warblers "were seen to stray too close to the bright flare and perish." Most of the birds did not perish, but circled the flare continuously, not resting even though a platform was available to them or returning to shore. No Northern Phalaropes were seen to perish but flocks did swarm around the lighted area.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to compare ceilometer incidents at Knoxville and Nashville international airport on one night in 1951 and one night in 1954, and determine if the species composition of nocturnal migrants (as sampled by ceilometer mortality) was significantly different. They reported the number of each species collected at each ceilometer. The manner in which the carcasses were collected is not described.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
"On the night of October 7-8, 1951 there were 1044 identifiable dead birds of 46 species at Knoxville" as well as "448 dead birds and 40 species at Nashville". On October 6-7, 1954, "there were 267 dead birds of 26 species at Knoxville and 255 dead birds of 21 species at Nashville."

DescriptionOfResults:
"On the night of October 7-8, 1951 there were 1044 identifiable dead birds of 46 species at Knoxville" as well as "448 dead birds and 40 species at Nashville". On October 6-7, 1954, "there were 267 dead birds of 26 species at Knoxville and 255 dead birds of 21 species at Nashville."


StudySummary:
The researchers studied the nocturnal passage of birds using a stationary headlight set up on the ground facing the flying birds. Birds were either observed visually or captured using a mist net that was positioned behind the headlight and a hoisting net that was positioned in front of the headlight. The authors state that they recorded "The ways of behaviour of birds in front of the light and their evaluation," but they do not report these observations in the article.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In 1984-1988 during 84 nights (24 nights in spring, 60 nights in autumn), a total of 1,444 birds of 42 species were caught another 18 species were either registered visually or acoustically.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 1984-1988 during 84 nights, a total of 1,444 birds of 42 species were caught another 18 birds were either registered visually or acoustically. The authors recorded the birds' reactions but did not state them in this paper, and so we are unable to state a certain outcome.


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to recapture previously captured and radio-tagged mountain quail in order to replace the batteries to better track and conserve the population of mountain quail in the area (which is being reduced). They used a combination of triangulating the birds with telemetry, as well as using their headlamps to find the radio-tagged birds at night. Then, one person (out of two) searched for the quail using a high power handheld spotlight. Once a quail was detected, they switched off the high power light and attempted to capture the bird with their capture apparatus. This consisted of a halogen light attached to the base of a net rim that had an extendable handle. They extended the net slowly over the roosting mountain quail as the light shone on them to avoid a flush. They report on the general lack of flee behaviour in the quail and their recapture success rate.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They successfully recaptured 23/25 (92%) of the birds that they had tagged in years prior. The do not report how many nights they spent trapping.  They trapped mountain quail only during the new moon phase to avoid the impact of natural light and on nights with NO precipitation to avoid displacing the quail in adverse weather.

DescriptionOfResults:
They successfully recaptured 23/25 (92%) of the birds that they had tagged in years prior. They captured 7 of 23 (30%) quail on the ﬁrst attempt, 8 (35%) on the second attempt, and 8 (35%) on the third attempt coming in at a total of 23. They also captured 4 non-radio-marked yearlings and 1 adult in the process of attempting to capture radio-tagged mountain quail. The authors state that "Mountain qual appear to remain roosting and motionless when targeted by the spotlight," but 70% were not captured on the first attempt. These birds flushed and frequency landed less than 30 meters away. The netting technique was stated to have many advantages, specifically in relation to their new capture apparatus with the spotlight attached to the net. This avoids any illumination of the netter and may reduce the chance that the bird flushes.


StudySummary:
They studied 20 overnight roosts to analyze the roosting preferences of Rainbow Lorikeets. Data were collected at 20 roost sites throughout the city during the non-breeding season. Each site was visited twice. On the first visit, the number and location of roost trees were recorded. 166 roost trees were identified. During the second visit, the characteristics of each roost tree, the approximate number of birds in the tree, and site characteristics were recorded. To compare roost trees with other trees, the authors randomly selected 166 non-roost trees and sampled for the same characteristics. Non-roost trees were selected randomly from streets, parks, and car parks int he area that were located within approximately a 10-minute walking distance from the roost to avoid overlap of site characteristics. In the roost trees, the bird abundances were scores as follows: 0=0 birds ;1=1–5 birds; 2=6–10; 3=11–20; 4=21–50; 5 =>50. Environmental features measured included distance from the base of the tree truck to the nearest tress, street light, road, building, railway station, water body, and bushland or park. They quantified human activity in the area using the Human Activity Index (HAI), which included distance to the nearest building and railway track, tree-height class, night-time traffic volume on the nearest road, occurrence of pedestrians, and night-time vehicle parking. They also measured characteristics of the trees, such as total tree height, width, and foliage density.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data were collected at 20 roost sites with a total of 144 roost trees. They were compared to 144 non-used roost trees. Each site was visited twice between 5 March and 3 Jun 2010

DescriptionOfResults:
Roost trees were closer to street lights and had a higher Human Activity Index than non-roost trees. In a univariate logistic regression comparing roost trees to non-roost trees, the odds of the tree being a roost tree decreased by 10% for every 1 meter further the tree was from lights. Multivariate models did not achieve good model fit. The authors do not report on any influence of distance to street light on abundance of lorikeets at the roosts.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Qibang Feng, Jacqueline Yang , Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Many seabirds follow long-line fishing vessels, feeding on offal that is cast overboard. They are sometimes caught in the long-lines and perish. The goals of this study were to: (1) document seabird incidental mortality on long-line fishing vessels, (2) determine if releasing offal while setting the lines would distract the seabirds from the lines and reduce mortality, (3) compare mortality at lines set during the night to lines set during the day, and (4) compare the mortality at night when lights were on versus when they were off. In this map, we only report on the fourth objective.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations took place from 14-26 February 1994. A total of 30 longline settings occurred at night. The sample sizes were as follows: deck lights on/with offal (n = 4); deck lights off/with offal (n=3); deck lights on/without offal (n=12); deck lights off/without offal (n=11)

DescriptionOfResults:
There were marked differences in the mortality rate were observed at night when the deck lights were on or off (0.59 versus 0.15 birds per 1000 hooks). Dumping of homogenized offal during line settings greatly reduced incidental capture of seabirds, mainly because birds were more attracted by offal than by hooked baits.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Fares Mandour, Corbin Bishop, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Grey Herons were observed by a passerby as they were eating fish at the Queen Mother Reservoir in Greater London that was illuminated by the lights from the road. No other birds were noted.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
At around 19:00 on the 22nd September 1987 there was one observation period that lasted for an unspecified amount of time. They observed 5-7 Grey Herons that were within 2-3 m of each other

DescriptionOfResults:
They observed 5-7 Grey Herons that were within 2-3 m of each other. The author commented that the Grey Herons were seemingly attracted to a small crescent of light that shone onto the reservoir and stood in a characteristic hunting stance. The author presumed that the Herons were hunting fish that were attracted to the light.


StudySummary:
The purpose of the study was to determine if harassment causes local redistribution of birds or if it pushes birds to more rural areas where populations can be controlled via hunting. Dispersal methods included lasers, pyrotechnics, and strobe lights (as well as several non-light based treatments). Some geese were fitted with bands, neck bands, and/or radiotagged to determine if they left the area after hazing.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Deterrent treatments were applied at 9 different sites (5 urban sites and 4 suburban sites). Lasers alone were used 134 times. Pyrotechnics alone were used 27 times. Pyrotechnics and lasers were used in tandem 54 times. Strobe lights were used as a deterrent 3 times. Each hazing session lasted 30 minutes and if the geese did not leave the area it was determined unsuccessful. Number of geese fitted the leg bands: 414 in the urban, 354 in the suburban site. Radio transmitters: 9 adult females at each site in 2002, 7 adult females in the urban site and 4 on adult females in the suburban sites in 2003.

DescriptionOfResults:
Laser and pyrotechnic combinations removed >90% of geese in 64% of events (n=54); lasers alone were also successful in 64% of events (n = 134). Geese left the sites after a mean of 4.2 minutes with lasers and 6.3 minutes with laser and pyrotechnic combinations. Three events using strobe lights were ineffective. The average distance moved by radio-marked geese from a hazing site to a subsequent location <2 hours after hazing was 1.18 km. Directly following a hazing event, geese moved a mean distance of 1.08 km with lasers and 0.72 km with laser and pyrotechnic combinations. Immediately after being hazed, geese moved to similar conflict sites within the community 80% of the time, and moved to alternate wetlands within the community where they were less likely to cause conflicts 19% of the time. Geese were tracked directly to a location where hunting could occur after only 1% of hazing events.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Devika Shreekumar, Corbin Bishop, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The researcher observed and Indian Nightjars, Indian Rollers, and Black Drongos foraging on insects under streetlights. The researcher observed an Indian Nightjar foraging on insects that were attracted by the bright light of mercury vapour lamps at a power substation in Bhilai. The researcher then observed that an Indian roller already on the hunt joined the nightjar. The researcher also reported on several other observations of the Indian Roller feeding by light in busy traffic areas, and the Black Drongo was also observed foraging by lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
6 total observations. March 29, 1990 - an Indian Nightjar foraged on insects. At 19:00, an Indian Roller joined the nightjar and foraged until 21:00. The Indian roller foraged for about 2 hours. 31 March 1989 (18:30), 12 April 1989 (19:00), 4 July 1989 (19:00), 22 April 1990 (21:30), 8 April 1990 (22:30)- Indian Roller and a Black Drongo feeding by light.

DescriptionOfResults:
6 total observations. March 29, 1990 - an Indian nightjar foraged on flying insects. At 19:00, an Indian roller joined the nightjar and foraged until 21:00. The Indian roller foraged for about 2 hours. 31 March 1989 (18:30), 12 April 1989 (19:00), 4 July 1989 (19:00), 22 April 1990 (21:30), 8 April 1990 (22:30) - an Indian roller and a black drongo feeding by light. Bharos stated that the Indian roller is often found hunting during the day and evening, but found in this instance it hunted in artificial light until 21:00.

Bharos also noted previous records of Black Drongos feeding by artificial light.


StudySummary:
Although slightly unclear, the article outlines a series of events that are related to the artificial lights on the island. A variety of birds are being attracted to the lights on the island particularly on misty nights. The majority of birds attracted involved medium-sized petrels, this includes Broad-billed Prions, Little Shearwaters and the Common Diving-petrel. These three were found at the bottom of hill slopes. Gadfly petrels were found on the middle slopes and Grey and Kerguelen Petrels in the hills. A group of scientists from the University of Cape Town in South Africa traveled to the island to observe this. They didn't observe the birds flying in, however they counted carcasses of these birds after they were eaten by skuas. There are many other birds potentially attracted to the area, but these are the main ones that were found by this author. It is unclear how many of each species were attracted. The authors did not specify the light type either.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The trip to Gough Island occurred from the 30th October - 12th November 1979. The author did not specify the number of each type of birds found, however outlined a list of common birds to be found on the island and surrounding islands as well.

DescriptionOfResults:
The article outlines a series of events that are related to the artificial lights on the island. A variety of birds are being attracted to the lights on the island particularly on misty nights. The majority of birds attracted involved medium-sized petrels, this includes Broad-billed Prions, Little Shearwaters and the Common Diving-petrel. These three were found at the bottom of hill slopes. Gadfly petrels were found on the middle slopes and Grey and Kerguelen Petrels in the hills. The authors didn't observe the birds flying towards the light, however they counted carcasses of these birds after they were eaten by skuas.


StudySummary:
They authors tested if auditory and optical cues, when combined, evoked a stronger aversive response from gulls than either cue provokes when provided separately. They also wanted to test if combined, they influence the rate of habituation or sensitization over time. Additionally, they tested if red lasers repelled gulls similarly to green lasers. They measured the percentage of birds in a colony that took flight (repellence) from the roost and the time it took to respond to the cue, which they measured as flight initiation time/seconds.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A 3 X 2 factorial design was used to randomize 6 treatments (double control - ground-aimed flashlight with background noise; a red laser with background noise; a green laser with background noise; a red laser with distress call; a green laser with distress call; a flashlight with distress call). There were five replicates of each treatment in 3 field sites for a total of 15 replicates per treatment, each lasting 30 seconds. All signals were broadcast at dusk (but not dark) at 1800 hours for the first trial each evening, at 1830 hours for the second trial and at 1900 hours for the third, in low light conditions.

DescriptionOfResults:
Two response variables were observed: time until the first bird took flight and percentage of birds that took flight from the roost. Significant effects of the treatments were observed for paired-treatments (red or green laser and acoustic distress call). The paired treatment was most effective, the auditory distress call was the most effective unimodal treatment, and the green laser was more effective than the red laser. Over time, gulls reacted more strongly to multimodal cues, but there was no temporal effect on their reaction to unimodal cues.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Carrie Ann Adams, Jacqueline Yang

StudySummary:
The authors sought to record interactions between Giant Petrels and fisheries by documenting their exposure to abnormal peaks of artificial light at night. Fishing vessels in the area use powerful lights at night to attract squid, and petrels have been known to forage on the squid and been caught as bycatch. The petrels were fitted with light-level geolocator tags that recorded the light intensity that the birds were exposed to. The geolocator tags also had wet-dry sensors to determine if they were on the water (wet) or flying/on land (dry). The authors surmise that birds on the water may have been foraging, but they do not directly observe them foraging. They compared, for each individual, the mean wet activity on nights with light spikes to nights without light spikes. They used a linear model to test the effects of sex and light intensity on wet-dry activity of giant petrels. They also calculated the 50% (Foraging Area) and 25% (Core Area) kernel density for each individual and compared these areas to artificial light measurements from VIIRS night-time light satellite data.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
23 Southern Giant Petrels were fitted with geolocators (13 females, 10 males). Each birds was tracked for the non-breeding period (April - Sept) 2014, for a total of 183 days. Geolocators registered light intensity every 3-secs in lux, providing a 10 minute cumulative value. Every 3 secs, the geolocators also register whether the bird is wet (flying/on land) or dry (on water).

DescriptionOfResults:
Wet activity was significantly higher on nights with lights spikes than on nights without light spikes, indicating that petrels may have been foraging near artificially illuminated fishing vessels. This conclusion is further supported by a positive and significant effect of night light on the probability of the birds landing on water. Females landed on the water more often than males and the females' foraging and core areas overlapped with artificial light more than those of the males. Females concentrated in high squid fishing areas while males concentrated in the southern waters where such fisheries were less abundant. This difference may arise because females focus more on foraging fish and squids while the males focus more on hunting and scavenging other seabirds.


StudySummary:
A study was conducted at three television towers in central Illinois (WAND, WBUI, and WILL) to examine their effects on bird mortality. They authors studied how tower structure (lighting, height, and guy wires) and weather condition (wind direction, cloud cover) contribute to mortality rates. WAND and WBUI had 13 flashing white lights and no steady burning lights, while WILL had 3 red flashing lights and 12 red steady burning lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The towers were searched for carcasses beginning at dawn during 43 searches conducted between August and November in 2006-2009, finding a total of 415 birds. The weather on the nights before the surveys was classified based on cloud cover (greater or less than 50 percent) and winds (northerly or non-northerly). The authors selected search days a priori at the beginning of the fall season and added search days to balance the number of searches by weather condition categories. The search was focused around the base of the tower, the roof of the facility under the tower, and the three set of guy wires extending out from the towers. The extensive area between the guy wires was not searched.

DescriptionOfResults:
More birds were found on night following >50% cloud cover and northerly winds. 73% of all mortalities documented occurred during these conditions. They recorded two nights with greater than 50 mortalities, and both of these events occurred at the tower with red lights (both continuous and flashing). 96% of total kills occurred at this tower, with only 4% occurring at the two towers with flashing white lights.


StudySummary:
The study addresses the impact of the commercial lobster fishery has on seabird populations at the Tristan da Cunha and Gough Islands, with a focus on seabird night-strikes. Observations were conducted on MFV Hekla, one of the two vessels based in Cape Town that fish at the islands.  The deck of the ship was illuminated by powerful spotlights after dark. "Numbers of birds attracted to the ship's lights at night were estimated periodically each evening. The ship's deck was searched each morning for live birds and carcasses." The authors also note the flight behaviours of the birds attracted to but not landing on the ship: "birds circled the light for some time before finally getting their bearings."

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations were conducted nightly and every morning for the two-seek study period (19 November to 3 December 1989). The number of birds attracted to the lights was estimated "periodically," but no more information is given. The deck was searched every morning for live birds and carcasses.

DescriptionOfResults:
During the two-week study period, an average of 131 birds came aboard nightly, but this varied from only a few birds on clear, moonlit nights to approximately 900 birds on very misty nights. In total, 44 birds were found dead on deck in the mornings. The greatest mortality from collisions occurred among species that feed by pursuit-diving (common diving-petrels and little shearwaters - birds with high wing-loadings which necessitate rapid flight speeds). The availability of sheltered hiding places appears to be an important determinant of whether birds remain aboard or disperse once the lights are turned off. Birds that did not land were observed circling the lights. Rockhopper Penguins were observed swimming in the spotlight beam next to the ship and "apparently were attracted to the lights."


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Riya Mangukia, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Report of four major bird mortality events at Topeka WIBW television tower during fall migration periods. The tower was not monitored on a daily basis and the mortality events reported are not the only, and not necessarily the largest, mortality events to occur during the time period. Only mortality, not flight behaviour, was recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
2808 mortalities were observed during the 4 mortality events. 919 occurred during the Sept. 25-26, 1985 event; 635 during the Sept. 30- Oct 1, 1986 event; 834 during the Oct. 11-12, 1986 event; and 420 during the Oct. 8-9, 1994 event.

DescriptionOfResults:
Summary of 4 mortality events surrounding the Topeka Tower during fall migration periods, all of which occurred "under conditions of low cloud ceiling, following a major decrease of wind speed, and preceding a drop of temperature" with little precipitation, with the exception of the 11-12 Oct 1986 event which was accompanied by rainfall and light snow. 2808 total mortalities and 91 species were reported. Each species observed and mortalities for each of the 4 events, as well as mortality totals for each species and each of the 4 events are reported in Table 1.


StudySummary:
An experiment was conducted on November 26/27, 1979 from 0100 to 0530 to see if Palearctic migrants would be caught attracted to a car headlight. The purpose of the study seems to have been to determine of the use of headlights could aid in obtaining information on overhead migration. The author erected a mist net about 10 meters in front of the car headlight and reported the number of birds seen near the light and the number of birds caught in the mist net. He also described the circling flight behaviour of the birds around the light.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A single car headlight was lit at the southeastern end of Chyulu hills on November 26/27 from 1:00 am to 5:30 am. 52 migrants were caught.

DescriptionOfResults:
Birds were said to deviate from their flight route and circle the vehicle light before trying to find somewhere to land. "Many" birds were seen in the vicinity of the light 52 birds were caught in the mist net, 48 of which were palearctic migrants. “Although the light was shining into the mist towards the north, most birds seemed to come circling down from above. Birds circling down appeared to search for somewhere to land, and many rested in the small Acacia; however, most that did not hit the net flew on quickly again."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to document songbird migration over an illuminated monument in Sagres, Portugal. It is unclear whether the authors intended to document nocturnal migrant aggregation around the lights. They state that the nocturnal lighting at the monument "often attracts nocturnally migrating birds," and that birds were "possibly attracted to the fortress illumination," but they only document birds passing over, not aggregating. Researchers performed 5 min counts of migrating songbirds between 23:00 H and 24:00 H, 60m from the entrance of the Sagres Fortress. Researchers assumed they could count all birds flying below 30 m and hear the calls of birds that are flying higher.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From the three 5 min counts, a total of 604 songbirds were observed over the fortress between 23:00 H to 24:00 H.

DescriptionOfResults:
From the three 5 min counts, a total of 604 songbirds were observed flying over the fortress between 23:00 H to 24:00 H. The researchers noted that some of the songbirds were possibly attracted to the artificial lights, and the  ornamental nocturnal lighting "often attracts nocturnally migrating birds," but they do not describe and flight behaviours or other indications of aggregation.


StudySummary:
Researchers observed 2 or 3 Short-eared Owls and one Long-eared Owl attempting to feed on migrating song birds at Sagres, Portugal. The owls were hunting songbirds by the artificial light created by the ornamental lighting of the Sagres fortress. Both species of owls were observed for 15 mins. During this time, both species were observed flying, looking for prey below them. They observed the Short-eared Owls pursuing thrushes, but they did not witness any successful attempts.

DescriptionOfResults:
Both species of owls were observed for 15 mins. During this time, both species were observed flying, looking for prey below them. On three occasions, Short-eared Owls were stooping after flying thrushes in order to pursue them but there were no successful attempts at capture. The researchers suggested that the artificial lights improved the prey-detection conditions for the owls and that the lights may have also increased prey availability by attracting nocturnal migrants.


StudySummary:
A researcher observed one Cattle Egret feeding on crickets under a street light in a road intersection of Schottegatweg and Plutostraat. They also observed one White-tailed Nightjar using a parking floodlight at Giorouette plantation, Curacao as a hunting perch to pursue insects attracted to light. The nightjar was also observed foraging under a streetlights of a new subdivision at Janthiel. They also observed the Carib Grackle foraging for food scraps between parked cars in a well-lit Denny's restaurant parking lot in Otrabanda, Curacao. They do not specify the number of individuals of Carib Grackle that were observed foraging.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On the nights of 21, 22 and 24 August 2012, one Cattle Egret was foraging well past sunset at about 19:30. On multiple nights from 13 August to 5 September 2012, one White-tailed Nightjar was foraging. On the evenings of 23 June 2009 and 16 August 2012, the Carib Grackle was foraging as late as 20:30.

DescriptionOfResults:
On the nights of 21, 22 and 24 August 2012, one Cattle Egret was foraging well past sunset at about 19:30. On multiple nights from 13 August to 5 September 2012, one White-tailed Nightjar was foraging. On the evenings of 23 June 2009 and 16 August 2012, the Carib Grackle was foraging as late as 20:30. The researcher noted that the observed foraging behaviour was highly unusual for the Cattle Egret as they generally are on their roost by sundown. They also noted that the White-tailed Nightjar typically use rural roads and street lights when present as a preferred hunting platform. The researcher did not state whether the foraging behaviour of the Carib Grackle is common or uncommon, but they did state that they have often seen the species in the parking lot to nest in introduced ornamental palms.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Jacquelyn Schenk, Megan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
The purpose was to observe the effect artificial light from a ceilometer had on bird flight behaviour and mortality. On the evening of September 12th 1961, greater than average numbers of birds were seen fluttering around the ceilometer at the Duluth Municipal Airport. An observation was done the following morning and reported many bird mortalities surrounding the ceilometer. A pile of carcasses was also observed and counted, having moved the birds from the runway. An additional mortality count for the incident was done the next morning. That evening, birds were seen circling the ceilometer. No signs of mortality were observed the following morning. Weather conditions throughout the incident and the surrounding days were reported as well as specific species mortality counts.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
September 11: Unusually large amount of birds observed circling the ceilometer light beam starting around 9:30pm-10pm. Observer left at 11pm. Additional observer reports that the number of birds didn't taper off during the night. Weather conditions are reported as overcast with no precipitation and increased wind after midnight, it having rained the night before. 
September 12: Weather is reported as raining fairly consistently by early afternoon, continuing into Sept 14th. Mortality count started at 3:30, 99 birds were counted surrounding the ceilometer and an additional 250 had been moved from the runway. Additional birds (500 or more) are reported to have been taking away in the morning.
September 13: An additional count was done this morning, 91 more birds were collected from the night of the 11-12. An additional 4 mortalities are recorded as being from the night of 12-13th. A total of 190 birds are collected by the author to be identified from both nights (only 4 from the night of 12-13th). During the evening, starting at 10pm, the author observes around 100 birds circling the ceilometer, having begun to congregate starting at around 9:15pm. No signs of mortality by the time the observers left at 11:30pm. 
September 14: No mortalities from the sighting the previous night are observed.

DescriptionOfResults:
"Weather conditions on the night of September 11-12 fall within the pattern of those described for other mass mortalities at ceilometers." Such as a passage of a cold front the night before the mass mortality and an overcast sky.

September 11: Unusually large amount of birds observed circling the ceilometer light beam starting around 9:30pm-10pm. Additional observer reports that the number of birds didn't taper off during the night and saw several birds crash into the windows of the tower, attracted to the lights in the control room.
September 12:  99 birds were counted surrounding the ceilometer as far as 500ft away and an additional pile of 250 birds had been moved from the runway. Additional birds (500 or more) are reported to have been taking away in the morning.
September 13: An additional count was done this morning, 91 more birds were collected from the night of the 11-12. An additional 4 mortalities are recorded as being from the night of 12-13th. A total of 190 birds are collected by the author to be identified from both nights (only 4 from the night of 12-13th). During the evening, starting at 10pm, the author observes around 100 birds circling the ceilometer, having begun to congregate starting at around 9:15pm. Author reports observing the birds higher up circling in and around the light, while the birds lower down flying erratically around and through the beam, sometimes changing course to avoid it entirely. No signs of mortality by the time the observers left at 11:30pm. 
September 14: No mortalities from the sighting the previous night are observed.


StudySummary:
European Starlings in aircraft hangers were observed feeding on June beetles (Phyllophaga sp.) under artificial lights. The insects would perish at the lights, and during the early morning and daytime the starlings were observed feeding on insects that had died under the lights on previous nights. The authors treated crickets and with DRC-1339 and placed them under the lights to kill the starlings, which were causing damage to the aircraft hangers. They systematically recorded the number of dead European Starlings, using their death as indication that they had been foraging on insects underneath the lights. House Sparrows were the only non-target species that consumed the crickets.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors describe the phenomenon of the birds feeding under artificial lights in general terms, without specific observation periods.

DescriptionOfResults:
Common Starlings did forage under the artificial lights, but did so in the daytime, feeding on the insects that had perished during the night. Sick and dead starlings were found around the complex, indicating that they had been foraging on insects under the lights. House Sparrows were also observed foraging on the insects.


StudySummary:
A Louisiana homeowner in the area observed nocturnal feeding by Ruby-throated Hummingbirds on the white four o-clock flowers (a night blooming flower) at night by the light of streetlights and a carport light. The authors made observations to verifying the nocturnal feeding activity in September and in October.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors conducted four observation sessions, one on 22 September 1977 from 21:15-21:45 where one male and one female fed for about 5 minutes at 21:30, and another period on 27 September 1977 from 20:57-21:25 (1 male appeared at 20:57, a female at 21:09) until the two birds were frightened and did not return. They returned for two more observation periods on the 3rd and 11th of October, but the flowers remained closed on those nights and the hummingbirds were not observed.

DescriptionOfResults:
A homeowner in the area observed nocturnal feeding by Ruby-throated Hummingbirds on the white four o-clock flowers (a night blooming flower). There were 4 birds at two different occasions (2 birds/occasion) feeding on these flowers in Ruston, Louisiana. They seemed to be using the artificial light coming from the homeowners carport that shone on the flower beds that contained these flowers and other vegetation. There was two observation periods, one on 22 September 1977 from 21:15-21:45 where one male and one female fed for about 5 minutes at 21:30, and another period on 27 September 1977 from 20:57-21:25 (1 male appeared at 20:57, a female at 21:09) until the two birds were frightened and did not return. There was also two more observation periods on the 3rd and 11th of October, however the flowers themselves were not blooming as it was to cool and no hummingbirds were observed.


StudySummary:
Harvey and Lenz (two of the authors of this report) noticed "thousands of migrants" calling from inside the football stadium near Cornell University on 2130 on 11 October 2005. They contacted additional observers, and together they recorded observations within and long the periphery of stadium until the lights were turned on at 0200 on 12 October 2005. They observed many species perched and/or foraging in the illuminated stadium, and also note 2 instance so of bird mortality. They briefly describe similar events on 29 August and 15-16 September 2006.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There was one observation period on the nights of Oct 11-12 2005 from 2130 - 0200 (which was when the stadium closed). They state that the group recorded observations within and along the periphery of the stadium, and that the group searched the stadium area with individuals or small groups of observers.

DescriptionOfResults:
The authors report aggregations of bird foraging under artificial lights of a stadium, and they note that their flights within the stadium did not appear disoriented and few mortalities were noted. The authors noticed a large aggregation of birds in the illuminated stadium and observed that many of these birds were foraging. They "heard thousands of migrants calling from inside the stadium, creating a contact background noise of bird calls" from birds that were flying low overhead or had landed in the stadium. They counted 26 flight calls in one 10-second period, though the number of birds was difficult to estimate because of the potential for double counting due to high call rates and circling birds. Some species were observed to forage in the illuminated trees or sally into the air to capture insects attracted to the stadium lights. Species observed sallying for insects included Gray Catbird, Eastern Phoebe, and Nashville Warbler. Among those foraging in the illuminated trees were Northern Parula and many species of warbler foraging in a mixed-species flock. Rose-breasted Grosbeak and Savannah Sparrows were observed perching in the trees, on the bleachers, or in the field, but not foraging. They observed an additional event of mixed-species warbler flocks foraging under the artificial lights in the same location on 29 August and 15-16 September 2006. The birds did not appear to have trouble orienting in the trees or on the ground. The authors do not make any observations of circling flight or other indications of attraction. They did not observe any mortalities except 1 Ovenbird and 1 Black-throated Blue Warbler recovered from the stadium and nearby buildings. They captured and released 4 Common Yellowthroats that were trapped in open lit doorways. They heard many flight calls of thrushes, though few landed during this event.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Carrie Ann, Hima Patel, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Authors analyzed pellets containing remains of predated petrels in two caves, one of which was facing a city and received more artificial light than the other cave. They also used a mark-recapture model to estimate the probability of survival and the probability of being killed by a gull before and after the city lights were increased in 1997. The measured ambient light each day to the mount of the cave and obtained a nocturnal activity index of petrels by counting the number of birds observed through a 5x15 cm rectangle 2.5 hours after sunset at both caves.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Study was conducted at two caves. Cave 1 contained >200 breeding pairs and faced North, receiving light from the city. Cave 2 was about 150 meters from Cave 1, contained about 100 breeding pairs, and faced east (away from the city). Pellets were collected opportunistically since 1994 and following specific protocols from 2000-2002. The number of tibias in each pellet were counted to estimate the minimum number of petrels killed in each cave, under the assumption that the petrel was killed in the cave where the pellet was found. For capture-recapture, a total of 476 breeders were marked in nests at cave 1 from 1993-2003. Insufficient data from cave 2 precluded a capture-recapture analysis. For the nocturnal activity index, the researchers measured weekly from June to August 2002. They observed birds flying from inside the caves through a 5x15 cm rectangle that was sited 20 cm from the observer's eyes, counting the number of birds that flew through the rectangle. Observations were made 2.5 hours after sunset for 2 minutes and repeated 3 times.

DescriptionOfResults:
Predation rates were higher in the presence of artificial light. The pellet surveys compared cave 1 (which received more light) to cave 2 and found that predation rates were higher at cave 1. Mark/recapture compared the likelihood of petrels being predated upon at cave 1 before 1997 to after 1997 (when the city lights increased) and found that predation rates increased after 1997. There was no difference in the nocturnal activity index between the two caves, and nocturnal activity index was not related to ambient light levels.


StudySummary:
Vernon observed Pallid and Common Swifts foraging on insects until at least 60 minutes after sunset on Menorca Island, Spain near artificial street lighting in mid-May 2002. It was noted that this was on a warm day, and the week before was cold and wet and no feedings were observed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Vernon had multiple observation periods but an unspecified number and for an unspecified length of time in mid-May 2002. The number of swifts was also unspecified.

DescriptionOfResults:
Vernon observed Pallid and Common Swifts foraging on insects at least 60 minutes after sunset (when it was quite dark) on Menorca Island, Spain near artificial street lighting in mid-May 2002. It was noted that this was on warm days, and the week before was cold and wet and no feedings were observed. Vernon commented that this behaviour may be more common than we think with swifts, despite the lack of records.


StudySummary:
Villagers in village Klopot observed White Storks foraging at night on an open area on the sidewalk, picking up insects that had fallen down under the street lights. Most of those insects were moths and beetles.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On the night of 5/6 August 2004, at about 00:35 am, storks were observed foraging on insects.

DescriptionOfResults:
On the night of 5/6 August 2004, at about 00:35 am, storks were observed foraging on a sidewalk and picking up insects which had fallen down under the streetlight.


StudySummary:
Tunmore observed a Chiffchaff at 21:00 on 23 November 2015 feeding on insects (mostly small flies, etc.) under a 250W MV moth trap in Church Cove, the Lizard, Cornwall. He also reported having previously observed migrating birds at the moth trap at night, including Sedge Warbler (caught in the trap), Goldcrest, and Storm Petrel.  The author does not indicate if these were single birds or multiple of each species and does not say that these birds were foraging.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The author first observed the Chiffchaff at 2100 on 23 Nov 2015, and it remained present for about 15 minutes. It quickly returned and stayed for an unspecified period of time. When the author checked "a short time later" it was gone. The author did not state how often he checks the moth-trap and over what time period he observed the other three species at the trap.

DescriptionOfResults:
Tunmore observed a Chiffchaff at 21:00 on 23 November 2015 feeding on insects (mostly small flies, etc.) under a 250W MV moth trap in Church Cove, the Lizard, Cornwall. Other birds previously observed at the trap were a Sedge Warblers, a Goldcrest and a Storm Petrels, though the author does not indicate if these were single birds or multiple of each species and does not say that these birds were foraging.


StudySummary:
Brown-headed Cowbirds in a single-choice experiment were released from the first chamber into the second chamber. On entering the second chamber, they were forced them to make a choice between going right or left, with different visual clues (light or no light) on each side. The experiment was designed to test how light affecting their quick decision-making under diurnal light conditions. Five wavelengths of LED lights were tested.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
First, they tested for left/right or magnetic compass direction preferences using 18 individuals each involved in 2-4 trials with no light treatments. In each trial, the arena was randomly oriented East or West. Then, they began the attraction/avoidance experiment. 20 trials were conducted for each of the 5 LED wavelengths. Within these 20 trials, the arena was randomly oriented North (10 trials) or South (10 trials). Within each orientation, the light stimulus was randomly placed on the left (5 trials) or the right (5 trials). Each individual cowbird was exposed to each wavelength only once.

DescriptionOfResults:
Cowbirds significantly avoided the sides illuminated by the blue LED (470 nm) and the red LED (630 nm). Did not exhibit preference or avoidance for UV, green, or white.


StudySummary:
On December 4th 1978 from 20:30-22:30 around 1500-2000 gulls (mostly Laughing, Ring-billed, and occasionally Herring and Great Black-backed; one Royal Tern was seen) were spotted at the end of Crystal Fishing Pier at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. No fisherman were there, but the spotlight was shining the ocean. The birds were "feeding on small bait fish while hovering above the water at the end of the pier, and dropping back to rest on the surface of the water after feeding." There was also 2 smaller groups of 25-100 birds that were feeding beside the pier. It is unclear if these smaller groups of birds were feeding in illuminated or dark waters. At 23:30 there was still around 1000 birds mostly resting on the water surface. The article indicates that the birds were attracted to the area to feed, and then rested on the water after they had fed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There was the one observation period on December 4th 1978 from 20:30-22:30, and they also checked in at 23:30 to see how many birds were left. There was a large flock of 1500-2000 gulls of varying species, as well as two smaller groups of 25-100 birds. At 23:30, around 1000 birds were still present, resting.

DescriptionOfResults:
On December 4th 1978 from 20:30-22:30 around 1500-2000 gulls (mostly laughing gulls, ring-billed, and occasionally herring and great black-backed; one royal tern was seen) were spotted at the end of Crystal Fishing Pier at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. There were also 2 smaller groups of 25-100 birds beside the pier, though it is unclear whether or not this area was illuminated. At 23:30 there was still around 1000 birds mostly resting on the water surface. No fishers were there, but the spotlight shined on the ocean. The birds were feeding on small bait fish by hovering over the ocean and returning to the surface of the water to rest. The authors noted that they had never previously seen an instance of diurnal birds feeding nocturnally in such a large number along the North Carolina coast, despite the fact that schools of small fish are regularly encountered adjected to lighted piers in the area.


StudySummary:
On October 13th 1972 , Taylor saw 2 Redwinged Starlings using floodlights of buildings to catch insects (mainly flying moths and termites) at night in Pietermartizburg, South Africa. They were still foraging when the author left the area at 19:30 and it had been dark for over 30 minutes. They were returning to their nests high up on the building to feed their young.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
There was the one observation period on 13th October 1972 for well over half an hour until 19:30. 2 Redwinged Starlings were observed foraging.

DescriptionOfResults:
On October 13th 1972 , Taylor saw 2 Redwinged Starlings using floodlights of buildings to catch insects (mainly flying moths and termites) at night in Pietermartizburg, South Africa. They continued to forage until they left at 19:30 and it had been dark for over 30 minutes. They fed their young with these insects.


StudySummary:
The authors observed the total number of nocturnal migrants and the number of Peregrine Falcon hunting attempts from the observation deck of the Empire State Building during spring and fall migration. Their goal was to describe nocturnal Peregrine Falcon hunting activity and compare the timing of falcon hunting to migration intensity. They were able to observe nocturnal migrants and Peregrine Falcons because the upper floors of the building were illuminated with external, upward-facing halogen lights, and the spire above the observation deck was illuminated with internal florescent lights. These lights allowed them to count nocturnal migrants up to 30 meters horizontally and 30-60 meters vertically from the observation deck, and allowed them to see peregrines chasing small birds up to 80 meters away. They defined migrants as birds that passed north-to-south or south-to-north across and imaginary east-west line and continued north (or south) of site. When >100 birds were simultaneously circling the building, they estimated the maximum number of birds circling per hour and recorded it as the number of migrants seen for that hour. They did not include migrating waterfowl, herons, or gulls in their counts. They defined a hunting attempt as one in which a Peregrine Falcon approached within 1 meter of its intended prey. They compared the time of arrival after sunset of the first migrant with that of the first Peregrine Falcon and the first Peregrine Falcon hunting attempt.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Observations were made from the observation deck of the Empire State Building. 111 nights: 77 during fall migration 2004 (August 4th - November 13th); 33 nights during spring 2004 (19 April  - 25 May); 2 observations in Spring 2002 (8 May - 15 May). In the Fall, the observers arrived 15-30 minutes before sunset and waited 1 hour until after sunset to consider hunting by Peregrine Falcons to be "nocturnal". They then observed until 22:45 (August to October) or until 23:45 (November). In the Spring 2004, they observed from just before sunset until 22:45 each evening. In Spring 2002, they observed from 19:00 until 21:00. Most of the analyses used data from 2004. In Fall 2004, the falcons were seen 41/77 of the nights (53%) of the time, and seen hunting 25/77 of the nights, where hunting is considered to be when the falcon is about 1 m away from its prey. The average hunting success was 33% of all capture attempts, with 37/111 total successful hunts. Migrants were present on all 67/77 of the nights, ranging from 0 migrants to over 251. They counted 10,286 migrating birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
In Fall 2004, Peregrine Falcons were seen 41/77 nights (53%), and seen hunting 25/77 of the nights. The average hunting success was 33% of all capture attempts, with 37/111 total successful hunts. They observed more males hunting on average than females, with 18 nights having males, 5 having females and 3 having unknown. Migrants were present on 67/77 of the nights. In total, they counted 10,286 migrating birds and noted that they sometimes circled around the tower. Falcons were significantly more likely to be present at the tower on evenings when >50 migrants were counted on migration. There was no correlation between the arrival time after sunset of the first migrant and that of the first Peregrine Falcon or the first hunting attempt by a falcon.


StudySummary:
The authors tested the efficacy of violet and ultraviolet light to deter birds. The experiment was done outside of a wind-power plant to inform lighting decisions at the plant. UV and violet lights were placed on top of a 2.5 m mast, pointing vertically towards the sky. Bird flight movements were recorded with radar and radar was ground-truthed by visual observations when weather permitted. Response variable was flight activity, defined as the number of radar tracks per 10 min intervals. Flight activity analyzed up to 50 m from lights in both distance (horizontally) and altitude (vertically).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Violet light was used on Tuesdays and Saturdays, while UV light was used on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Other control-days had no lighting. Study was conducted for 75 total days, with 21 days when the radar malfunctioned.

DescriptionOfResults:
Abundance of bird tracks within a 50mx50m volume surrounding the lights was reduced by 27% (ultraviolet) and 12% (violet) when lights were turned on. Flight altitude increased when violet lights were on and when birds were closer to the light, with the effect decreasing over the season.


StudySummary:
Scissor-tailed Nightjars and Little Nightjars were observed hunting insects under artificial lights at the headquarters of Parque Nacional Teniente Enciso on "several occasions." At least two other caprimulgid species occur in this area (Band-winged Nightjar and Rufous Nightjar) but they were not observed foraging. During the first week of October 2007, "many thousands" of Little Nightjars were observed feeding on an emergence of winged termites over a paved road. The insects were attracted to the lights of the passing vehicles and the birds swooped after them, resulting in many of the nightjars dying from collisions with vehicles.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Nightjars have been seen foraging under artificial lights on "several occasions." The authors describe one specific instance involving thousands of birds during the first week of October 2007.

DescriptionOfResults:
Scissor-tailed Nightjars and Little Nightjars were observed hunting insects under artificial lights at the headquarters of Parque Nacional Teniente Enciso on "several occasions." At least two other caprimulgid species occur in this area (Band-winged Nightjar and Rufous Nightjar) but they were not observed foraging. During the first week of October 2007, "many thousands" of Little Nightjars were observed feeding on an emergence of winged termites over a paved road. The insects were attracted to the lights of the passing vehicles and the birds swooped after them, resulting in many of the nightjars dying from collisions with vehicles.


StudySummary:
A small flock of Black-goggled Tanagers were observed gleaning moths from the partially mirrored windows of an event hall at Hotel Tirol at sunrise of 15 September 2007. The insects had been attracted to the lights of the event hall during the previous night. Similar behaviour was observed at first light on 12 and 13 October 2013 by a Narrow-billed Woodpecker, gleaning insects attracted to lights from under a roof at a building at Fortin Toledo.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
All observations occurred at sunrise. Sept 15 2007 at Hotel Tirol (Black-goggled Tanagers). 12 and 13 Oct 2013 at Fortin Toledo (Narrow-billed Woodpeckers).

DescriptionOfResults:
A small flock of Black-goggled Tanagers were observed gleaning moths from the partially mirrored windows of an event hall at Hotel Tirol at sunrise of 15 September 2007. The insects had been attracted to the lights of the event hall during the previous night. Similar behaviour was observed at first light on 12 and 13 October 2013 by a single Narrow-billed Woodpecker, gleaning insects attracted to lights from under a roof at a building at Fortin Toledo.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Corbin Bishop, Devika Shreekumar, Megan, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
During November 2009, the authors observed the aggregation of feeding Brown-hooded Gulls during a 6 day port of call in Puero Madryn. They were stationed on a sailing vessel moored on a pier. Most of the pier was dark or dimly lit, but powerful lamps illuminated their vessel and a large trawler moored at the end of the pier. The authors noted the presence and behaviour of the gulls intermittently during daylight hours and continuously from dusk until 0100 during the night. They noted the nocturnal feeding behaviour and roughly estimated the number of gulls as 350-400 individuals assembling around the end of the pier, "clearly attracted to the lighted patch of water around the ships." They occasionally observed other bird species foraging in the lights, including Kelp Gulls and a Great Grebe. They also examined prey items by aiming a spotlight downward from the side of the ship and using a plankton net to sample the dense patch of animals swarming into the light. They returned in January 2010 for a follow-up visit, but don't describe the duration of these observations. They also note that the gulls steered clear of and did not collide with the pier, the masts of the lamps, or the rigging of the ships.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The authors made continuous nightly observations from 8 to 13 November 2009 from dusk until 0100. 350 to 400 gulls were observed nightly foraging near the ships. They also made intermittent observations during daylight hours.

DescriptionOfResults:
From 8 to 13 November 2009, 350 to 400 gulls were observed nightly foraging near the ships from dusk to 0100 at night. During daylight, several dozens of Brown-hooded Gulls were scattered over the bay mainly flying or resting while a few fed. At night, one or two Kelp Gulls would forage with the Brown-hooded Gulls. Occasionally, a Great Grebe would also hunt fish. The researchers observed lower feeding activity of the Brown-hooded Gulls during the day and gull numbers were low at the bay as well. They concluded that the high feeding activity of the gulls at night is because the gulls are an opportunistic forager that took advantage of the enhanced availability of prey as a result of artificial light conditions around the pier, which provided a predictable feeding patch. The gulls did not appear to be attracted to lights per se, and avoided and collisions with the ships or light masts.


StudySummary:
Nocturnal migrant mortality incident at a gas flare from Canaport LNG in Saint John, New Brunswick occurred on the night of September 12th, 2013. A large number of birds were reported to have been drawn to the flame, circling around it before perishing in the flames. Many birds were also injured, either from burns or becoming disorientated and crashing into nearby buildings. Weather conditions were reported as foggy and overcast at the time of the incident. It is unclear how the mortality data were collected, though one of the observers quoted in the article describes the mortality estimates as "crude."

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The incident occurred between the  night of the 13th and the morning of the 14th, exact times not given. An estimated 6800 birds were killed initially, another several hundred were put down due to injuries, bringing the estimated total to 7500 mortalities. Exact numbers of species are not given but the article reports that many of the birds that died included red-eyed vireos, several types of warblers, thrushes and rose-breasted grosbeaks.

DescriptionOfResults:
Many migrating birds were seen drawn to the gas flare, circling in and around the flame on the night of September 13th. The weather was reported as foggy and overcast that night. An estimated 6800 birds were killed initially, with several hundreds more being put down because of injury. Cause of death is reported as burning from the flame or collision with the tower or ground.


StudySummary:
On 20 August 2016, researchers observed Common Nighthawks foraging on flying insects attracted to the artificial lights of the Washington Monument in Washington, DC. At 21:45, 3 Nighthawks were observed foraging. The authors also described the circular flight paths of the birds and estimated their flight altitude.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On 20 August 2016, at 21:45 3 Nighthawks were foraging. The Nighthawks stopped foraging around between 22:00 to 22:15.

DescriptionOfResults:
On 20 August 2016, at 21:45 3 Nighthawks were foraging. The Nighthawks stopped foraging around between 22:00 to 22:15. The Nighthawks foraged 85-150 meters above ground and exhibited circular flight paths that extending >100 meters horizontally from the monument.


StudySummary:
In 2015/2016 a pair of Peregrine Falcons were observed frequenting a 66 m high office building in the small town of Bryne in Jaeren, Rogaland. Using IR flash cameras, the researcher was able to observe the falcons bringing back small birds such as Waders and Eurasian Woodcocks to feed on. They report the proportion of landings that occurred at night, and the proportion of nocturnal lands that were with prey. In addition to the office building, the falcons also used a telecommunications mast nearby Bryne in Sandtangen as well between November to January. The authors note that the falcons most likely used the artificial lights around the buildings and street lights to hunt at night, though they did not directly observe the birds foraging under artificial lights at night.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The cameras operated from 15 October 2015 to 23 March 2015. They recorded a total of 93 landings on 61 different nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
During 61 days in the autumn and winter of 2015 and 2016, 17% of the total 93 hunting sorties occurred between dusk and dawn. The researcher stated that the Peregrine Falcon is known to hunt mostly in the morning and in the evening. While the researcher did not directly observe the falcons hunting, they propose that the light from the street lights and from the buildings allowed the falcons to hunt at night.


StudySummary:
This article gives an overview of observations of grounded birds at the floodlights at Ngulia Lodge in Kenya from 1969-2012, and the bird banding program that took advantage of these grounding events. The lodge opened in 1969 and powerful flood lights were installed to illuminate drinking pools for game. The authors recorded that birds flew in and landed near the lights, and described how the number of bird landings changed with weather and lunar conditions. They also described a mortality event at an illuminated white wall, and how the problem was resolved when they removed the light. The authors took advantage of these bird attraction events to catch and band birds. Some birds were picked up at night inside the lodge, but from 1972-1976 most were caught from dawn through the morning in mist nets South of the lodge. In 1976, they installed nets immediately in front of the Lodge below the flood lights to at night, resulting in larger catches, especially after nights during mist. In 1985, they deployed a mobile 1Kw lamp and placed it near the net for the purpose of attracting birds, resulting in larger catches. In 1994, they installed new nets surround the illuminated area so that many birds would be caught when taking off in the morning. Using this system, a record 29000 birds were banded in 1995. On active days, post-dawn netting caught over 1000 birds within the first 1.5 hours. The night-time mist netting on misty nights continued as before. In 1993, they began attempting to use tape-recorded bird song to attract birds to the land.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
From 1972 to 1992 migrants were ringed by small teams each year over November–December new moon periods. In autumn (late October to early January) the lodge had been manned on well over 1100 nights. From late November 1972 to early January 1973 there was near-continuous daily manning. Between 1972 and 1982 ringers visited the lodge approximately 40 nights between late March and early May. During the 1990s teams of 12 to 25 members caught grounded birds at dawn. Catching and ringing at night with one or more 18-m nets continued before 1993, beginning near or after midnight until 04:30 to allow time to deal with all night caught birds before opening the bush (day) nets at 05:45.

DescriptionOfResults:
"The few kilowatts of isolated halogen lights at Ngulia Lodge can sometimes attract tens of thousands of migrants over a few hours." The authors noted that grounded events only occurred when the mist in the floodlit area in front of the lodge dropped to bush-top height or below, and the numbers increased with rain. When the cloud layer was 50-100 meters above the lights, the birds would were “evidently attracted” and were frequently seen flying overhead, but very few descended to the lodge.  Groundings only occurred when there was no visible moon. Even a small partial moon would greatly reduce the numbers landing, while the numbers increased with rain. Using tape-recorded calls, almost no birds were attracted on clear nights or nights with high clouds, but when night-time cloud was low, song playback attracted down “scores of passerines,” resulting in “substantial” numbers of birds being caught in the nets at dawn, even after nights when mist failed to descend. Most of the observations were made in the presence of light, but the authors note how changes in the lights throughout the years have affected bird catches. When mortalities occurred at white wall illuminated by a flood light, the removed the light and no more mortalities were recorded. On the "rare occasions" that the lights failed during misty moonless nights (conditions under which many migrants are typically caught), no birds were attracted to the area. After the lights were restored again, birds reappeared within 30 minutes.


StudySummary:
This study describes Ethiopian species observed the Ngulia Lodge in Kenya from December 1969 to December 1977. While other studies from the lodge included in the map (Pearson et al. 2016 and Nikolaus and Pearson 1983) focus on Palaearctic migrants, this article reports on observations of Ethiopian species. This lodge had powerful north-facing lights that illuminated game ponds and attracted large number of birds, especially on misty nights when the moon was not visible. Researchers set up a bird-banding program to take advantage of these attraction events. The authors note that "between October and April a wide variety of Ethiopian species has been encountered at night or at dawn in circumstances suggestive of attraction to the lights during nocturnal movement." For dozens of Ethiopian species observed at the site, the authors describe the dates on which they were observed, characteristics of their flight (e.g. circling), where/if they landed, if any mortalities occurred, and (for some species) the approximate number which have been seen.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
All the species listed are Ethiopian species observed at the lodge in Kenya between October and April. Most observations were made during the night (1900 to 0515).

DescriptionOfResults:
During the 8 years of the study, 20,000 Palaearctic migrants were banded, and "many times this number were seen 'down', even on a single night." In comparison, the number of Ethiopian birds observed is "exceedingly and strikingly small." The authors use these observations to demonstrate that "a number of species, albeit in small numbers, are on the move at night between late October and April." Lights were said to only affect some species and weather conditions played an important role on the degree of attraction to light, with misty or rainy nights with no visible moon attracting the most birds. Descriptions of flight behaviour include observations such as, "Sometimes during thick mist or rain species of heron are attracted to the lights: they often fly around calling for several hours before settlings in the trees, buildings, or ground."


StudySummary:
Systematic survey of mortalities and bird presence on offshore research platform FINO 1 located in the southeastern North Sea from October 2003 to December 2007. Around 3 times a month, bird corpses were collected for later investigation and bird calls were recorded continuously throughout the total observation period. Weather data is recorded but not able to be related directly to any corpses, mortalities are associated with the weather conditions for a seven-day period ending with the collection date.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
During the observation period of October 2003 to December 2007, there was a total of 160 trips to FINO 1. A total of 767 mortalities were found of 34 species during 45 of the 160 visits. "More than half of all carcasses (415) were collected on 3 visits during autumn migration: 89 on 1 October 2003, 199 on 29 October 2004 and 127 on 29 November 2006." Many more birds were found during the fall migration period of July to December (78%) compared to Spring Migration (22%). 

"Systematic and continuous recording of bird calls at FINO 1 started on 12 March 2004 and ceased on 1 June 2007."  95318 individual calls were registered in total over the observation period , 69043 calls were concentrated during nocturnal hours between 18:00 and 06:00. 70.5% of the calls occurred during fall migration and 29.5% occurred during spring migration. Calling was recorded most frequently during dense fog, drizzle for rain.

DescriptionOfResults:
A total of 767 mortalities were found of 34 species during 45 of the 160 visits of the observation period. Article reports that, "While nights with high bird call rates near the platform indicated mass migration, only few mass collision events were registered." "More than half of all carcasses (415) were collected on 3 visits during autumn migration: 89 on 1 October 2003, 199 on 29 October 2004 and 127 on 29 November 2006." Many more birds were found during the fall migration period of July to December (78%) compared to Spring Migration (22%). The article reports that depending on wind speed and direction, it is possible that up to 90% of carcasses were likely to have been missed. Because of this "only those events that coincided with, or were followed by, moderate winds could be categorized as ‘mass collisions events’. Other events, when many corpses might have been blown into the sea, may have been missed." Details regarding the weather conditions proceeding the 3 collision events with more than 50 carcasses was not reported in the article itself, but is available in the online appendix. The article states that migration intensive nights that have the weather conditions "that lead to high collision events at illuminated offshore structures are not frequent."


StudySummary:
Observations by Collins and Watson were made at Estacion Biologica de Rancho Grande in Venezuela of bird predation on neotropical moths. The lights at the station would attract many insects, especially moths, at night. At dawn, moths covered portions of the station walls and vegetation, and many birds would come prey upon them at first light. The authors defined four areas where birds would forage: area A) on the railing of the station and in the immediate vicinity of the light and collecting sheet below it; area B) moths resting on the outer walls of the building; area C) in the nearby vegetation' are d) sallying to take moths in the air.  Collins made observations from March-July 1972, and Watson from June-July 1976 (from 06:00-09:30).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 30 different bird species fed on the light-attracted moths during the two time periods (Collins from March-July 1992, Watson from June-July 1976 [from 06:00-09:30]). In 1976, observations were made almost continuously from about 0600 to 0930 and at intervals throughout the remainder of the day. The frequency of observations is not recorded for 1972

DescriptionOfResults:
A variety of small-medium sized birds (including warblers, thrushes, woodcreepers and more) arrived at first light to eat moths that had been attracted to the lights overnight. The authors did not state the number of birds that were foraging, but they stated how many moths of different species were "accepted" or "rejected" by different birds. Table 2 goes into great detail about the number of moths of each species consumed by each species of bird.


StudySummary:
The authors analysed how the timing of foraging by Audouin's and Yellow-legged Gulls during the breeding seasons of 1993-1995 related to the activities of purse-seine and trawler fisheries. They counted the number of adults that remained at the colony site and assumed that adults not at the colony were out foraging. Counts were performed during daylight except for 3 nocturnal censuses performed from a hide by moonlight and lantern. This study was designed to affirm the hypothesis that diurnal birds also are active at night by foraging using the light off of different fishing vessels. Purse-seine fisheries operate at night and at dawn, catching fish attracted to the surface by powerful lamps. Previous observations had revealed that the lamps aid the gulls in localizing easily exploitable patches of increased fish densities. The purse-sein fisheries operated every night except Thursdays and during bad weather conditions. Trawler fisheries operated continuously throughout the day and night, did not use artificial light to attract fish, and were less temporally predictable. The authors compared the timing of foraging activities to the activities of the two types of fisheries, in two configurations: both fisheries being active (60% of the days) or just the trawler fisheries. They also compared the average number of individuals remaining at the breeding grounds on days with or without purse-seine fishery activity.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
34 total days of observations during the breeding seasons from 1993-1995. They used two types of counts: 1) counts made with a telescope, which covered the whole colony in two-hour intervals and 2) counts with the naked eye from a hid every 30 minutes, on a small portion of the colony. They were made during daylight hours (0600 - 1800). They grouped the counts into 2-hour intervals and calculated the average number of individuals for each interval.

DescriptionOfResults:
The presence or absence of Purse-sein activity did not change the daily activity patterns of the Audouin's or Yellow-legged Gulls. However, the median number of Audouin's gulls remaining on the colony was significantly higher (24%) on days with purse-seine activity the night before, "suggesting that they took advantage of this fishery during the night before." There were more Yellow-legged Gulls present on the colony in the late afternoon than in the first hour of observation at dawn, "indicating that some individuals left the colony before dawn and were able to exploit the last catches of purse-seine fisheries during the night." The author's do not report if the number of Yellow-legged Gulls counted at dawn differed between nights with and without purse-seine activity. There were no clear peaks of activity related to the trawler fisheries.


StudySummary:
To determine if artificial light at the Pilgrim Power Plant influenced the flight paths of migrating birds, personnel from the nearby Monomet Bird Observatory tracked bird flight paths with radar on 9 nights in the spring of 1976. They computed several variables for each bird track, include the direction of movement relative to the earth's survey (TRACK), direction of movement relative to the air mass (HEADING), speed of bird relative to the earth's surface (GROUNDSPEED), and speed of movement relative to the airmass (AIRSPEED). They divided the bird tracks the birds into "experimental" birds flying over the power plant area and "control" birds flying over the dark area. They made this division using line running ENE-SWW (the approximate direction of migration) southeast of thee power plant.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They operated the radar to record bird tracks every night for 9 nights (20 May through 29 May 1976 from 2100 to 0030). One night (25 May) was removed because the distribution of the bird headings was strongly bimodal, with birds moving northeast along the coast as well as northeast over Cape Cod Bay.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no significant difference between the control and experimental birds in any of the variables measured, including flight speed and direction. The authors conclude that the lights of the powerplant "did not overtly affect the flight behavior" of migrating birds.


StudySummary:
The authors used a 19-year dataset on bird collisions at McCormick Place in Chicago to study how bird collisions related to artificial light for flight-calling and non-flight-calling species. The extent of night-time lighting was measured as the proportion of window bays that were illuminated during pre-dawn surveys. Carcass surveys were conducted between 1978-2016 and light data were recorded from 2000 - 2018.  For each species, the compared the number of collisions to local abundance estimates (based on diurnal observations from eBird). For flight-calling and non-flight calling species separately, they tested for a correlation between nightly collisions and proportions of illuminated windows.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Carcass surveys were conducted at McCormick place (a building known for bird collisions) every morning during spring (March-May) and autumn (late August - November) from 1978-2016. Artificial light data recorded from 2000 - 2018.

DescriptionOfResults:
The number of collisions on a given night correlated positively with the amount of night-lighting at the building for flight-calling species, but did not correlate with night-lighting for non-flight-calling species.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Emily Halajian, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
They evaluated the effectiveness of bright rotating (flashing) lights for reducing the number of herons and predation on fish at a rearing unit. They measured the number of herons before, during and after the application of the light treatment.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They placed 4 rotating beacons at the 4 corners of the western half of the rearing unit and 1 rotating beacon at the center of the western half of the rearing unit. Before applying the treatment, they counted herons hourly for a period of 6 early mornings. They applied the light treatment for a period of 24 nights and counted herons hourly throughout the night. After applying the treatment, they counted herons hourly for a period of 4 early mornings.

DescriptionOfResults:
The treatment managed to redistribute some birds from the lighted to the unlighted half of the rearing unit. The number of black-crowned night herons on the western half of the rearing unit was higher than on the eastern half during pretreatment (western mean=16, eastern mean=12.3) and posttreatment periods (western mean=16.5, eastern mean=12.4), whereas the number was lower on the lighted western half of the rearing unit (mean=12.9) than on the unlighted eastern half (mean=16.5) during treatment. The number of great blue herons on the western half of the rearing unit was higher than on the eastern half during pretreatment (western mean=7.3, eastern mean=4.5) and posttreatment periods (western mean=5.2, eastern mean=3.5) whereas the number was lower on the lighted, western half of the rearing unit (mean=2.3) than the unlighted eastern half (mean=6.2) during treatment. The light did not affect the number of attempted and successful captures of fish. The number of successful fish captured was not reported in the article, referencing unpublished data.


StudySummary:
Citizen scientists observed arrival times of birds at feeders during the winter. The authors analyzed the relationship between arrival time and artificial lights, temperature, rainfall, urban land cover, and other factors.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
3460 participants across the UK made observations of first arrival times for bird species at their feeders on one morning between the 4th and 12th of January 2014. Each observation period lasted 80 minutes.

DescriptionOfResults:
Contrary to their predictions, arrival times across all species were later in gardens with more artificial lights. This relationship varied among species, with Blackbirds having the weakest relationship and Woodpigeons having the strongest. The results suggest that birds are not using artificial lights to extend their foraging activities earlier before sunrise.


StudySummary:
The goal of the study was to determine if Lesser Kestrels used artificial light to forage and feed their young. They observed pairs of nesting kestrels at a Cathedral and recorded the total number of times each pair brought food to the nest during three time periods each day: midday (1200-1400), later afternoon (1800 - 3000) and night (2200-2400). Ornamental illumination was turned on from 2200 - 2400. During the nocturnal observation period (2200 - 2400),  they also recorded the maximum number of kestrels seen flying together over the church at one time.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They monitored a total of 16 nests in 4 groups. 7 nests in the Cathedral (one group of 3 and one group of 4) and 9 nests in El Salvador (one group of 5 and one group of 4) over 5 days/nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
Lesser Kestrels were actively foraging every night, and the number of active kestrels ranged from 22-55 at the Cathedral and 5-21 at El Salvador. Despite this foraging activity, nocturnal food deliveries to young were uncommon, averaging 0.4 prey deliveries/hour/nest during the nocturnal period, compared to 1.3 during midday and 2.1 during the afternoon. They observed 70 breeding pairs at the Cathedral and 25 breeding pairs at El Salvador during the time period. "Lights used to illuminate the buildings at night attracted large quantities of insects making them both visible and accessible to kestrels. The insects also attracted significant numbers of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), which were sometimes found among prey remains of kestrels nesting at the Cathedral (Negro unpubl. data)."


StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to observe the impact the artificial light had on seabird foraging activity and other behaviours underwater in the Arctic Ocean near the Svalbard Archipelago. The authors made opportunistic observations of Thick-billed Murres and Black Guillemots foraging in the sea within the beam of scuba diver lights, boat lights, and harbor lamps during the darkest period of the polar night. This behaviour was not observed in Dovekies.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
4 observations of Thick-billed Murres and 5 observations of Black Guillemots foraging within lights. Observations of 2 Dovekies not exhibiting this behaviour. In first two years, observations were made while shallow diving (0-7m) for approximately ten 40-45 minute dives each year.

DescriptionOfResults:
During dives, 4 Thick-billed Murres and 5 Black Guillemots were observed foraging under artificial lights. Divers observed birds actively foraging. During observations on 15-16 January 2016, Thick-billed Murres were attracted to lights but Dovekies appeared to actively avoid the light, however there was a limited number of observations to confirm this behaviour. One of the Black Guillemots followed the divers and beams of light for 2-3 minutes.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Natalia Lifshitz, Carrie Ann Adams, Emily Halajian

StudySummary:
The aim of this study was to investigate if nocturnal usage of lasers for deterrence could help prevent the arrival of gulls at a roosting site during afternoons. The authors counted the number of birds present during the three hours before dusk, then applied the laser deterrent treatments overnight. They then counted the number of gulls at the site during the two hours before dawn. Three levels of deterrence treatments were tested: dusk deterrence, dusk with limited night deterrence, and regular night deterrence.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Laser deterrents were applied at 3 different times of day; 1) dusk deterrence: undertaken on 8 evenings starting 20 minutes after sunset. The laser beam scanned across the whole site and swept slowly across the area of the reservoir where the main gull roost was present. Sweeps continued until all target birds had vacated the water. Sweeps of the reservoirs were continued for a total of 60 minutes. The process was repeated for 5 consecutive nights. 2) dusk with limited night deterrence: lasers were deployed for the initial 60-90 minute dusk period, then again at 10:30pm and 01:30am for 30 minutes on each occasion over two nights. 3) regular night deterrence: all night deterrence, with an initial deployment for up to 60 minutes from dusk and re-established at 10:30pm and continued at half-hourly intervals throughout the night until dawn. Laser sweeps during the night lasted between 4 and 8 minutes when gulls were observed on the water. Continuous nighttime deterrence was deployed in 2 periods of 6 and 12 nights. Gull monitoring occurred on at least two afternoons and two morning each week between Dec 11 2006 and Feb 22 2007. The numbers of each species were recorded during three hour period prior to dusk and a two hour period prior to dawn, with the number of gulls recorded each hour.

DescriptionOfResults:
All gulls were successfully deterred from the site at all times using the laser treatments. A maximum number of five sweeps with the laser were needed to achieve complete dispersal of birds. For the number of gulls in the roost at dawn, they found no significant effect of the dusk control treatment or the periodic night treatment. However, they found a significant effect of the all-night deterrence treatment in the number of gulls present at dawn in the roost. Gulls arrived at the roost on all afternoons regardless of the use of preceding overnight laser deployment. Numbers arriving declined with regular use of the system over time. There was no sign of habituation.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to implement an integrated bird management program to reduce the impact of gulls and crows on law enforcement personnel, equipment, and evidence collection at a high-security crime scene with debris from "ground zero" of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Their priority was to disperse birds before they began feeding on the working face of the landfill. They measured the effectiveness of hand-held lasers in moving loafing and roosting gulls off-site. Birds were counted during daily surveys to measure the effectiveness of the treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Lasers were used during the first 2 months of the project. Work was performed dawn to dusk (12-14 hours a day), 7 days a week.

DescriptionOfResults:
Hand-held lasers were used successfully during the first 2 months of the project to remove gulls loafing or roosting on the ground at dawn and dusk. A single sweep of the laser would get most gulls up into the air. When reinforced with pyrotechnics, it was effective in moving gulls from the working face of the site.


StudySummary:
To determine whether artificial light affects the timing of foraging, the authors manipulated the amount of light during early winter at automated feeding stations in a natural forest. They used video recordings to determine the time of the first foraging (at dawn) and last (at dusk) foraging visits for six songbird species.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They set up one feeding station at each of four sites, with each site on average 180 m apart. They placed 5 spotlights around each feeder. At each site, there were 6 cycles of a lighted phase (3 nights of lights turned on one hour before sunset until one hour after sunrise) followed by a dark control phase (3 nights with the lights turned off).

DescriptionOfResults:
Blue Tits and Great Tits started foraging earlier relative to sunrise on lighted morning than on dark control mornings. On average, Blue Tits started foraging 4.2 minutes earlier on days with light treatment. In Great Tits the effect was only significant during lighted nights with inclement weather, where they started foraging 9 min earlier on average compared to during control nights with more favourable weather. The start of foraging in the other four species was not significantly affected by the artificial night lighting, although the light effects were all in the expected direction (–5.4 to –1.5 min).


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to examine non-lethal techniques to disperse crows from urban roosts. Residents and local officials made qualitative evaluations of these techniques on a subjective scale of 1-10. The article does not state how efficacy was evaluated.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They applied 2 treatments based on light: an airport strobe light and a flashlight strobe light, both hung in the center of trees. No more descriptions of replicates were given.

DescriptionOfResults:
The airport strobe light received a control rating of 8 out of 10 (10 being most effective). It was not effective if the tree had foliage, and the light needs a steady power source. The flashlight strobe light received a control rating of 2 out of 10. It had a weak light and needs a reliable power source.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to evaluate if a newly-designed avoidance system based on near-ultraviolet light was effective at mitigating avian collisions with power lines. They recorded the number of crane collisions, post-collision flight behavior, dangerous flights and evasive maneuvers (reaction behavior and reaction distances) when the avoidance system was on and off.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They monitored cranes' responses to the avoidance system an average of 5.2 nights per week and conducted 38 nights of monitoring including 19 nights when the system was off and 19 nights when the system was on. They randomly assigned the system to be on or off during each night of observation. They completed 5.5 hours of observation each night, starting 1 hr before sunset.

DescriptionOfResults:
Flocks with collisions and dangerous flights were more likely to occur when the system was off, with 97% of flocks with collisions and 85% of dangerous flights occurring during those times. Reaction distances were more likely to be within 25 m of the power line when the system was off, with 59% occurring during those times. All of the collisions and most (63%) dangerous flights observed happened at night. Of the 49 Sandhill Crane collisions observed, 17 cranes continued after the collision with normal flight, 14 continued with hampered flight, 12 fell while flapping, 4 fell limply, and 2 were obscured by other cranes which prevented outcome identification. 48 of these 49 collisions occurred when ACAS was turned off.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Hima Patel, Carrie Ann Adams , Jacqueline Yang

StudySummary:
They used records of bird-building collisions during nocturnal migration in Chicago (40 years, 1978-2016) and a smaller dataset from Cleveland (Autumn 2017 and Spring 2018) to study how flight calling influences species' collision rates. For both cities, they tallied the total number of lethal collision records for each species and the number of sampling days during which the species was recorded at least once. They compared the number of collisions to the expected number of collisions based on relative abundance estimates from eBird data. Separate collision tallies were made for spring and autumn migration in Chicago, whereas all collision data for Cleveland was lumped together. They used linear models with collision frequency as the response variable and phylogeny, local relative abundance, and flight-calling/non-flight-calling as predictor variables to determine if flight-calling behaviour influenced collision frequency.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Carcass surveys conducted at McCormick place (a building known for bird collisions) every morning during spring (March-May) and autumn (late August - November) from 1978-2016. Chicago Bird Collision Monitors, a volunteer group, coordinated collision monitoring efforts at other buildings in downtown Chicago from 2002-2018. The final Chicago collision dataset included 69,785 collision records of 93 small and generally night migratory species. Collision monitoring began in Cleveland in spring 2017 by Lights Out Cleveland. The Cleveland dataset consisted of 2229 collision records involving 62 species.

DescriptionOfResults:
Based on comparisons of collision counts v. local abundance, all species that collided more than expected in the dataset use flight calls. In contrast, all species that do not use flight calls collided less often than expected. There were some flight-calling species that collided less than expected. In a linear model, after controlling for phylogeny and relative abundance, flight-calling behaviour was an important and significant predictor of collision frequency.


StudySummary:
The researchers collected data comparing tower support systems (guyed and unguyed) and tower height categories in Michigan. The lighting system on the medium towers between dusk and dawn was:  1 strobe-like, flashing red light at the top, two strobe-like, flashing red lights at 50% the height of the tower, and two steady burning red lights at both 33% and 75% the height of the tower. The lighting system on the tall tower consisted of a combination of red and non-red flashing lights. "Figure 1" illustrates the tower support systems and heights with the lighting systems that were used in the study. Technicians searched each tower at dawn for bird carcasses in a radius around the tower (radius equal to 90% of height).

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Data was collected during 20 days of the peak of songbird migration at 6 towers in September–October 2003, 23 towers in May 2004, 24 towers in September 2004, and 6 towers in both May and September 2005. Of these towers, 21 were between 116 and 146 m above ground level (AGL, medium) and 3 were >305 m AGL (tall).

DescriptionOfResults:
From fall 2003 to fall 2005 they detected 677 bird fatalities under communication towers from 78 different species. It was determined that shorter towers without the guy wires had significantly fewer fatalities than the taller towers with the guy wires. The data indicated that there were 68–86% fewer bird fatalities at medium guyed towers than at tall guyed towers.  It is unclear whether the deaths were due to tower height or the lighting on the towers as all the tall towers had one type of lighting, and all the medium towers had another type of lighting. September 2004 was "unusually clear" and there were also decreased collision rates at this time which suggests a positive relationship between foggy or cloud-covered nights and increased bird collisions with communication towers.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to develop and implement a crow hazing program in 5 cities in the state of New York. They first performed pre-treatment surveys to establish baseline population information and then applied the hazing treatments, which were hand-held lasers alone and in combination with pyrotechnics and distress calls (no distinction was made between the different treatments throughout the paper). Post-treatment surveys to document the effectiveness of management techniques were also performed.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
For each of 5 cities, the hazing period (treatment) lasted 5 to 7 nights, during which 1 to 4 mobile teams attempted to disperse crows from their roosting areas, generally for a period of 4 hours, using a combination of pyrotechnics, distress calls and hand-held lasers. Lasers were used at both dusk and after dark. Cities required re-treatments every year, which consisted of 3 additional nights.

DescriptionOfResults:
The crow population reduction for all roosts across all years after the initial 5-7 night treatment ranged from 60% - 100% (for numbers per site and year, see Figure 1). Crows eventually relocated (if temporarily) to different areas in all cases. There's no detailed report on the success of the different combinations of hazing methods. The number of treatments (crow hazing events, including re-treatments) required to maintain sufficient reduction in crow damage ranged from 1-6. Re-treatments were necessary every year and in every city (except Utica in 2006). For the numbers of events required to relocate crows per site and year, see Table 2.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to explore the potential of projected UV light to elicit an avoidance response in raptors. They tested a light-emitting device by calling raptors across a field and shining the light-emitting device tangentially to the intended flight path of the birds. They tested bird response to versions of the device - one with a 25-watt LED unit (flashing) and one with a constant 250-watt unit (constant). Observations of the birds' movements in response to the light-emitting device were video-recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On the first day, three eagles were tested in response to the 25-watt device that strobed at two pulses per second. The researchers conducted 12 trials, alternating in each successive trial between the three birds. For each eagle, the light was inactivated during the first trial and activated in all but one of the remaining trials. On the second day of testing, the three eagles were tested for four trials each with a constant-beam 250-watt device. On the third day of testing, a Gyrfalcon was induced to fly towards an object 2m in front of both devices positioned side-by-side.

DescriptionOfResults:
No clear evidence that the eagles responded to the 25-watt UV light device during flight trials, despite 3 vague, possibly circumstantial events. In 3 trials, eagles encountering the 25-watt beam showed no response and went through the central portion of the beam with no observed reaction. The flight tests on days two and three showed no indication of response to the light-emitting devices.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to explore the potential of projected UV light to elicit an avoidance response in raptors. They tested bird's responses to a light-emitting device when presented with the light at different distances from it. They tested bird response to versions of the device - one with a 25-watt LED unit (flashing) and one with a constant 250-watt unit (constant). Responses to the light-emitting device were video-recorded.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
On the second day of testing, three eagles were tested with the 250-W device. The bird's response to the light-emitting device after having its hood removed was recorded at 50m away from the device. This process was repeated with 10m increments closer to the device. The light was inactivated during the first trial for each eagle and activated afterwards. On the third day, the walk-up procedures were tested for the remaining non-eagle raptors, with both devices side-by-side.

DescriptionOfResults:
The walk-up tests did not produce any noticeable response by any of the birds of prey, even at distances of 10m and less.


StudySummary:
The main objective of this study was to investigate and reduce wildlife mortality at oil pits, by evaluating various mitigation techniques. They quantified avian mortality between pits with and without deterrents such as strobe lights and between pits with different deterrents.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They worked on 5 oil fields. During the first year, they surveyed 35 pits and during the second year, they surveyed an additional 53 pits. During the first year of the study, all pits were visited weekly from mid-May through mid-August. During the second year of the study, pits were sampled every third day from mid-April through mid-August. It is not stated how many bits received the strobe light deterrent treatment.

DescriptionOfResults:
In 1989, they discovered a total of 282 dead birds during weekly sampling of 35 oil pits in the 5 oil fields. During 1990, they found 334 birds in 53 pits. However, it's stated that the total number of 616 dead birds included 33% mammals. They did not find differences in bird mortality among oil pits with different types of deterrents or among pits with deterrents and pits without them.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to deter Cormorants from preying on fish from a fish farm in the Netherlands. They used various scaring devices and recorded their success in deterring birds from the fish farm ponds. The recorded whether or not the birds left the pond after the deterrents were detonated. The only light-based deterrent was a cartridge that when fired from a pistol produced a light flash followed by a detonation, or a light flash alone.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
In 7 cases, they tested cartridges producing a detonation after a light flash. In 5 cases, they tested cartridges producing light flashes alone. This occurred at some point in 1981, but no more details are provided.

DescriptionOfResults:
"In (all) five cases with light flash cartridges, the birds flew up from the pond. Four left the fish farm and one landed on another pond. In the seven cases of light flash with detonation cartridges, the birds flew up with five leaving the fish farm and two landing on another pond. In one case it took more than one shot to put the bird up, and in two cases the birds continued to feed and it was some time before they could be chased away." It was thus found that these light deterrent methods were relatively ineffective at deterring cormorants from a fish farm.


ContributorsToMapRecord:
Carrie Ann Adams, Cala Jorgensen, Carrie Ann Adams

StudySummary:
Three Honshu-Shikoku Bridges were constructed across straits in Japan, in the Seto Inland Sea. The authors surveyed the number of species and individual birds on each side of one of these bridges, the Shimotsui Seto Bridge, over a period of eight years (1990 - 1998) to assess the influence of illumination on birds. Surveys included route census (walking designated routes early morning and at night), point census (counting all birds at dusk, night, and early morning), and random observation. The article also states that observation of nighttime migration was conducted over 48 hours near Shimotsui Seto Bridge in Autumn, using a video camera with a night viewer, but it is unclear if this was a one-time or an annual survey. Illumination sources included highway lights, navigation safety lights, aviation alarm lights, and (during some periods) maintenance lights.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
7 surveys took place between April 1990 and January 1998, with each survey lasting on average 3 days. The ordinary illumination (highway lights, navigation lights, and aviation alarm lights) were illuminated on the first and third day. On the night of the second day, all lights including the maintenance lights were turned on.

DescriptionOfResults:
No differences in total number or species of birds between the first and third survey nights (when maintenance lights were off) and the second survey night (when maintenance lights were on). The number of individuals in the area varied throughout the eight-year  survey period, with no consistent trend. No unusual behaviours around the lights are reported, except that "at night, flocks of seagulls were seen to fly with regular and steady flutters under the bridge illumination." The authors conclude that, "the survey results shows that the lighting of the Shimotsui Seto Bridge has not affected birds' behaviours in any significant way...Our observation alone does not seem sufficient to make a final judgment on the influence of bridges and their lighting on birds."


StudySummary:
The main purpose of the study was to study the effectiveness of artificial light at deterring the common wombat from using the subfloor cavity under a historic cottage. Other animals were recorded as well, including birds. Bird and other animal activity was recorded using heat-and-motion sensing cameras when floodlights were on versus when lights were off in the subfloor cavity.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Two floodlights were turned on and off for ten-week intervals (10 weeks on followed by 10 weeks off) for a period of 58 weeks. Motion-sensing cameras were set to record 1 image when triggered by movement, followed by another image after a delay of 1 minute. There was a total of 106 detections of birds.

DescriptionOfResults:
There was no significant effect of lighting on total bird densities when the data were expressed as total birds/day, though there were significantly more birds detected during the day when the lights were on compared to when they were off.  Almost twice as many diurnal detections occurred when the lights were on (66) than with the lights off (39). Most birds were only detected in the subfloor cavity during the day, with the exception of one Tawny Frogmouth, which was detected at night (light on). Most birds were insectivorous; the authors suggest that foraging for insects was likely the reason for use of the subfloor cavity, though they do not report observations of foraging behavior.


StudySummary:
Quantified the amount of light exposure experienced by individual birds by equipping them with light loggers. Male great tits were sampled from nest boxes located within 30 m of experimental lampposts, each with four different light colors (white, green, red, dark/control). The average light intensity from two hours after sunset and two hours before sunrise from the first 24 hours was compared to the light intensity measured at the entrance of the nest box and both of these light intensities were compared to the distance between the nest box and lamp post. Note: same experimental set up as Spoelstra et al. 2015 and Jong et al. 2015.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
A total of 15 individual light loggers were deployed across the four randomly-assigned treatment apparatuses in each of the two study years, for a total of 30 loggers. However, data were only retrieved from 13 individuals: 5 in sites illuminated by red light, 3 in green, 3 in white, and 1 in the dark/control (See Table 5.1). Only males already inhabiting nest boxes within 30 m of the lamp/control post were used in the study; beyond 30 m, light levels produced by the treatment were below the minimum range of the loggers (0.055-125 lux) and, therefore, undetectable from ambient light levels. Loggers sampled light intensity five minutes between 2 hours after sunset and 2 hours before sunrise (approx. 4.5 hours). Loggers remained attached to individuals for 2-3 weeks during the egg incubation (2014) and chick feeding (2014, 2015) stages; however, data analysis was limited to measurements taken during the first 24 hours as this was the only information consistently available across all retrieved loggers.

Each apparatus was situated along first edge habitat and consisted of 5 lamp posts, including the dark/control sight with no lights were installed, surrounded by 9 nest boxes in a grid-like formation, which were positioned 25 m away from each other. Refer to Spoelstra et al. (2015) and Jong et al. (2015) for more information on the experimental set-up. Light intensity at all nest box entrances was measured in four directions (upward, forward, to the left, to the right) and the average of the measurements was used in analysis.

DescriptionOfResults:
The average light intensity recorded by the loggers on individuals did not correlate with the light intensity at the entrance to each male's nest box or distance of their nest box to the nearest lamp post. Data from light loggers of individuals breeding close to the lamp posts were not statistically different than that from males breeding farther away or at the control site. There was a correlation found between the light intensity measured at the entrance to the nest box and the distance form the next box to the lamp. These results indicate that nest site selection does not influence nocturnal light exposure. The authors suggest that males in illuminated areas are choosing to roost overnight in places with a reduced light intensity.


StudySummary:
The general objective of the study was to test the use of eye-spot balls to deter birds from feeding on crops. Particularly, they wanted to assess whether the deterrent effects of an eye-spot ball could be enhanced by illuminating the eye-spots, and how this changed as the birds became habituated to their presence. Sparrows were trained to feed from a table near a grass field. The first part of the experiment rotated among three treatments: no ball present, ball present but electronically inactive, and ball present and active. When active, the halogen light switched on 30 seconds every five minutes, and loudspeakers below the ball simultaneously broadcast alarm calls of blackbirds, starlings, and sparrows. The number of sparrows on the table was counted at 5-minute intervals during each of the treatments. The second part of the experiment tested for habituation to the deterrent by applying the deterrent at the feeding table for 12 consecutive days.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Birds were trained over four weeks to feed from a table. An electronic ball was then suspended over the table and on 10 consecutive days, the number of birds on the table was counted at five-minute intervals during three treatments, each lasting one hour. The treatments were: no ball present, ball present without light, and ball present with light. In the active phase, the light switched on for 30 seconds every five minutes, with simultaneous sound deterrence. They changed the order of the three treatments daily and removed the ball altogether at the end of each three-hour session. To test for habituation, the ball was suspended for 12 consecutive days and programmed as before to activate the light. From day one they counted the number of birds on the table at five-minute intervals for two hours. They removed the ball during the second hour to provide a control count and reinstated it afterwards. They repeated this procedure later in the day, except on two days when they only did one two-hour count.

DescriptionOfResults:
The electronic ball significantly deterred feeding sparrows when it was both inactive and active. The addition of flashing eyes and alarm calls enhanced deterrence by 10%, a significant gain. However, the ball did not remain effective for very long when operated continuously when tested for habituation. It achieved 45% repellency on day 1, but this declined to near zero on day 9.


StudySummary:
The objective of the study was to determine if there is a relationship between bird strikes and the colour of the lights on each side of turbine-powered planes with 2 underwing- or fuselage-mounted engines. They used a federal database to compare the number of bird strikes reported to engine #1 (left side = red lighting) with bird strikes reported to engine #2 (right side = green lighting) at different times of the day.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They used bird strike reports in the NWSD from January 1990 to July 2015. From the database, they selected strikes involving all commercial transport and business aircraft that had 2 underwing- or fuselage-mounted turbine-powered jet engines. They then selected records that had a bird strike reported to engine #1 (left side) or to engine #2 (right side), excluding records with no engine strike or a strike involving both engines. They examined the distribution for strikes reported during the day, night, dusk/dawn, and all times.

DescriptionOfResults:
Overall and for all times of day, they found 53% more strikes recorded for engine #1 (left side with red navigation light) compared to engine #2 (right side with green navigation light) on aircraft with the 2 types of engines. The bias towards strikes to engine #1 was more pronounced for fuselage-mounted engines (56%) compared to underwing-mounted engines (53%).


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to disperse starlings from an urban roost site at an airport terminal. They used a combination of compressed air, wooden clappers and lasers as a deterrent. The authors give estimates for the approximate number of starlings present before and after deterrent treatments.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The combined deterrent was intensively employed on a consistent basis (no more details). After this initial intensive use of the deterrent, harassment continued on an intermittent basis (2-4 times per week) throughout the winter months until the birds naturally dispersed for nesting in the spring.

DescriptionOfResults:
Starling numbers were reduced to less than 500 in one week of harassment, and less than 100 for the remainder of the winter. "The combination of compressed air from the vehicle-draw compressor and the leaf blower, wooden clappers, and lasers was effective when intensively employed on a consistent basis...although lasers had been ineffective on their own the previous year, when used in conjunction with compressed air and clappers, they were effective once the starlings were disturbed."


StudySummary:
Tracked migrating birds near an illuminated broadcasting tower (308 m tall) using portable tracking radar on a night of low cloud cover and determined if their flight paths were circular. The lamps were red and alternate lamps blinked slowly. The height of the cloud base was also being monitored at the same time

DescriptionOfReplicates:
They attempted to track each bird that flew past the tower in the clouds with a tracker located 838m south from the tower. "The radar is first directed to a target by manual controls, then circuits are activated that follow a selected target automatically until the operator intervenes or until tracking is no longer possible." Bird tracks were recorded at 1s intervals, tracks shorter than 13s were discarded.

DescriptionOfResults:
Observed at least 10 birds partially circling the tower. When they were circling around the tower they were in general going slower than their normal speed. The circling behaviour occurred only in region with low clouds at altitudes that were below the tower. Radar did not find any aggregation of birds near the tower mostly because the radar's auto tracking mechanism locked onto the tower or its wires rather than the birds. On 20 nights in fall of 1984, when there was no low cloud cover and no birds were observed circling the tower.


AlsoReportedIn:
Marqueni et al. 2008; Marqueni et al. 2013

StudySummary:
The purpose of this study was to assess the number of birds attracted to and circling the gas production platforms after the lights were changed to low-red "bird safe" lights. The study recorded the number of birds around the platform over 3 nights in October 2007, when many birds are migrating across the North Sea, along with associated weather conditions for each night. These numbers were compared to the number of birds circling around the same or nearby platforms during prior studies to determine if the new lighting had any affect on the number of birds circling.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The study recorded peak and total numbers of circling birds each night from Friday 5 October to Monday 8 October 2007. Bird observations are recorded in 2 hour increments, specific observation period times varied according to the night. Specific weather conditions are recorded for each night. These numbers are compared to 30 nights of observations during prior studies.

DescriptionOfResults:
The study reports that 2-10 times fewer birds were seen both circling and landing on the production platform, indicating that the new lighting was working and attracting less birds to their source of light. Authors mention that one of the consequences of circling could be that "some birds smash into the platform and die or land and stay around for a very long time. These animals likewise die, as there is no drinking water or food." However, it does not appear that they surveyed for carcasses on the platform.


StudySummary:
The objective of this study was to examine how light pollution in the Balearic Islands of the western Mediterranean Sea is impacting the mortality of three species of petrel. The species included in the study are the Balearic shearwater, Scopoli's shearwater,  and European storm-petrel. Data on the number and location of grounded fledglings from 1999-2013 came from three wildlife rehabilitation centres. Birds were collected by the public or wildlife rehab centre personnel and brought to the wildlife rehab center. For each colony, they calculated the proportion of fledglings that were grounded. They calculated the distance of each grounded bird from the nearest colony as an estimate of the distance from which birds were attracted to the lights. Fledglings grounded as a proportion of the population and the distance from which fledglings were attracted to light were compared to similar metrics from other areas.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
The data were collected through reports by public and wildlife rehabilitation personnel on rescued birds in the Balearic Islands between 1999 and 2013. A total of 304 fledglings were collected - 199 Scopoli's Shearwaters, 66 Balearic Shearwater, and 39 European Storm-petrels.

DescriptionOfResults:
304 fledglings were found stranded between 1999 and 2013. 65% of the grounded birds came from colonies with radiance values higher than 10 nW/sr cm^2. The number of groundings as a proportion of the population were low in comparison to other islands, which the authors attribute to the location of the colonies on the coast, so they don't have to fly over artificially lit areas on their way out to sea. Birds were rescued at a mean distance of 4833 meters from the nearest colony, which is a longer distance than estimated in Sao Miguel, Azores and similar to distances observed on Tenerife, Canary Islands. The authors note that the higher light pollution levels of the Balearic Islands and Tenerife could explain these differences.


AlsoReportedIn:
Van de Laar 2007 (p. 3) and Marqueni et al. 2008 (p. 2, table 1)

StudySummary:
Full text not available. Study summary provided in Van de Laar (2007) and Marqueni et al. (2008). Van de Laar (2007) reports that during Autumn 2000, the authors turned lights on and off on an oil platform (NAM platform L5-FA-1). Marqueni et al. (2008) report that the experiments were conducted from 1992-2002.

DescriptionOfReplicates:
Few details on the experiment are available. Table 1 in Marqueni et al. (2008) shows the results of a typical experiment, in which the number of birds milling around an oil platform on a cloudy night is recorded every 5-8 minutes for 30 minutes while the lights is on, 3 minutes after the light was turned off, and 15 minutes after the light was turned off.

DescriptionOfResults:
"After the lights were switched on, birds accumulated around the platform in the thousands within 20 minutes; after switching off, all circling birds (several thousands) left within a few minutes. No further influence on the birds' behaviour could be found. This proved that artificial light causes the birds' nocturnal circling around platforms. This behaviour is mainly - if not only - observed during nights with fog and/or >80% cloud cover" (Van de Laar 2007, p3). Majority of circling birds were songbirds and waders. Milling behaviour around platforms only occurred on cloudy or foggy nights during heavy migration. "Milling in high concentrations of bird only occurred between midnight and dawn" (Marqueni et al. 2008). A typical outcome of the lights on/off experiment is shown in table 1 of Marqueni et al. (2008).


